Reprint Paper* Use of Porcine Small Intestinal Submucosa For
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Volume 24(2), Summer 2014 Contents Protecting travelling pets and their owners fromdisease – 4 - 13 the role of the veterinarian Harvey Locke Controversies in fluid therapy 14 - 23 Giacomo Stanzani and Daniel L. Chan Plumage disorders in psittacine birds - part 2: feather damaging 24 - 36 behaviour Yvonne R.A. van Zeeland and Nico J. Schoemaker Feline injection site sarcoma: a Latvian piece to the puzzle 37 - 50 Ilze Matise and Linda Kokorevica Treating dogs with tibial fractures using the transosseous 51 - 58 osteosynthesis methodaccording to Ilizarov Natalya Kononovich, Natalia V. Petrovskaia and Vitaly Krasnov Wellness plans in practice: what works and why 59 - 66 Pere Mercader Use of porcine small intestinal submucosa for corneal 67 - 78 reconstruction in dogs and cats: 106 cases Frédéric Goulle Neurological complications in 4 critically ill patients with 79 - 88 haematological emergencies: bleeding disorders, hypercoagulation and thrombosis Carlos Torrente, Sergio Ródenas, Lluis Monrea and Sonia Añor Icons Each scientific article is classified with one or more icons. These refer to the species (in green) of animal or the veterinary discipline (in blue) relevant for the article. Dogs Anaesthesia Cats Bacterial Diseases Dogs and Cats/Small animals Cardiovascular Rabbits Dental Less common pets Dermatology Diagnostic imaging Digestive System Ear Nose Throat Genetics Internal Medicine Neurology Oncology Opthalmology Orthopaedics Practice Management Urogenital Protecting travelling pets and their owners from disease – the role of the veterinarian EJCAP 24(2) P 4 Commissioned paper Protecting travelling pets and their owners from disease – the role of the veterinarian Harvey Locke BVSc MRCVS1 SUMMARY Clear changes in the distribution of vectors of disease in Europe have been evident over the past two decades. Climate change may be responsible for part of this, but changes in habitat management and host availability may also be influential. Coupled with the large increase in pet animal movements both due to the harmonisation of the non-commercial movement regulation across the EU and increased global travel, the risk of the spread of disease from endemic to non- endemic areas has been heightened significantly. Other important factors in the emergence of zoonotic and vector borne diseases include the increasing urbanisation and vicinity of human and animal populations along with social and cultural factors such as food habits, farming practices, international travel and trade (in particular in animal and animal products) which facilitate the global spread of emerging infectious diseases in a short space of time. The effective control and management of vector-borne disease requires a comprehensive understanding of the biology and ecology of these vectors, the characteristic of the pathogens they transmit, the mechanisms of infection transmission and also the array of ecological and environmental factors that influence the interactions between them. The veterinary profession has a key role to play in the surveillance of disease, improving education and raising awareness of the risks associated with the travelling pet [9]. to which they had not been previously exposed. The role EJCAP (2014), Summer 24(2); p4-p10 of the veterinarian in surveillance, screening for disease and educating the pet owner to help protect the health and welfare of travelling pets and also to warn of possible Introduction zoonotic infections is becoming increasingly important. The major reduction of rabies in wildlife across Europe in Trends in pet animal movements the last 20 years together with reduced border restrictions has led to a dramatic increase in the movement of pets In the 1990s, the rabies situation throughout the EU from country to country. This has resulted in an increase in improved spectacularly following the implementation of the spread of exotic diseases, probably exacerbated by the oral rabies vaccination of foxes in regions affected by the effects of climate change, allowing disease transmitting sylvatic-rabies epidemic that had swept through mainland vectors to spread further north from the Mediterranean Europe since the 1960s. basin. Animals are becoming more susceptible to diseases In 2003, health requirements for the non-commercial 1 Greenways, Hilton Road, Bramhall, Cheshire, SK7 3AG, United Kingdom. Email: [email protected] Protecting travelling pets and their owners from disease – the role of the veterinarian EJCAP 24(2) P 5 movement of pets changed, and the United Kingdom, The role of the veterinarian Republic of Ireland, Sweden, Finland and Malta were permitted extra controls for a five-year transition Veterinarians in companion animal practice have an period. In January 2012, however, these countries were important and quite unique role to play in helping to compelled to harmonise with the rest of the EU which detect, prevent and treat exotic diseases in the pet animals meant that serology blood testing post rabies vaccination that travel from one country to another. An increasing ceased, dogs cats and ferrets could travel 21 days after number of owners are seeking to travel with their pets. In rabies vaccination and the requirement for tick treatment order to provide clients with the advice needed for taking was dropped. However, the requirement to treat for the their pet animals abroad there are significant benefits tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis (EM) was retained for to the setting up of a pet travel clinic in a veterinary those countries where there was no evidence of EM in the practice[2]. (Fig. 1). wildlife, but the window for treatment prior to movement The purposes of such a clinic are: was extended from 24 to 48 hours to 1 to 5 days. • To provide surveillance for the identification and A new Regulation will come into force on the 29th screening of pets for emerging diseases that have December 2014, and this may have a knock-on effect on recently entered the country. the movement of cats and dogs throughout Europe. • To assist those clients who wish to take their There is little data on the trends in pet animal pets abroad, either on holiday or permanently, by movements but, as an example, it is estimated that in ensuring that they have the appropriate preventative 2000 there were around 14,000 animals imported into medicines. the UK. By 2004 this had increased to more than 65,000 • To explain about the potential risks from zoonotic and in 2008 it was more than 100,000 animals. In 2012, infections. the figure jumped to 154,000. The harmonisation of the rules across the EU in January 2012 then led to a 75% increase in pet movements into the UK over the following 12 months [1]. The non-commercial movement Regulation 998/2003 is specifically meant for owners to travel with their pets and not for the sale or transfer of ownership. However, increasingly the Regulation is misused for the purposes of trade in puppies across Europe. Over recent years there has been a significant increase in the sale of puppies over the Internet, which has contributed to increased movement. This burgeoning demand for puppies has led to illegal movements of dogs, more recently becoming the target of organised crime. It is this illegal trade that has serious implications both for Fig. 1 Setting up a travel clinic in veterinary practice (©BVA, the welfare of these animals and for the risks of disease with kind permission) spread across borders. There has also been an increasing trend for the adoption 1. Surveillance of stray street dogs by people who are travelling abroad The local veterinary practice is often the first port of call both in Europe and beyond then bringing them back to for an owner with an ill animal that they may have recently their own country either legally or illegally. The health brought into the country. If disease is suspected then status of these dogs is often unknown so they pose a risk appropriate diagnostic screening should be undertaken. of disease incursion. Good history taking is essential to ascertain where the Most of these dogs will not have been socialised animal has come from and which countries it may have adequately, many have behaviour problems and therefore travelled through. Does the animal’s description on the will not prove suitable as domestic pets. This often leads pet passport relate to the animal presented? Does the to abandonment, which further increases the risk of microchip number on the passport correspond with the disease spread potentially into the wildlife. microchip implanted in the animal? In the case of a puppy, Protecting travelling pets and their owners from disease – the role of the veterinarian EJCAP 24(2) P 6 does the age match the age written on the passport? encouraged to make an appointment with the travel clinic Veterinarians need to be familiar with the reporting at least one month before the journey for the animal to mechanisms to the appropriate enforcement authorities undergo clinical examination, to check that the microchip both in the cases of non-compliance with pet passport is functioning, to discuss the welfare of the animal when regulations or suspected illegal importation. Imported travelling and then to prescribe appropriate preventative companion animals provide a route via which exotic medication. ticks and their associated pathogens can be introduced into a country where they are not presently endemic. The ESCCAP website provides excellent advice on pet Submitting these ticks for laboratory identification is travel both for the veterinarian and the owner at important especially so in the Member States where the http://www.esccap.org/travelling-pets-advice/ harmonisation of the pet travel regulation in January 2012 meant the requirement for treatment for ticks before importation ceased [3]. 4. Zoonoses The illegal importation of dogs and cats significantly Rabies continues to be a major public health concern, both increases the risks of rabies incursion into Europe. Despite in Europe and worldwide. Several vector-borne diseases the best protections, France has seen regular outbreaks are important zoonoses, such as leishmaniosis, borreliosis, since 2000, mainly from animals brought in from North rickettsiosis, bartonellosis, dirofilariosis and tick-borne Africa.