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Měkkýši (MOLLUSCA Měkkýši (MOLLUSCA) Lokality „Na Plachtě

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Měkkýši (MOLLUSCA Měkkýši (MOLLUSCA) Lokality „Na Plachtě MMěěkkýšikkýši (MOLLUSCA(MOLLUSCA)) lokalitylokality „Na„Na PlachtPlachtěě““ vv HradciHradci KrálovéKrálové Molluscs in the locality „Na Plachtě“, Hradec Králové Luboš R. Kolouch Abstract: The present author carried out a basic malacological investigation in the locality in 1996 and discovered the occurrence of 40 species from 31 genera and 19 families. Malacologically the locality is rich and 1 protected species Pisidium amnicum, included in the Red Data Book in the category “endangered species“, occurs there. The occurrence of one thermophile species Monacha cartusiana, a slug Arion lusitanicus that is spreading from the Southwest of Europe. Cepaea nemoralis, Pisidium casertanum and Pisidium personatum, and Physa fontinalis belong to interesting species. Surprisingly, the family Unionidae, particularly the genus Anodonta, is absent although there are two ponds and other water areas in the locality. Keywords: Molluscs, faunistic data, Eastern Bohemia, Czech Republic. ÚVOD Území a jeho vývoj popisuje podrobněji MOCEK (1997), uvedeny jsou proto jen základní údaje. Lokalita "Na Plachtě" leží na jihovýchodním okraji města Hradce Králové v katastrálním území Nový Hradec Králové. Kód kvadrátu podle středoevropského síťového mapování je 5861a. Území o rozloze cca 40 ha zaujímá prostor mezi industriální zónou města (továrna fy PETROF) a západním okrajem lesního komplexu (Novohradecké lesy). Podklad tvoří slínovce a vápnité jílovce překryté štěrkopískovými náplavy, povrch je rovinný, místně mírně svažitý, nadmořská výška 235 - 246 m n.m.. Průměrná roční teplota je 8,5oC, průměrný roční úhrn srážek činí 617 mm (měření stanice ČHMÚ na Novém Hradci Králové -278 m n.m.). Fytogeograficky patří území lokality do oblasti termofytika, floristicky lokalitu zpracovala SAMKOVÁ (1997). Podstatnou část lokality tvoří dlouhodobě bezlesý prostor vojenského cvičiště (písčiny, trávníky, vřesoviště) postupně zarůstající náletovými dřevinami (břízy, osiky, vrby, borovice). Povrch je místy obnažen a rozbrázděn cestami, výmoly a zákopy. V centrální části jsou terénní deprese, vzniklé těžbou stavebního materiálu, zaplněné vodou. Na jihozápadním okraji území se nacházejí dva rybníky (Plachta a Jáma) s doprovodnými mokřady a olšinami. Základními biotopy, rozloženými mozaikovitě na lokalitě jsou: stálé i periodické vodní plochy, zrašelinělé břehy tůní, porosty rákosin a ostřic, slatinné louky, subtermofilní trávníky, písčiny, vřesoviště, ranná sukcesní stadia lesa, bažinné olšiny. Pro výskyt řady rostlinných a živočišných druhů je významná přímá návaznost lokality na vegetačně a mikroklimaticky odlišné prostředí Novohradeckých lesů. Základní geobotanickou charakteristiku studovaného území zpracovali JIRÁSEK et SAMKOVÁ (1997). Malakologický průzkum lokality Na Plachtě byl prováděn autorem v letech 1994 - 1996, s těžištěm v roce 1996 (většinou přímým sběrem, zčásti prosevem). Seznam zjištěných druhů je sestaven na základě sběrů, které jsou uloženy v autorově sbírce. Názvosloví suchozemských měkkýšů je převzato podle autorů KERNEY, CAMERON, JUNGBLUTH (1983), vodních měkkýšů dle GLÖER, MEIER-BROOK, OSTERMANN (1980). Zařazení do rodů a vyšších taxonů jsem upravil dle VAUGHT, ABBOTT, BOSS (1989). České názvy jsem použil podle Klíče československých měkkýšů (LOŽEK 1956) a publikace Měkkýši (PFLEGER 1988). Uvádím velmi stručnou charakteristiku výskytu: (1) - řídce- jednotlivé nálezy (2) - hojněji- kolem 10 kusů (3) - hojně- desítky kusů (4) - velmi hojně- více než 100 ks SYSTEMATICKÝ PŘEHLED DRUHŮ třída GASTROPODA podtřída PULMONATA řád BASOMMATOPHORA ACROLOXIDAE Acroloxus lacustris (LINNÉ,1758) - člunice jezerní palearktická; klidnější vody, na rostlinstvu (1) LYMNAEIDAE Galba truncatula (O.F.MÜLLER,1774) - plovatka malá holarktická; malé a nejmenší vody, i ve vlhku (1) Lymnaea stagnalis (LINNÉ,1758) - plovatka bahenní holarktická; stojaté vody (4) Radix auricularia (LINNÉ,1758) - plovatka nadmutá palearktická; klidnější, zarostlé vody: rybník Plachta (1) Radix peregra (O.F.MÜLLER,1774) - plovatka toulavá palearktická; klidnější vody a bažiny (4) PHYSIDAE Aplexa hypnorum (LINNÉ,1758) - levotočka bažinná holarktická; bažiny, vysychající tůňky (1) Physa fontinalis (LINNÉ,1758) - levatka říční holarktická; potok z Malšovic k továrně U Novotných (1) PLANORBIDAE Anisus (Anisus) spirorbis (LINNÉ,1758) - svinutec kruhovitý palearktický; drobné stojaté vody (2) Anisus (Disculifer) vortex (LINNÉ,1758) - svinutec zploštělý eurosibiřský; klidnější zarostlé vody (3) Planorbarius corneus (LINNÉ,1758) - okružák ploský eurosibiřský; klidnější, zarostlé vody (3) Planorbis planorbis (LINNÉ,1758) - terčovník vroubený palearktický; klidnější vody (1) řád STYLOMMATOPHORA podřád ORTHURETHRA COCHLICOPIDAE Cochlicopa lubrica (O.F.MÜLLER,1774) - oblovka lesklá holarktická; vlhká, zarostlá stanoviště (1) Cochlicopa lubricella (PORRO, 1838) - oblovka drobná holarktická; vlhká, zarostlá vápnitá stanoviště (2) VALLONIIDAE Vallonia costata (O.F.MÜLLER,1774) - údolníček žebernatý holarktický; suchá, vápnitá, písčitá stanoviště (3) Vallonia pulchella (O.F.MÜLLER,1774) - údolníček drobný holarktický; vlhčí, vápnitá, písčitá stanoviště (2) VERTIGINIDAE Vertigo (Vertigo) pygmaea (DRAPARNAUD,1801) - vrkoč malinký holarktický; suchá, písčitá stanoviště (1) podřád SIGMURETHRA DISCIDAE Discus (Discus) rotundatus (O.F.MÜLLER,1774) - vrásenka okrouhlá západo-středoevropská; vlhká stanoviště (3) podřád ELASMOGNATHA SUCCINEIDAE Oxyloma elegans (RISSO,1826) - jantarka úhledná holarktická; olšina mezi rybníky (1) Succinea (Succinea) putris (LINNÉ,1758) - jantarka obecná eurosibiřská; olšina mezi rybníky (3) GASTRODONTIDAE Zonitoides (Zonitoides) nitidus (O.F.MÜLLER,1774) - zemounek lesklý holarktický; mokrá stanoviště (3) VITRINIDAE Vitrina (Vitrina) pellucida (O.F.MÜLLER,1774) - skleněnka průsvitná holarktická až palearktická ; vlhká stanoviště (3) ZONITIDAE Nesovitrea hammonis (STRÖM,1765) - blyštivka rýhovaná palearktická; vlhká až sušší stanoviště (3) Oxychilus (Oxychilus) cellarius (O.F.MÜLLER.,1774) - skelnatka drnová západo- a středoevropská; vlhká, stinná stanoviště (1) Oxychilus (Oxychilus) draparnaudi (BECK,1837) - skelnatka západní západostředomořská, západoevropská; karnivorní druh na vlhkých stanovištích (2) LIMACIDAE Limax (Limax) maximus LINNÉ,1758 - slimák největší jiho- až západoevropský; zarostlé ruderální plochy (2) HYGROMIIDAE Monachoides umbrosa (C.PFEIFFER,1828) - vlahovka stinná alpská a západokarpatská; listnatý les (1) Zenobiella rubiginosa (A.SCHMIDT,1853) - vlahovka rezavá východoevropská až sibiřská; vlhká stanoviště (3) Trichia (Trichia) hispida (LINNÉ,1758) - srstnatka chlupatá evropská; chybí pouze na suchých stanovištích (2) Trichia (Trichia) plebeia (DRAPARNAUD,1805) - srstnatka západní středoevropská; vlhčí stanoviště (3) HELICELLIDAE Monacha (Monacha) cartusiana (O.F.MÜLLER,1774) - tmavoretka bělavá středomořská až atlantická; ruderální plochy (4) V Česku prakticky ojedinělý výskyt (jinak pouze nejjihovýchodnější Morava s návazností na jižní Slovensko, východ Rakouska a Maďarsko (KOLOUCH 1996). Vzhledem k výskytu početné populace tohoto vzácného druhu jsem provedl měření ulit 235 dospělých jedinců a pomocí přiložených grafů jsem stanovil variabilitu ulit této populace (LOŽEK 1956). Průměrná hodnota rozměrového indexu (100x šířka ulity/ výška ulity) je 152, index kulatosti ústí (šířka ústí / výška ústí) je 1,26 (viz graf 1.). Šířka ulit se pohybovala v intervalu 9,9mm - 17,9mm , průměrná šířka je 13,1 mm. Minimální naměřená výška ulity byla 6,4mm, maximální výška 12,7mm; průměrná výška je 8,6mm (viz graf 2.). Ve srovnání s literárními údaji (šířka 9-17mm, výška 6-10mm) lze konstatovat, že se jedná o populaci s velmi statnými jedinci. HELICIDAE Cepaea (Cepaea) hortensis (O.F.MÜLLER,1774) - páskovka keřová západo- až středoevropská; vlhká, zarostlá stanoviště (4) Cepaea (Cepaea) nemoralis (LINNÉ,1758) - páskovka hajní západoevropská; vlhčí, zarostlejší stanoviště (3) Vyskytuje se u nás synantropně zhruba od severních Čech po Pardubice, v Hradci Králové na více stanovištích (zahradách). Helix (Helix) pomatia (LINNÉ,1758) - hlemýžď zahradní středo- až jihoevropský; vápnitá stanoviště (4) BRADYBAENIDAE Bradybaena (Bradybaena) fruticum (O.F.MÜLLER,1774) - keřovka plavá středoevropská až asijská; vlhká, zarostlá stanoviště (3) ARIONIDAE Arion (Arion) lusitanicus (MABILLE,1868) - plzák lusitánský západo- až středoevropský; ruderální stanoviště (1) Synantrop, šířící se spontánně z jihozápadní Evropy na východ. třída BIVALVIA podtřída HETERODONTA řád VENEROIDA PISIDIIDAE Pisidium (Pisidium) amnicum (O.F.MÜLLER,1774) - hrachovka říční palearktická; jemně písčité bahnité dno (1) Živorodá. Druh uváděn v červené knize ČR jako „ohrožený“ (LOŽEK, 1992). Pisidium (Rivulina) casertanum (POLI,1791) - hrachovka obecná kosmopolitní; prohlubeniny v trávě (3) Pisidium (Rivulina) personatum MALM,1855 - hrachovka malinká evropská; stojaté vody i bažiny (1) Sphaerium lacustre (O.F.MÜLLER,1774) - okrouhlice rybničná holarktická; klidnější vody (1) ZÁVĚR Jedinečnost území Plachty se projevuje i v bohatém druhovém zastoupení měkkýšů. Bylo zjištěno celkem 40 druhů náležejících do 31 rodů a 19 čeledí. Nejvíce jsou zastoupeni suchozemští měkkýši, 25 druhy 14 čeledí, z toho 2 druhy nahých plžů patří do 2 čeledí. Vodní měkkýši jsou reprezentováni 15 druhy pěti čeledí. Mezi méně obvyklé či méně očekávané druhy náleží Arion lusitanicus, který se na naše území dostal ze Španělska pravděpodobně přes Rakousko a Německo (LOŽEK 1985, JUŘIČKOVÁ 1995), dále Cepaea nemoralis, Monacha cartusiana (v Čechách ojedinělá
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