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Le Rôle Des Représentations Dans Les Projets De Mise En MATHIEU GINGRAS LE RÔLE DES REPRÉSENTATIONS DANS LES PROJETS DE MISE EN VALEUR DES RIVIÈRES DU QUÉBEC Les enjeux de l’implantation de la filière de la petite production hydroélectrique sur la rivière Batiscan Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures de l’Université Laval dans le cadre du programme de maîtrise en sciences géographiques pour l’obtention du grade de maître en sciences géographiques (M.Sc.Géogr.) DÉPARTEMENT DE GÉOGRAPHIE FACULTÉ DE FORESTERIE ET GÉOMATIQUE UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL QUÉBEC AOÛT 2007 © Mathieu Gingras, 2007 La nature intacte qu’il ne peut pas voir de ses yeux n’a pas de valeur pour lui. De là, la croyance universelle qu’un arrière-pays non exploité ne rend aucun service à la société. Pour les gens dépourvus d’imagination, un espace vierge sur une carte représente un désert sans intérêt, alors que pour les autres, c’est sa partie la plus précieuse. Aldo Leopold (2000 : 224) Source : David ROUAULT, 2005 ii Résumé Au début des années 1990, pour atteindre des objectifs de développement régional et de maximisation de la production hydroélectrique, le gouvernement du Québec a adopté des politiques visant la réfection et la construction de petites centrales par des producteurs indépendants. Pour assurer leur rentabilité, les petites centrales doivent être construites à proximité des infrastructures de transport d’énergie et des lieux de consommation. De plus, elles sont souvent situées là où les rivières présentent des chutes ou un encaissement importants. Ces sites sont souvent situés à proximité ou au cœur de lieux habités et mis en valeur, notamment à des fins récréotouristiques. De plus, les chutes sont souvent des symboles territoriaux, identitaires et paysagers forts pour les communautés locales. Il en résulte inévitablement des conflits d'usage où diverses perceptions de la mise en valeur des rivières se confrontent. Pour analyser plus en profondeur cette problématique, nous avons fait une étude de cas portant sur la rivière Batiscan (Mauricie), où des promoteurs ont envisagé la réalisation de trois projets de petites centrales hydroélectriques (1987-1990). À l’aide de 15 entretiens semi-dirigés et à travers une revue de cinq quotidiens québécois (1990-2007), nous avons analysé le discours des acteurs, afin de comprendre le rôle stratégique et l’évolution des représentations territoriales et du rapport à la rivière des acteurs concernés par les projets de petites centrales. Cette étude démontre que les tenants de la filière de la petite production hydroélectrique perçoivent ce type de mise en valeur de la rivière comme étant un mode de développement régional qui permettrait de générer des retombées économiques substantielles pour les milieux hôtes. D’autre part, les opposants se sont regroupés au sein de comités de citoyens pour revendiquer l’abandon des projets. Leur discours véhicule la représentation que la réalisation de petites centrales sur la Batiscan est contraire à la notion de bien commun et porterait atteinte au paysage, à l’intégrité environnementale du cours d’eau et au potentiel de développement récréotouristique de la région. Par un processus de réappropriation collective et de valorisation des éléments du territoire ayant une forte valeur patrimoniale et identitaire, ceux-ci ont cherché à élaborer et mettre en œuvre des projets alternatifs qui permettraient de contrer les projets de petites centrales de garantir la protection des caractéristiques naturelles de la rivière. Mots-clés : Hydroélectricité, petites centrales, rivière Batiscan, Québec, conflits d’usages, conflits d’aménagement, représentations, territoire, mise en valeur des rivières. iii Abstract At the beginning of 1990s, to meet objectives of regional development and maximization of the hydroelectric production, the government of Quebec adopted energy policies aiming to retrofit and construct small power stations by independent producers. To ensure their profitability, small power stations must be built close to existent energy transport networks and consumption places. Moreover, they are often located where the rivers are banked or present important falls. These sites are situated near or in the heart of inhabited and attended places, notably for recreotouristic purposes. Furthermore, these falls and landscapes are symbols of identity and have territorial significance for the local communities. This situation inevitably generated river-use conflicts where many perceptions of the management and the development of the rivers are in opposition. To make an in-depth analysis of this problem, we made a case study concerning the Batiscan river (Mauricie), where promoters considered the construction of three small hydroelectric power stations (1987-1990). Using 15 semi-directed talks and through a review of five daily newspapers (1990- 2007), we analyzed the speech of the actors, in order to understand the strategic role and the evolution of the territorial representations of those concerned with the projects of small hydroelectric power stations. This study shows that the promoters of the small hydroelectric power stations perceive this type of development of the river as being a type of regional development which would make it possible to generate substantial economic repercussions for host territories. On the other hand, the opponents, gathered within citizen committees to obtain the abandonment of the projects. Their speech conveys the representation that the realization of the hydroelectric power stations on the Batiscan river goes against the concept of common good and would undermine the landscape, the environmental integrity of the river and the recreotouristic development of the area. By a process of collective reappropriation and valorization of the elements of the territory having a strong patrimonial and identity value, those sought to work out and implement alternative projects which would make it possible to counter the projects of small hydroelectric power stations and to guarantee the protection of the inherent characteristics of the river. Key words: Hydroelectricity, small power stations, Batiscan river, Quebec, river-use conflicts, local geopolitical conflicts, social representations, territory. Avant-propos J’ai été attiré par ce sujet de recherche puisque je m’intéresse grandement à la gestion de l’eau, plus particulièrement aux conflits d’usages associés à la mise en valeur des rivières du Québec. J’ai choisi de faire une étude de cas portant sur la rivière Batiscan, puisque c’est une rivière que je connais bien, pour y avoir rêvassé et pêché étant plus jeune. Tout en m’efforçant de laisser la subjectivité de côté, je considère que ma connaissance du terrain d’étude a été un avantage incontestable dans la compréhension et l’analyse des enjeux associés aux projets de petites centrales sur la Batiscan. Cette étude de cas sur la Batiscan était particulièrement intéressante puisque les trois projets de petites centrales ont soulevé une vive controverse dans les milieux hôtes. Je cherchais alors à comprendre pourquoi la petite production hydroélectrique, pourtant une source de production d’énergie relativement propre, durable et renouvelable, pouvait engendrer de si vives réactions au sein des communautés concernées. Au fil de mes recherches, des lectures et des entretiens, la complexité des enjeux, dans le contexte québécois actuel, m’a fait réaliser que le discours des opposants était fortement conditionné par des représentations territoriales et des perceptions de la mise en valeur des rivières, qui différaient fondamentalement de celles des partisans et des promoteurs des projets. L’étude des représentations est intéressante, dans le sens où elle permet un type d’analyse, souvent négligé, des conflits d’usages et d’aménagement. Dans le cadre de cette étude, il devient alors possible de comprendre de quelle façon les différentes représentations territoriales des acteurs ainsi que leurs perceptions de la mise en valeur des rivières, souvent opposées, peuvent engendrer des conflits à l’échelle locale et régionale. C’est seulement par l’analyse et la compréhension de ces représentations qu’il devient possible d’expliquer la complexité du phénomène à l’étude. La prise en compte des intérêts et des revendications de tous les acteurs est cruciale, pour rallier partisans et opposants à un même projet, rassembleur et collectif. Sur ces quelques mots… bonne lecture, à la découverte de la Batiscan et de ses « gens de rivières »! v Remerciements Tout d’abord, je tiens à remercier Frédéric Lasserre, mon directeur, qui a su me guider, me conseiller, lire et relire mes textes, tout en éveillant mon sens critique et ma capacité d’analyse. Merci infiniment, j’ai beaucoup appris! Merci également à Louis Guay, professeur au département de sociologie de l’Université Laval, et à Manuel Rodriguez, professeur à l’École supérieure d'aménagement du territoire et du développement régional de l’Université Laval, tous deux membres du comité d’évaluation du présent mémoire. Leurs suggestions et commentaires m’ont permis d’approfondir ou d’améliorer certains aspects, parfois négligés au départ, de ce travail de recherche. Je souhaite également remercier Mélissa, pour sa présence et ses encouragements dans les moments plus difficiles, où l’inspiration n’était pas au rendez-vous! Merci également aux membres de ma famille pour leur appui. Entre autres, Martine, Jacques et André pour leurs encouragements, la recherche d’articles, la relecture et la correction de chacune des pages de ce mémoire. Je remercie mes ami(e)s du GREDIN, de l’IHQEDS et du Département de géographie de l’Université Laval avec lesquels j’ai passé de très bons moments au cours des dernières années. Je tiens à exprimer ma reconnaissance aux membres de Chute Libre, Eau vive Batiscan, Les Amis de la Batiscan et la Fondation Rivières, qui ont accepté de participer à ce projet de recherche. Tous ces « gens de rivières » qui, au cours des rencontres, des échanges de courriels et des entretiens, ont été ma première source d’information. Merci à Madame Joanne Nicole, du centre de documentation d’Hydro-Québec, qui a su trouver et me faire parvenir de précieux documents, essentiels à la réalisation de ce mémoire.
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