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Naš Pogled Na Hes Gornja Neretva / Download Udruženje za zaštitu okoline Zeleni – Neretva Konjic Naš pogled na hidroenergetski sistem Gornja Neretva Izdavač : Udruženje za zaštitu okoline Zeleni – Neretva Konjic U saradnji sa : Fondacija Heinrich Böll Ured za Bosnu i Hercegovinu Priredio : Amir Variščić Tiraž : 500 primjeraka Štampa : IC ŠTAMPARIJA Konjic, maj 2007. godine 1 SADRŽAJ PREDGOVOR ................................................................................... 3 UVOD ................................................................................................ 4 GORNJI TOK NERETVE – GEOGRAFSKO ODREðENJE .......... 5 HIDROLOŠKE I GEOMORFOLOŠKE KARAKTERISTIKE GORNJEG TOKA NERETVE .......................................................... 5 PRIRODNO I KULTURNO – HISTORIJSKO NASLIJEðE GORNJEG TOKA NERETVE .......................................................... 6 HIDROENERGETSKI POTENCIJALI GORNJEG TOKA NERETVE ......................................................................................... 9 HES GORNJA NERETVA ................................................................ 12 ODRŽIVOST I POUZDANOST PROJEKTOVANOG SISTEMA ......................................................................................... 31 PRETHODNA PROCJENA UTICAJA NA OKOLINU ................. 42 ZAKLJUČNO RAZMATRANJE ..................................................... 65 PRILOG ............................................................................................ 66 2 PREDGOVOR Zeleni nisu protiv energije. Dapače, energija je neosporno osnovni pokretač razvoja čovječanstva. Energija treba biti u funkciji održivog razvoja jer neki izvori energije opasno ugrožavaju okoliš i kvalitet života. Zato se danas u svijetu prednost daje obnovljivim izvorima energije. Mnogi griješe ili svjesno obmanjuju javnost tvrdnjom da je svaki izvor hidroenergije obnovljivi izvor. Ne, visoke brane sa velikim akumulacijama su nauka i negativno iskustvo eliminisale iz obnovljivih izvora energije. Naročito, ako se hidroelektrane sa visokim branama žele graditi „na lokacijama sa neprocijenjivo vrijednom i atraktivnom prirodnom baštinom, koja bi zbog svoje unikatnosti i neponovljivosti morala da bude neka vrsta svetosti jednog naroda“ (Nijaz Abadžić). Zeleni smatraju da se svaki plan i projekat za izgradnju hidroelektrane sa velikom branom, a naročito onaj na rijekama visoke prirodne vrijednosti, mora još kao početna ideja staviti pred sud javnosti. I da se mora ponuditi alternativa kao razvojna šansa ugroženog prostora. Alternativa mora biti u startu ravnopravna opcija. Urañena stručno, objektivno i nepristrasno. Konačnu riječ treba da kaže lokalna zajednica i ugroženo stanovništvo. Udruženje za zaštitu okoline Zeleni – Neretva Konjic 3 1. UVOD Hidroenergetski sistem (HES) Gornja Neretva predstavlja projektno rješenje hidroenergetskog iskorištenja gornjeg toka rijeke Neretve pomoću sistema od tri hidroelektrane: HE Glavatičevo, HE Bjelimići i RHE Bjelimići. Autor ponuñenog projektnog rješenja je firma Intrade energija iz Sarajeva. Projektno rješenje (Studija izvodljivosti) urañena je u periodu juli – septembar 2006. g., a Vlada FBiH je koncem septembra na kraju mandata, u skraćenoj proceduri i uz niz, blago rečeno, sumnjivih okolnosti donijela odluku o utvrñivanju javnog interesa za izgradnju ove tri HE te se obavezala da se firmi Intrade energija dodjeli koncesiono pravo za realizaciju ovog projekta. Od javnog saznanja o donošenju odluke narednih mjeseci razvila se intenzivna javna rasprava o kontraverzama i opravdanosti realizacije ovog hidroenergetskog projekta. Dok su autori projekta i vladini ministri ukazivali na opravdanost i koristi, te pozitivan ekološki aspekt, dotle je javnost ukazivala na opasnosti, rizike, i ekonomsku neopravdanost, a naročito na destrukciju ekološkog sistema visoke prirodne vrijednosti gornjeg toka Neretve. Ovaj otpor realizaciji projekta prevazišao je lokalne okvire i postao je medijska top tema u BiH. Osim nevladinih organizacija ekološkog usmjerenja u raspravu se uključilo i grañanstvo koje se najvećim dijelom opredijelilo protiv izgradnje brana u gornjem toku Neretve. Nažalost, obje strane (za i protiv) često su u svojim opredjeljivanjima koristili argumente koji nisu utemeljeni u projektnim rješenjima. Najviše iz tog razloga Udruženje Zeleni – Neretva iz Konjica odlučilo je da javnosti prezentira brošuru „Naš pogled na HES Gornja Neretva“ kojom se na popularan način daju javnosti osnovne odrednice projekta i prostora na kome bi se projekat realizirao. Mada su Zeleni – Neretva deklarirani protivnici izgradnje velikih brana na gornjem toku Neretve ipak ćemo 4 pokušati do kraja objektivno i korektno dati osnovne elemente iz kojih bi se mogli izvući zaključci o (ne)opravdanosti projekta. 2. GORNJI TOK NERETVE – GEOGRAFSKO ODREðENJE Kao i svaka rijeka i Neretva je uslovno podijeljena na gornji, srednji i donji tok. Zanimljivo je da se gornji tok Neretve upravo zbog uticaja energetskog faktora reducirao. Prvobitna definicija gornjeg toka Neretve bila je omeñena na dio toka rijeke od izvorišta do ušća rijeke Rame. To je upravo onaj dio toka kojeg karakteriše pravac tečenja jugoistok – sjeverozapad i gdje se pravac toka rijeke mijenja u pravcu sjever – jug. Meñutim, geografska definicija gornjeg toka je izmjenjena sredinom šezdesetih godina prošlog vijeka izgradnjom HE Jablanica, odnosno formiranjem akumulacije poznatije kao Jablaničko jezero. Sadašnji pojam gornjeg toka Neretve reduciran je na tok uzvodno od Konjica. Meñutim, energetičari su se u razmatranom projektu iskorištenja gornjeg toka Neretve pod nazivom Gornja Neretva ograničili na potez uzvodno od Glavatičeva ukupne dužine 61 km. 3. HIDROLOŠKE I GEOMORFOLOŠKE KARAKTERISTIKE GORNJEG TOKA NERETVE Izvorište rijeke Neretve je pod Gredeljom (1300 m.n.m.) na obroncima Zelengore i prevoja Čemerno. Neretva se do Konjica pruža svojom dolinom sredinom slivnog područja pravcem jugoistok – sjeverozapad, u istom pravcu kao i Dinaridi. Do Konjica je slivna površina 1390 km², dužina glavnog toka 84,1 km, sa srednjim padom toka od 12 ‰. Dolina Neretve je u gornjem toku geomorfološki različita sa pretežno krečnjačko – dolomitnim sastavom terena. Smjenjuju se razni profili doline od klisurastog i kanjonskog oblika veće 5 ili manje strmine do proširenja (Ulog i Glavatičevo). Hidrološka specifičnost uslovljena je vodopropusnim i nepropusnim terenom koje generalno razdvaja upravo dolina Neretve. Tako u pravilu (sa nekim izuzecima) desna, sjeverna strana kao vodonepropusni dolomitni sastav terena ima hidrološka obilježja pritoka veće dužine, usječenih u teren, koje imaju izvorišta na obroncima Treskavice, Visočice i Bjelašnice. Istovremeno lijevi dio sliva, s južne strane, karakteriše kraški, vodopropusni teren. Tako su se na ovom području razvila obilježja kraškog hidrološkog podzemlja koje se očituje u pojavama brojnih kraških vrela u neposrednoj blizini vodotoka ili pak pritoka kratkog toka sa izdašnim vrelima. Hidrološka mreža je osobito razvijena nizvodno od Uloga. S desne strane pritoke Neretve su Jezernica (Tatinac), Ljuta (Dindolka), Jesenica, Bjelimićka rijeka, Slatinica, Račica, Rakitnica i Ljuta (konjička). Posebno obilje vode Neretvi donose vrela Gornji i Donji Krupac čije se izvorište nalazi u neposrednoj blizini vodotoka na 39 km od izvora Neretve. Lijeve pritoke su Jezernica, Živašnica, Lañanica, Krupac (Župski), Bukovica, Šištica i Bijela. Pritoke su kratkog toka sa izvorištima na nižim visinama. Posebno su karakteristične Lañanica i Krupac. Postoji i niz vrela neposredno uz tok Neretve od kojih je najizdašnije vrelo na Suhorima (na 48 km od izvora Neretve). Slivu gornjeg toka Neretve pripada i nekoliko jezera glečerskog porijekla: Jezero iznad Uloga, Štirinsko i Kotlaničko na Zelengori, Blatačko jezero na obroncima Bjelašnice i Boračko jezero ispod Prenja. 4. PRIRODNO I KULTURNO – HISTORIJSKO NASLIJEðE GORNJEG TOKA NERETVE Gornji tok Neretve sa širim okruženjem zbog svojih geomorfoloških i hidroloških specifičnosti predstavlja područje visokih prirodnih vrijednosti, do danas sačuvano u svom 6 izvornom obliku. Klisure i kanjoni, brzaci, slapovi i vodopadi, obilje vrela čiste zdrave vode, sa atraktivnim pritokama, jezerima, a u širem okruženju i više planinskih masiva od Treskavice, Visočice, Bjelašnice , Prenja – sve to čini da je na relativno malom području priroda bila izuzetno izdašna. Mnogi od ovih prirodnih fenomena i rijetkosti odavno su prepoznati i od strane društva (države) zaštićeni. To su kanjoni Neretve i Rakitnice, Boračko i Blatačko jezero, vodopad Šištice. Upravo (vrijeme izdavanja ove brošure) su u toku aktivnosti o proglašenju zaštićenih područja u vidu nacionalnih parkova – sjeverno: Igman, Bjelašnica, Visočica (kanjon Rakitnice) – južno: Prenj, Čvrsnica, Čabulja. Zanimljivo je istaći da su visoke prirodne vrijednosti i specifičnosti gornjeg toka Neretve od Uloga do Glavatičeva nekako bile manje poznate javnosti valjda i zbog toga što su bile teško dostupne zbog nerazvijene saobraćajne mreže i veoma rijetke naseljenosti. Upravo tu okolnost slabe obavještenosti i poznavanja, u lobiranju za izgradnju HES Gornja Neretva, želio je potencijalni investitor staviti u funkciju (zapušteno, nenaseljeno, teško pristupačno pa i bez turističke perspektive – samo su neki od negativnih atributa pobornika brana). Zato ćemo ukratko u ovoj brošuri reafirmisati ta prirodna visoko vrijedna područja i to samo ona koja su registrovana kao zaštićena. (O tome da su odluke o zaštiti donešene prije 50 godina i da su „čamile“ u podrumima arhiva ćemo nešto više reći kasnije). Neposredno i posredno u zoni opasnosti
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