TEACHERS’ MANUAL the ULTIMATE

UMPIRING GUIDE FOR FIELD, GOAL AND BOUNDARY UMPIRES

SPECIAL SECTION ON UMPIRING AFL AUSKICK RULES THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE TEACHERS’ MANUAL

INTRODUCTION This introductory course about umpiring Australian Football outlines the basic factors that are involved in being a fi eld, boundary or goal umpire. The course is not intended to fully equip a person to umpire a senior game of football but is seen as a way in which people who have a passion and an interest in football umpiring may be introduced to some of the specifi cs of this rewarding involvement in our great Australian game.

MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES It has been claimed by some researchers that our intelligence, or ability to understand the world around us, is complex. Some people are better at understanding some things than others. For some of us it is relatively easy to understand how a fl ower grows but it can be immensely diffi cult for us to fully comprehend how a musical instrument is played. Instead of possessing just one form of intelligence, it is claimed that each of us possess several different intelligences.

Some of these are listed here: Kinaesthetic – body awareness Linguistic – word smart Logical – number smart Interpersonal – people smart Visual/Spatial – picture smart Musical – musical smart An attempt has been made to include learning activities that cater for different forms of intelligence.

HOW THE COURSE WORKS THE MANUAL The course has been designed to be conducted over seven (7) sessions. Information sheets are provided to give the course facilitator the knowledge of the skills and techniques of umpiring. Lesson plans and follow-up student practical worksheets are included that are recommended for use that will allow the participants to develop a further understanding of umpiring. A Certifi cate of Achievement will be offered to each successful student who satisfi es all assessment criteria.

USE OF SYMBOLS

NOTES FOR THE PLAY DVD OUTDOOR LEARNING COURSE FACILITATOR ACTIVITY

INDOOR LEARNING UMPIRE PLAYERS ACTIVITY

Written and designed by: Russell O’Toole WorkSafe Victorian Country Football League Umpiring Development Manager

Lesson Plans designed by: Russell O’Toole WorkSafe Victorian Country Football League Umpiring Development Manager Rod Threlfall WorkSafe Victorian Country Football League Umpiring Development Manager Neville Nash Football Victoria Umpiring Development Manager

2 CONTENTS THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE

AN INTRODUCTION TO UMPIRING AUSTRALIAN FOOTBALL

UNIT 1 THE ROLE OF THE UMPIRE Introduction Information section

UNIT 2 FIELD UMPIRING: POSITIONING Introduction

Information section TEACHERS’ MANUAL

UNIT 3 FIELD UMPIRING: DECISION MAKING Introduction Information section

UNIT 4 FIELD UMPIRING: EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION Introduction Information section Signals: Field umpire

UNIT 5 BOUNDARY UMPIRING Introduction Information section Signals: Boundary umpires

UNIT 6 GOAL UMPIRING Introduction Information section Signals: Goal umpire

UNIT 7 PHYSICALPHYSICAL FITNESSFITNESS ANDAND NUTRITIONNUTRITION Introduction Information section

LESSON PLANS

STUDENT PRACTICAL WORKSHEETS

3

THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE TEACHERS’ MANUAL

1 THE ROLE OF THE UMPIRE

The role of the Umpire is to apply the laws of the game and ensure the game is played in a safe and fair manner. The laws of the game provide the umpires with the responsibilities of managing the game both on and off the fi eld. Umpiring presents exciting challenges and can be incredibly rewarding. Accepting the demands of umpiring and performing successfully provides umpires with a great feeling of satisfaction.

5 The following information should be used in conjunction with The Ultimate Umpiring Guide pages 5-9 and should be read by the course facilitator prior to session 1. Refer to Student Practical Worksheet 1 and Lesson Plan 1 at the back of this manual.

WHAT THE GAME EXPECTS OF UMPIRES The game expects its umpires to: • place the safety and welfare of the participants above all else • accept responsibility for all actions taken • be courteous and respectful and open to discussion and interaction • value the individual in sport • seek continual self-improvement • be a positive role model in terms of behavior and personal appearance

WHAT PEOPLE EXPECT OF UMPIRES People expect umpires to be: • trustworthy – honest and impartial • responsible – appreciate the importance of the role of the umpire • fit – physically prepared for the task • knowledgeable – know the rules • punctual – arrive at the ground with plenty of time to spare before the game

6 MATCH DAY ROLE OF THE FIELD UMPIRE THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE It is the expectation that the field umpire/s: • apply the laws and their interpretations according to the spirit of the laws • attend to the administrative requirements necessary for the successful staging of the game TEACHERS’ MANUAL MATCH DAY ROLE OF THE BOUNDARY UMPIRE It is the expectation that the boundary umpires: • apply the laws, and their interpretations, relating to boundary umpiring with common sense and in accordance with the spirit of the game • be the final judge of when the ball is out of bounds or out of bounds on the full

MATCH DAY ROLE OF THE GOAL UMPIRE It is the expectation that the goal umpires: • apply the laws, and their interpretations, relating to goal umpiring with common sense and in accordance with the spirit of the game • be the final judge of the scores

7 THE UMPIRING ENVIRONMENT

PROACTIVE APPROACH The umpire has a leadership role to play on the ground. During the game, most players look for guidance and direction from the umpire and the umpire should consider this when giving instructions. All actions need to be positive. Umpires need to be enthusiastic about what they do and encourage players to play the game and enjoy themselves. If an umpire appears disinterested or negative in his/her actions and the manner in which he/she deals with the players, then this feeling can affect the way the players respond to all umpires. A positive, supportive approach from the field umpire will always create a better environment in which the game can be played.

PRE-MATCH (MEETING PLAYERS AND OFFICIALS) Umpires should • project themselves in a positive, firm and confident manner – it displays control • meet as many players as possible, especially the captain and the coach of each team • never discuss how the game will be umpired. An exception to this may be when umpiring under-age players.. for example... “I will pay the free kicks to the player in front who is playing the ball” • not speak about other umpires’ performances in previous weeks

DURING THE MATCH • always try to get along with the players • do not accept abuse from players/officials. Check with your local league or umpiring group for appropriate use of the send-off rule • try to block out comments from over the boundary line. Devise some simple coping strategies, such as repeating a positive comment to yourself: “I am umpiring well. I pay all free kicks I see.” • supporters can get emotional. Remember that verbal attacks are not usually personal, but expressions of frustrations from supporters

POST-MATCH • avoid arguments about incidents that occurred during the match • enter into sensible discussions of the match • take the opportunity to get to know the club coaches, officials and players better • if the atmosphere is tense after a game, collect your gear, politely excuse yourself and leave

8 THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE TEACHERS’ MANUAL

2 FIELD UMPIRING POSITIONING

9 The following information should be used in conjunction with The Ultimate Umpiring Guide pages 10-15 and should be read by the course facilitator prior to session 2. Refer to Student Practical Worksheet 2 and Lesson Plan 2 at the back of this manual.

INTRODUCTION

While a thorough knowledge of the rules and interpretations is essential, the ability to make correct decisions is more difficult unless the right position is achieved from where to view each incident.

The ability to be in the best position is, without doubt, the most important skill in umpiring. Two major skills that enable a field umpire to adjust his/her positioning continuously are:- • Anticipation – being able to think ahead and accurately determine where the play will head next. • Identifying the intent of players – being able to correctly predict what players will endeavour to do with the football once they gain possession i.e. kick or handball.

An umpire needs to be aware of where, when and how fast to run.

After completing this unit, the participants should be able to demonstrate the correct positioning for field umpires: • during general play • during set plays

10 IN GENERAL PLAY THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE CONTROL DISTANCE During general play situations, the umpire should endeavour to be approximately 20-25 metres from the contest at all times. This distance allows him/her a good view of the immediate contest and of the players on the fringe of the contest. By maintaining this control distance, the umpire can move quickly towards the next act of play as the contest moves on. If the umpire is too close to play, his/her focus often narrows on the players contesting the ball and awareness of the fringe players is often lost. TEACHERS’ MANUAL

CONTROL DISTANCE SIDE ON POSITION SIDE-ON The ideal position to view any contest is side-on to the contest. From a side-on view it is unlikely that the umpire will have his/her view interrupted. If the umpire finds himself/herself “front-on”, that is, looking at the front of the players contesting, he/she may be unaware of any incidents of holding or interferences that are occurring in the contest. Similarly when the umpire is behind the contest, it becomes more difficult to determine what, if any, interference has occurred and to what extent. By maintaining the correct side-on position and appropriate control distance, the umpire allows himself/ herself more time to watch the contest and, consequently, more time to judge the contest.

DEVIATION With the modern style of play, the umpire may be in the ideal position one moment but because of a sudden shift in direction of play, he/she may find himself/herself behind or front on to the contest. When this occurs, the umpire should endeavour to sprint to the side of the contest immediately. He/She needs to move away from the line of the contest so that a side-on position can be achieved. Examples of when this may occur:- • the ball and play heads to the boundary line • quick kick into forward line from boundary line • ball kicked over umpire’s head

KEY POINTS • Control distance – 20-25m from general play • Side on to contest • Deviation – trigger to side of contest when caught “front-on” or “behind play”

The umpire needs to develop an understanding of the angle he/she needs to run at and also to ensure he/she sprints to position.

11 AT SET PLAYS

The previous section on positioning discussed the umpire’s position in general play while play is in motion. This segment discusses the umpire’s position for certain events when play stops during the course of the match. On these occasions when the play stops, the umpire needs to be in the correct position to maintain effective control.

CENTRE BOUNCE OR THROW The umpire should begin his/her bounce or throw by coming in with his/her back to the wing area. After bouncing or throwing the ball he/she should back away quickly attempting to obtain a side-on position 20-25m away.

BOUNDARY THROW-INS The initial position at the boundary throw in should be 15 metres from the boundary  umpire, on the long side of the ground which is between the play and the furthest goals. When the boundary umpire throws the ball in, the umpire should be moving and be side-on  – perhaps slightly in front – to the ruck players as they contest the ball. After the ruck contest, and having seen no infringements, the umpire should quickly make his/her way back to the centre of the ground (the major axis) so play is in between the umpire and the boundary line. 

12 FIELD BOUNCE

The umpire should always have his/her back to THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE the centre of the ground. After bouncing/throwing the ball, he/she should back quickly away attempting to obtain a side on position 20-25m away. TEACHERS’ MANUAL

KICKING IN AFTER A BEHIND After a behind has been scored, the umpire should position himself/herself in the middle of the ground 20-25 metres from the kick-off line. This allows him/her good verbal and visual control to clear the area of any players who are closer than 5 metres to the goal square. As the player brings the ball back into play, the umpire sprints to a position side-on to the contest.

13 CONTROLLING SET KICKS A set kick occurs when the umpire has awarded a mark or a free kick to a player. In order for the umpire to have good control at set-kick situations, he/she needs to ensure he/she is close enough to communicate effectively. It is recommended he/she be adjacent to the player on the mark, at a distance of 15 metres.

SIDE ON POSITION PROTECTED CORRIDOR

When moving in to control a set play situation, the umpire must watch a number of areas: • he/she must tell the player on the mark where to stand • he/she must ensure there is a protected area of 10 metres surrounding the player about to take his/her kick • he/she must observe the player with the ball and be ready to call play on quickly if that player deviates from his/her line of kick Once the umpire calls “play on” in these circumstances, the player loses the right of the protected area and can be tackled from any direction.

Instructions must be clear and precise so that players will comply.

It is important to remember: A player awarded a free kick or mark must go back to the spot where the mark was taken or the breach occurred before being allowed to kick or play the ball, unless the advantage play has been called. If a player kicks or plays the ball without complying with this law, the field umpire must stop the play and enforce compliance. A player is not permitted to kick or play the ball from a position to the side of the spot, or to the side of a line directly behind the spot, without first having gone back to, or behind the spot. However common sense must prevail in circumstances where the player taking the kick, may be slightly off line.

KEY POINTS • 25 metres from the player on the mark • observe player with the ball • clear the ‘protected 10m corridor’ • be aware the player with the ball may choose to play on

Umpiring will help develop life skills such as leadership, clear thinking, decision-making, coping with pressure situations and to help foster a healthy lifestyle.

14 THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE TEACHERS’ MANUAL

3 FIELD UMPIRING DECISION MAKING

15 The following information should be used in conjunction with The Ultimate Umpiring Guide pages 16-20 and should be read by the course facilitator prior to session 3. Refer to Student Practical Worksheet 3 and Lesson Plan 3 at the back of this manual.

INTRODUCTION The major field-umpiring duties and responsibilities in a match are to make decisions on the incidents that occur throughout the match. Not all of these decisions involve infringements against the rules by a player, but could include where the ball goes, what the score is or simply to let the play flow and not blow the whistle. This unit looks at the important factors that prepare umpires to be able to make decisions correctly and confidently. It is a rare skill to be able to evaluate the situations that are confronted in a calm focussed manner, while those around are swept up in the emotion of the moment. Football is extremely fast and the umpire often has only a split second to make the appropriate decision. The skills the umpire can develop to help achieve this calm and accurate decision-making ability can be applied to other areas of the umpire’s lifestyle. During this unit you will experience an interactive DVD session that will test your decision making skills and processes.

After completing this unit the participants should be able to: • discuss the key elements in good decision making • discuss and explain the Spirit of the Laws

INFORMATION SECTION KNOWLEDGE OF THE LAWS AND INTERPRETATIONS The most important factor in decision-making is a thorough knowledge of the laws and interpretations. In order to umpire correctly, the umpire must be able to identify incidents that are illegal and outside the laws of the game. It stands to reason therefore, that a thorough learning and understanding of the laws is essential before this can be achieved. During the hectic pace of the game, the umpire’s reflexes and reaction times to situations may vary. The umpire will be called upon to judge an incident instantly and he/she must call on his/her knowledge of the laws of the game and interpretations immediately. Like any subject that we learn, if we are able to recall things quickly and correctly, it gives us a great deal of confidence. An umpire grows in confidence as he/she develops his/her skills in recalling rule interpretations quickly and correctly.

PROTECTION OF THE BALL PLAYER The spirit of the Australian Football Laws is to keep the ball in motion. The spirit of the game is to take possession of the ball and create the play. Officials, spectators and umpires all admire the player who is prepared to make the play and get the ball for his/her team. Therefore, to remain consistent with the spirit of the game, and to encourage players to strive to gain the football, it is important that the umpire “protects” the ball player. By protecting the ball player, we mean making sure that all illegal tackles on him/her are penalised, and that the last decision we make is to penalise the ball player for holding the ball. If the umpire is prepared to award the tackler ahead of the player who goes in and gets the ball, then the player will be reluctant to get the ball and make the play. The game then becomes scrambly and packs result all over the ground. This is against the spirit of the laws and the spirit of the game.

16 The spirit of the game is to encourage players to strive to gain the football and THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE create the play. It is important that the umpire upholds this spirit by protecting the ball player.

RESPONSE TIME When an umpire adjudicates on any incident, it is important for them to have the confidence of the players and officials. One of the key factors to achieve this confidence is how quickly the umpire reacts to an infringement of the rules. TEACHERS’ MANUAL Wherever possible, the umpire needs to penalise the offending player immediately after observing any infringement. By doing this, the umpire demonstrates confidence in his/her ability to make decisions and a conviction that the decisions are correct. Once players and officials see how quickly the umpire responds, they know that he/she has not been influenced by anything apart from reacting to what he/she sees. Provided the umpire remains consistent with his/her reaction time, the support and confidence from the players and officials grows into a respect for the umpire’s decision-making ability. If an umpire takes too long to react to an incident, he/she appears doubtful and unsure of his/her decision. Players and officials find it difficult to have confidence in an umpire who lacks confidence in himself/herself. For the smooth flow of the match, the umpire should focus on reacting as quickly as possible after observing all infringements.

PROACTIVE APPROACH Most of the players on the ground look for guidance and direction from the umpire concerning what they are required to do. The umpire should consider this when he/she gives his/her instructions. The umpire has a leadership role to play. All of his/her actions need to be positive. The umpire needs to be enthusiastic about what he/she does and encourage players to play the game and enjoy themselves. If the umpire appears disinterested or negative in his/her actions and in dealing with players, then this feeling can affect players the same way. A positive, supportive approach from the field umpire will always create a better environment in which the game may be played.

KEY POINTS • knowledge of the laws • protection of the ball player • response time: immediately after observing infringement • proactive approach

Key factors in achieving the confidence of the players are to react quickly to any infringements of the laws of the game and to show leadership to the players by providing positive guidance and direction.

Course facilitators should refer to the “Where to Look” checklist that is located on pages 17-18 of The Ultimate Umpiring Guide. Informal questioning may be used to determine the participants’ knowledge and understanding of this section.

17 SPIRIT OF THE LAWS In an effort to achieve consistency in decision-making, there is an emphasis on understanding the “spirit of the laws” (i.e. the philosophies underlying the laws) and officiating according to the laws.

FAIRNESS AND SAFETY It is the spirit and intention of the laws to ensure that a match is played in a fair manner and to protect players from sustaining injury. All breaches of the laws shall be penalised. For coaching purposes, seven main areas (spirit of the laws) have been identified.

CONTEST FOR THE BALL “The player whose sole objective is to contest the ball shall be permitted to do so.”

DIVING ON THE BALL “The ball shall be kept in motion.”

MARKING CONTESTS “The player whose sole objective is to contest a mark shall be permitted to do so.”

TACKLING “A player who is tackled illegally while in possession of the ball will be awarded a free kick.”

RUCK CONTESTS “The player whose sole objective is to contest the ruck shall be permitted to do so.”

ADVANTAGE PLAY “The ball shall be kept in motion by permitting the team offended against to take advantage, provided play is continuous.” 50-METRE PENALTY “After a mark or free kick has been awarded, a 50-metre penalty will be awarded against the opposing team which unduly delays the play or abuses an umpire.”

18 THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE TEACHERS’ MANUAL

4 FIELD UMPIRING COMMUNICATION

19 The following information should be used in conjunction with The Ultimate Umpiring Guide pages 21-25 and should be read by the course facilitator prior to session 4. Refer to Student Practical Worksheet 4 and Lesson Plan 4 at the back of this manual.

INTRODUCTION We are all required to communicate with others every day. Although we believe we have expressed ourselves well, it is quite amazing how much information is not relayed effectively. The umpire needs to communicate his/her decisions and directions to players and have them respond correctly to his/her requirements. Therefore it is crucial that the umpire communicates all of his/her messages effectively.

WHAT THE UNIT COVERS: This unit explains the ways in which an umpire communicates with players and the techniques he/she uses to have players follow his/her instructions.

After completing this unit the participants should be able to demonstrate: • the indications field umpires use, • the appropriate use of the whistle and • how to speak to players as equals

INFORMATION Successful umpires can contribute most of their success to being good, effective communicators. When the umpire controls the match, as he/she should, it is also important to encourage an understanding and mutual respect between himself/herself and the players. The umpire must endeavour to create an environment where the players will follow directions respectfully.

VERBAL/NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION Not only does the umpire verbally instruct players, he/she also communicates to them with his/her whistle, signals and body language.

Successful umpires communicate their decisions effectively by: • blowing the whistle strongly • verbally describing their decision clearly and concisely • providing a signal correctly and positively

Players appreciate an umpire who communicates his/her decisions well. They have much more faith and confidence in the umpire when they understand what he/she is doing.

MUTUAL RESPECT Respect cannot just simply be expected, it must be earned. Umpires earn respect with what they “say and do” and how they “say and do it”. It is important the umpire uses words like “please” and “thank you” when issuing directions to players. Provided this is not “overdone”, it has a big impact on earning respect from players.

20 STEPS IN GOOD COMMUNICATION ARE:

BLOW Blowing the whistle loudly gets the attention of everyone. THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE SHOW Communicating with players in the immediate vicinity of the incident is done both verbally and with clear signals. GO Being ready to move promptly to take up position for the next act of play TEACHERS’ MANUAL

BLOW SHOW GO BODY LANGUAGE The use of appropriate body language enhances effective communication. The umpire must be seen by players and officials as non-threatening and non-intimidating.

Positive forms of body language which achieve this are: • smiling and nodding • being non-invasive • appropriate presence • eye-to-eye contact

The umpire needs to be aware of not intruding into the players’ personal space. When speaking to players remain at least an arm’s length distance away. Another strong feature of an umpire’s body language is eye-to-eye contact with players. Whenever an umpire speaks to or listens to a player, he/she should maintain eye contact. This displays to the player the umpire’s strong self confidence and that he/she is not afraid to look at and talk to the players. The other feature of body language the umpire needs to be aware of is “presence”. This means the umpire needs to position himself/herself at the appropriate distance from the players he/she is communicating with. He/She may need to be close enough to restrict or prevent unruly behaviour, or may need to remain at a distance and just observe proceedings.

RESOLVING CONFLICT Since Australian Football is a very emotional and exciting game, there are moments when a player may lose focus and become aggressive and/or abusive towards an umpire. One of the golden rules when dealing with conflict is to always remain calm. While others may be emotional and have lost focus, it is important that the umpire has a calming influence and does not “add fuel to the fire” by retaliating in the same manner. When you remain calm you are able to think more clearly, take stock of the situation better, and respond in the appropriate manner.

When speaking to players who are emotional, there are some proven guidelines to be followed: • keep calm • demonstrate respect • use positive and appropriate body language • be a good listener • avoid sarcasm when speaking to players

Key Points • strong whistle • clear voice message and indications • respect for players • presence – correct distance when communicating • remain calm in crisis

21 FIELD UMPIRE SIGNALS

START GAME HOLDING THE BALL HIGH TACKLE

ILLEGAL SHEPHERD/BLOCK HOLDING THE MAN KICKING IN DANGER

TRIP PUSH IN THE BACK RUN TOO FAR

ADVANTAGE ABUSE FIELD BOUNCE/THROW UP

ALL CLEAR GOAL ALL CLEAR BEHIND END OF GAME

DELIBERATE OUT OF BOUNDS

22 THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE TEACHERS’ MANUAL

5 BOUNDARY UMPIRING

23 The following information should be used in conjunction with The Ultimate Umpiring Guide pages 29-33 and should be read by the course facilitator prior to session 5. Refer to Student Practical Worksheet 5 and Lesson Plan 5 at the back of this manual.

INTRODUCTION There is a public perception that compared to field umpiring, boundary umpiring has less pressure associated with its role. However, although the boundary umpire makes few decisions with regard to player infringements, he/she plays a critical support role to the successful staging of a game of Australian Football. Boundary umpiring is a common way many young people become involved in an umpiring career. It provides an opportunity to have a support role, while observing all umpiring disciplines that may lead to a change of discipline to field umpiring under-age games.

After completing this unit the participant should be able to: • explain the duties and responsibilities associated with boundary umpires • demonstrate the boundary umpire’s indications to the field umpire • demonstrate correct positioning during all situations in the game

24 INFORMATION SECTION THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE THE BOUNDARY UMPIRE’S ROLE It is the boundary umpire’s responsibility to: • be the sole judge of when the ball is out of bounds • apply the laws relating to boundary umpiring in accordance with the spirit of the laws

MAIN DUTIES: • Adjudicate when the ball has fully crossed the boundary line: – Out of bounds – Out of bounds on the full • Throw the ball back into play when out of bounds TEACHERS’ MANUAL • Return the ball to the field umpire after a goal is scored • Monitor the centre square for players entering during a centre bounce or throw-up

INDICATIONS FOR BOUNDARY UMPIRES When the ball has bounced fully over the boundary line, the umpire blows his/her whistle loudly and signals to the field umpire with the appropriate signal.

INDICATING OUT OF BOUNDS When the ball bounces completely over the boundary line, the boundary umpire blows his/her whistle loudly and extends one arm straight up above his/her head with his/her hand open. The boundary umpire looks to the field umpire until the field umpire indicates the ball can be thrown back in. Once the field umpire signals for the ball to be thrown in, the boundary umpire retrieves the ball and throws it in where it first crossed the boundary line.

INDICATING OUT OF BOUNDS ON THE FULL When the ball goes completely over the boundary line on the full after being kicked, and without having been touched, the boundary umpire indicates out-of-bounds on the full. The boundary umpire blows his/her whistle loudly and extends his/her arms horizontally straight out at shoulder height while keeping his/her hands open. After receiving acknowledgment from the field umpire, the boundary umpire then backs off in the direction of the likely next act of play. Whenever the boundary umpire is within 15 metres of where the ball crossed the line, he/she shall run to the exact spot and indicate exactly where the ball completely crossed the line to the field umpire, prior to backing off in the direction of the likely next act of play.

OUT OF BOUNDS OUT OF BOUNDS ON FREE KICK MARK FOR BALL HIT THE POST ON THE FULL OUT ON THE FULL THE FULL KICK IN BY FULL-BACK If the full-back, when kicking off after a behind, kicks the ball over the boundary line without being touched, the boundary umpire shall give the out-of-bounds on the full indication. It is important that all signals by the boundary umpire are crisp and sharp and demonstrate the boundary umpire’s confidence in his/her decision.

25 POSITIONING FOR BOUNDARY UMPIRES Boundary umpires decide prior to the match which side of the ground they wish to begin. Sides are then changed each quarter.

AT THE CENTRE SQUARE At the beginning of each quarter and after a goal has been scored, the boundary umpires position themselves on diagonally opposite corners of the centre square. They must supervise the square lines that meet at their corners. Once the ball has been bounced or thrown in the air, the boundary umpire moves off toward the boundary line at a 45-degree angle.

DURING GENERAL PLAY The boundary umpire follows play from goal to goal. They need to position themselves where they can have a good view of the boundary line but ensure they do not interfere with the players contesting the ball. When the play is on the other side of the ground, the boundary umpire moves inside the playing area, but no further than the closest side of the centre square. Boundary umpires should never place themselves between the players and the ball.

AT SET KICK AT GOAL When a player is taking a set shot at goal after a mark or free kick, the boundary umpire runs and stands behind the behind post. This allows the boundary umpire to assist the goal umpire. The goal umpire is the final judge of a score and can overrule the decision of a boundary umpire where necessary.

AFTER A BEHIND IS SCORED From Set Kick The boundary umpire is positioned behind the behind post for the set shot. When the goal umpire signals a point, the boundary umpire runs backward along the boundary line for approximately 50 metres.

General Play If the boundary umpire is still running towards the goal when the behind is scored, he shall move quickly to the boundary line and position himself/herself approximately 50 metres from the goals.

Boundary umpires need to position themselves where they have a good view of the boundary line but do not interfere with players contesting the ball. Boundary umpires should never place themselves between the players and the ball.

26 THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE TEACHERS’ MANUAL

6 GOAL UMPIRING

27 The following information should be used in conjunction with The Ultimate Umpiring Guide pages 34 – 41 and should be read by the course facilitator prior to session 6. Refer to Student Practical Worksheet 6 and Lesson Plan 6 at the back of this manual.

INTRODUCTION Although a major focus is placed on field umpires and their influence on the game, the goal umpire also has a high profile and plays an important role in the match. During televised matches, when a goal is scored, the goal umpire appears large as life on the television while he/she makes and indicates his/her decision. Remember, it’s the goal umpire who is the final judge of a score.

After completing this unit the participants should be able to successfully demonstrate these procedures correctly: • judging a score • indicating a score • recording the score

28 INFORMATION SECTION THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE THE GOAL UMPIRE’S ROLE It is the very important responsibility of the goal umpire to: • be the final judge of a score • keep record of all the goals and behinds scored in a match • furnish a report to the controlling body

JUDGING THE SCORE In order for a score to be registered, the football must be completely over the behind or goal lines, or have hit the goal post. TEACHERS’ MANUAL

A goal is scored: • when the ball completely crosses the goal line after being kicked by a player on the attacking team without touching a player or goal post.

A behind is scored when the ball: • crosses the behind line • is touched by a player before crossing the goal line • is taken over the goal or behind line by a player • hits the goal post or travels over the goal post.

OUT OF BOUNDS: If the ball touches the behind post on the full having been kicked, or passes over the behind post, then the ball is considered out of bounds.

RECORDING THE SCORE Having identified the score, the second most important duty of the goal umpire is to properly record the score. This completed score is forwarded to the controlling body as the official score and result of a match.

A sample scorecard that has been completed in the correct manner follows.

29 CONFER EACH QUARTER At the end of each quarter, the goal umpires confer to check each has the same score. If the scores are not the same, the goal umpires discuss the situation during the break and try to resolve the matter. As a guide, there are three general rules for resolving different scores: 1. It is often the goal umpire at the non-scoring end who has the accurate score as he/she has not been under pressure to make decisions. 2. It is easier to “forget” to record a score than it is to add a score in error. Therefore, the umpire with the extra score is usually correct. 3. Check the scoreboard. The goal umpire with the same score as the scoreboard is usually correct as the other umpire may have made a mistake.

TOTAL AT END OF MATCH Add up the goals and behinds scored by each team at the end of the match, and record the total scores.

INDICATIONS When goal umpires are indicating a goal or a behind decision, the indications with hands and arms should be crisp and precise. This reflects the confidence one has with the decision one has made. This type of indicating brings a trust and confidence in the goal umpire’s performance to the players and officials. This crisp style should also be reflected in a goal umpire’s flag waving. Flag waving really completes the indication process and must be of a high standard. The following pictures demonstrate the appropriate signals given by a goal umpire.

GOAL BEHIND

TOUCHED HIT THE POST

30 POSITIONING FOR GOAL UMPIRES THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE Any form of adjudication requires the umpire to be in the best possible position from which to judge an outcome correctly. Goal umpiring, without doubt, requires the umpire to be in the best possible position from which to determine the correct score.

The standard positioning of a goal umpire comes under two categories: • under the flight of the ball • astride the score line TEACHERS’ MANUAL UNDER THE FLIGHT OF THE BALL For the goal umpire to determine whether the football in flight has gone through the goals, over a goal post, or through the behinds, he/she needs to position himself/herself under the flight of the ball. When the ball is within scoring distance, the goal umpire’s initial position should be in line with the ball and the centre of the goal line. While the ball is in flight, the goal umpire should run to get underneath the line of the ball as it crosses the score-line.

ASTRIDE THE LINE There are some occasions that require the goal umpire to “straddle” (or stand astride) the score-lines and out of the way of the players.

They are when: • the ball is dropping in flight • the ball is bouncing along the ground towards goal • players are running for a close kick • there is a contest on the goal/behind line.

31 RECORDING OF SCORES BY GOAL UMPIRES Record progressively. Record the scores progressively, that is, 1 2 3, rather than 1, 1, 1, 1. See sample score-cards.

The following is a sample scorecard that may be photocopied and given to the Course participants to complate.

Game:

Club: Club:

Venue: Date:

Club: Club: Sample score card GOALS BEHINDS GOALS BEHINDS

1st Quarter

2nd Quarter

3rd Quarter

4th Quarter

Total

Total Points

Goal umpire’s name: Signature:

32 THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE TEACHERS’ MANUAL

7 PHYSICAL FITNESS & NUTRITION

33 INTRODUCTION WHAT THE UNIT COVERS Although this unit deals specifically with the necessary training and dietary requirements of an Australian Football umpire, it also outlines some key facts about a healthy lifestyle which can provide anyone with a vibrant, active way of life.

TRAINING AND DIETARY REQUIREMENTS • areas of fitness that form the basis of training • different food groups and the way in which the body utilises their valuable ingredients Whether you intend to go out and umpire a game of football or not this unit on lifestyle management should assist your everyday life.

After completing the unit the participants should be able to: • describe the four areas of fitness • identify the different nutrients from various food groups • create a training program to assist in preparing umpires for their matches

34 There is no reference to this module in The Ultimate Umpiring Guide. THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE The importance of this section, though, should be understood by today’s youth.

WHY UMPIRES MUST BE FIT As mentioned in previous units, for an umpire to perform well he/she must be able to maintain an appropriate position from which to view and to adjudicate on Laws and Interpretations. Maintaining position requires a variety of physical efforts. The umpire will be required to jog, run or sprint to “keep up” with play. This type of activity can be taxing on an umpire who has not physically prepared properly. The modern style of play evolves around moving the ball quickly and the umpire must be physically TEACHERS’ MANUAL conditioned to keep up with the game. Studies have proven beyond doubt that as a person’s physical fatigue increases, their concentration drops. The higher level of fatigue, the greater the effect on concentration. This means the better prepared the umpire can be to cope with the physical demands of the game, the better his/her resistance to fatigue. Therefore, concentration levels can remain high through the course of the game.

In summary, umpires need to be physically fit so they are able to: • consistently maintain the appropriate position from which to make valued judgments • resist fatigue and so maintain optimum concentration levels

35 FITNESS There are several areas of fitness required by an umpire that form the basis of the umpire’s fitness training:

CARDIO-RESPIRATORY ENDURANCE Working muscles need oxygen and nutrients to operate efficiently. Cardiorespiratory endurance is the ability to supply these essential ingredients through the heart, lungs, and circulatory system. It is possible to increase your cardiorespiratory endurance by including ‘aerobic’ activities in your exercise program. They are called ‘aerobic’ because they require an on-going supply of oxygen at a much faster rate than under resting conditions. Our sports require a good aerobic base whether they involve running, swimming, or rowing. While many of the activities may be of short duration or repeated bursts, aerobic fitness or efficient heart, lungs and circulatory system will assist greatly in the ability to recover more quickly.

MUSCULAR STRENGTH When a muscle or muscle group can produce its maximum force or highest tension level against a resistance, it is said to have strength. Strength is a basic requirement for almost all sports and is important in many daily activities. Without strength your muscles would find it impossible to endure.

AEROBIC ENDURANCE Aerobic Endurance refers to the ability of the muscles to resist fatigue when repeating a sub-maximal effort over a period of time where oxygen intake and consumption are equal. (jogging/walking)

ANAEROBIC POWER/ENDURANCE Anaerobic fitness is the ability to resist fatigue when repeating near maximum effort over a given time when oxygen consumption is greater than intake. (running/sprinting) Speed, agility, and quickness are important components in tennis, athletics, hockey, various football codes, basketball, badminton, squash, volleyball and table tennis. (Many of the above listed sports are played over an extended period of time and although all include short bursts of energy, they do require cardiorespiratory endurance capabilities to assist in coping with oxygen debt). Anaerobic power requires the muscles to provide instant or short-term energy when the uptake of oxygen is not always readily available. Extreme examples would include events such as shot-put, long-jump, and sprints, as they rely on the stored glycogen in the muscles.

FLEXIBILITY Flexibility refers to the range of motion around the joints or series of joints. The development of flexibility assists in the prevention of muscular tears and strains. In order for a joint to move fluidly through its complete range of movement, in needs to be flexible. Lack of flexibility is triggered by differing factors such as the bone structure of a joint and the size and strength of the muscles, as well as ligaments and other connective tissues. The ability of muscles to stretch to their optimum length is dependent on these factors. By including stretching exercises in your daily routine, you can greatly improve your flexibility. Stretching warms up the muscles by increasing the blood flow. By doing this you allow muscles and tendons to become more flexible, which in turn will decrease stiffness and reduce the chance of strains and sprains.

MUSCULAR ENDURANCE When a muscle has the ability to maintain sub-maximum force levels while contracting a muscle or muscle group repeatedly for extended periods it is said to have endurance, e.g. rowing.

AGILITY Agility is the ability to change direction quickly while travelling at speed. This is an important element to an umpire’s running and positioning skills.

36 NUTRITION THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE Foods provide our bodies with energy. As umpiring makes extreme demands upon energy levels, an umpire’s diet needs to include enough of the right food groups to meet the demands placed upon him/her. A sound nutritional diet should be balanced with a variety of foods.

The food groups necessary to keep our bodies functioning correctly are:

FATS TEACHERS’ MANUAL Weight for weight fat provides twice the energy of protein or carbohydrates. Fat however is a secondary source of fuel because it requires a great deal MINERALS more oxygen before use can Minerals are essential for basic convert it to an energy source. good health. One mineral, iron, is important for the manufacturing of haemoglobin which helps transport of oxygen through the bloodstream.

CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrate is the major source of energy. It is stored as glycogen. VITAMINS The body uses organic substances called vitamins in small amounts to help the correct functioning of muscles and nerves. Vitamins also assist in the PROTEIN releasing of the stored energy. Protein is used for the build up and repair of body tissues.

37 ESSENTIAL FOODS Foods can be divided into five basic food groups – each of which provides important nutrients. Listed below are these five groups with the recommended daily intake of each group.

FOOD GROUPS MAIN NUTRIENTS

1. Bread and Cereals Four or more servings Bread, cereals, rice, spaghetti, flour, Carbohydrates, B vitamins, protein, roughage, minerals whole grain varieties are better

2. Fruit and Vegetables Four or more servings – include one serve of Vitamin C (rich Vitamins A and C, minerals, roughage citrus fruit), one serve of Vitamin A (leafy vegetables or orange- yellow vegetables

3. Meat Group One or more servings – meat, poultry, fish, eggs, cheese, soya Protein, iron, vitamins B and E, energy beans, nuts, beans, and

4. Dairy products Two or more servings Calcium, vitamins A, B and E, protein, energy • adult 300ml • children and teenagers 600ml

5. Butter/Margarines Vitamins A and E, Essential fats, Energy One tablespoon or more

For more information visit any of the following websites. www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au www.nutritionaustralia.org www.goforyourlife.vic.gov.au www.health.gov.au www.vichealth.vic.gov.au

WATER As well as ensuring the correct amounts of nutrients in the umpire’s diet, the amount of water he/she consumes is also an important factor in his/her energy levels. Ideally water should be consumed before umpiring as well as throughout the match, as it assists in the prevention of dehydration. If an umpire waits until he/she is thirsty before drinking water then he/she will find his/her body has already begun the dehydration process.

38 The extracts below have been taken from A Winning Diet produced by the Australian Institute of Sport. THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE ENJOY A VARIETY OF NUTRITIOUS FOODS In Australia we enjoy an abundance of food choices. There are thousands of different food products on supermarket shelves, most fruits and vegetables are available all year instead of brief seasons, and we can dine out on the cuisine of any country we fancy. Despite this, many of us think there are only two types of food, ‘good’ foods and ‘bad’ foods. Some people think that a ‘good diet’ means giving up all the foods that are ‘bad’ for us – often the foods they enjoy most. The good news from sports dieticians is that no foods are ‘good’ or ‘bad’ by themselves, and no food needs to be completely banished from a balanced diet. The first rule of a balanced diet is to explore and enjoy the variety of foods around us. Variety helps us enjoy what we eat and makes sure that we can meet our nutrient needs from a range of good food sources. Priority should be given to nutrient-rich foods that best look after the special needs of training and keep us healthy. However, there is room for all foods, especially those that are fun TEACHERS’ MANUAL to eat or part of eating out socially. Although some popular diet books have spread the myth that certain foods shouldn’t be eaten together, the truth is that meals are improved by mixing and matching foods together. In fact, many foods cleverly combine to enhance the nutritional value of the total meal.

DECREASE THE INTAKE OF FOODS HIGH IN FATS AND OILS For most Australians, a high-fat diet is second nature. Although our bodies need some fats and oils, our typical eating patterns well exceed these requirements. The health disadvantages of high-fat eating include an increased risk of becoming overweight, and problems with heart disease and some cancers. For an athlete, the most immediate problem is that a high fat intake displaces some of the energy we really need from carbohydrate foods. In a balanced diet, lower-fat eating makes way for our new fuel foods. Cutting back a little on fats and oils is good for all athletes. However, if one is concerned with losing some body fat or keeping it off, then one should pay special attention to low-fat eating strategies. Lower-fat eating means reducing one’s intake of foods that are visibly fatty. Many foods hide large amounts of fats and oils, often added in cooking and preparation. These should also be targeted.

Strategies for reducing intake of fats and oils • select the trimmed cuts of meat such as beef, lamb, pork and chicken • choose low-fat dairy products • cook with minimal amounts of fats and oils • avoid smothering food with butter or greasy sauces • learn to read the labels on food items regarding the total fat content

FLUID REQUIREMENTS Each day we need to replace about two litres of fluid to balance general body losses – even before sweat losses during training and performance are taken into consideration. Sweating is our body’s way of getting rid of the heat generated by exercise, and sweating rates increase as the work becomes harder and the environment becomes hotter. Being in fluid-balance means replacing losses from day to day, but also preventing dehydration occurring during each training session. One can not train one’s body to get used to dehydration, just like your car can not get used to performing with an empty radiator. Fluid needs will be important to everyone’s competition strategies, so athletes should start to develop good drinking habits in advance.

Fluid replacement strategies • drink with every meal • keep a supply of fluids on hand every day • take extra care in warmer weather • be conscious of weight loss during training periods • rehydrate quickly after each training session

39 HIGH CARBOHYDRATE FOODS AND DRINKS Carbohydrate foods play a vital role as a training fuel. The critical source of energy for exercising muscles is the body’s carbohydrate stores – a little from glucose and a larger amount from glycogen stores in your muscles. These stores can only provide for up to a couple of hours of continuous exercise, and must be constantly refilled from the carbohydrates in our diets. Running low on carbohydrates causes fatigue – we have all experienced how bad it feels to run out of fuel! The more we train, the greater the needs of daily intake of carbohydrates. Typical Australian eating habits do not provide adequate carbohydrates. For general health benefits and to provide energy levels for a light to moderate training program, sports dieticians recommend that that carbohydrate foods should make up more than half of our total energy intake.

Nutritious carbohydrate-rich foods • breads and breakfast cereals • pasta, rice and other grains • all forms of fruit • sweetened low-fat dairy foods e.g. flavoured yoghurt • pancakes, scones and other foods made with flour

BALANCED FOOD INTAKE Now that we know more about how foods fit into a balanced diet, we must arrange the balanced diet to fit into our total nutritional needs and our daily timetable. How much you need to eat depends on how much energy you expend and whether you wish to maintain your current body-fat and weight levels. These factors will vary from person to person, and at times you may want to change the balance to lose or gain weight. In other words, eat enough to keep your weight and body fat on target. We should also arrange our daily plan of meals and snacks to keep pace with energy. Skipping meals – particularly breakfast – and overeating later is a typical trap. Aim to get into a healthy eating rhythm that fits in with your training times and other daily commitments, such as work or school.

40 ACCREDITATION THE ULTIMATE UMPIRING GUIDE AUSTRALIAN SCHOOL-BASED APPRENTICESHIPS Should candidates wish to gain VET credit for the following units of competency, application can be made to the AFL SportsReady Australian School-Based Apprenticeships Program.

CERTIFICATION Through a registered training organisation (RTO), candidates may also apply for recognised current competencies. Candidates may then also be issued with a statement of attainment for the following units of Competency from the National Sport and Recreation Industry training package: TEACHERS’ MANUAL • SRSAFL 004A Interpret and apply the fundamental laws of Australian Football at junior or beginner level.

• SRSAFL 005A Use basic communication strategies to umpire Australian Football at junior or beginner level.

• SRSAFL 006A Provide reports and receive feedback relevant to umpiring Australian football at a junior or beginner level.

• SRSAFL 007A Demonstrate fundamental positioning skills relevant to umpire Australian football at a junior or beginner level.

Candidates who umpire football competitively in any season of formal competition may also apply for the following units of competency from the National Sport and Recreation Industry training package:

STREAMS • SRSOGP 002A Apply rules and regulations to conduct games and competitions.

• SRSOGP 003A Judge competitive situations.

• SRXCAI 003B Provide equipment for activities.

• SRXFAC 001B Maintain equipment for activities.

ELECTIVES • SRXGRO 002A Deal with confl ict.

• SRXGCS 004A Meet client needs and expectations.

• BSBFLM 303A Contribute to effective workplace relationships. Deirdre Hardy Australian Schools Based Apprenticeships Consultant AFL SportsReady GPO Box 4337 Melbourne 3001 Phone: (w) (03) 8663-3050 (m) 0400-155405

41 NOTES

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