The Trial of the Hungarian Optants and Other Injustices of the Vile System, Affected by a Serious Widespread Corruption Part II
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Acta Universitatis George Bacovia. Juridica - Volume 10. Issue 1/2021 - http://juridica.ugb.ro/ - Valentin-Stelian BĂDESCU The Island of Snakes in the heart of Romania: the trial of the Hungarian optants and other injustices of the vile system, affected by a serious widespread corruption Part II Valentin-Stelian BĂDESCU, PhD Lawyer, Bucharest Bar, Romania Scientific researcher associated with Institute of Legal Research, „Acad. Andrei Rădulescu ” from the Romanian Academy [email protected] „The country has become the private property of some scoundrels! „Don't forget, Darie!" Don't forget to tell your children and grandchildren that we had a proud and rich country and that we didn't need anything from outside Romania! Abstract: „Transylvania is the country par excellence of the ancestors of the Romanian people, the Dacians, who had, within its borders, the center of their power and the capital of their state during the wars with the Romans. It is then an essential part of the Roman province of Dacia, which also had its capital here, as well as the headquarters of the two legions. Inhabited incessantly during the pre-feudal period by the descendants of the Daco-Romans, ie by the ancient Romanians, Transylvania is the homeland of the first Romanian voivode attested by historical sources, a voivode who opposes the armies of the Hungarian invaders. Here I mention the medieval documents for the first time "the country of the Romanians". Just as, from its contents, the great rivers that cross the Carpatho-Danubian space are born, in the same way, incessantly, over the centuries, the overflow of the Romanian population flows from it, crossing the mountains to the south, to the east and to the north. Valued by the persevering, bimillennial work of our people, Transylvania is a typical Romanian land. The Romanians are the first inhabitants that history remembers in Transylvania, local inhabitants, sons of its land, “we are from here” as the Romanian peasants from the place say; the Romanians form the vast majority of the population of Transylvania, with them living here a number of Hungarians, Szeklers, Saxons and Swabians. Through their incessant, hard work, the inhabitants of Transylvania made the earth bear fruit, bringing to light its wealth. For thousands of years we have been sowing and reaping, raising flocks of cattle, digging vines, making ponds and extracting salt, gold and fuel oil from the depths of the earth. On the basis of all these facts, it is normal, therefore, that the natural, unshakable unity of Transylvania with the entire Romanian land should have gained a repeated international consecration, first through the Peace Treaty of Trianon (1920), then that of Paris (1947)”. [Constantin C. Giurăscu, „Transylvania in the history of the Romanian people”]. Keywords: revisionism; domestic and internationalized process of Hungarian electors; public international law. Framing subdomain: Human Rights and Humanitarian Law 1. Argumentum. Why did I get here? I said in the first part of our study [1] that the issue of the Hungarian optants in Transylvania is a file, a writing, about an end and a rebirth, the end of the Central European empire and the rebirth of the nations liberated by sacrifice from the dungeon of that empire. A dossier on the collapse of an empire at the hour of its sinking, the dual Austro-Hungarian empire, and on the leap of the nations into the light of the rebirth of the long Habsburg night is a special phenomenon in a culture. It is a picture that we can contemplate with amazement, but also with fear, the monstrous grandeur of an empire where the Hungarian electors evolve on a twilight scene, on which are distributed nations, chancellors, governments, embassies, armies, political internationals of the time, on which already foreshadows the ghost of a panid that seems to come back to life today, such as the forgotten martyrdom of the Romanians in Făgăraș committed by the Austrian General Adolf Buccow, the guardians of Orthodoxy in Transylvania. His name was Buccow, he was Maria Teresa's trusted man and he destroyed, trying to kill the faith with a cannon, 37 monasteries at the foot of Făgăraş [2]. = ISSN 2285-0171 ISSN-L=2285-0171 Acta Universitatis George Bacovia. Juridica - Volume 10. Issue 1/2021 - http://juridica.ugb.ro/ - Valentin-Stelian BĂDESCU Until 1760, Făgăraş was a mountain full of monks, not infrequently it happened that the richer villages held three or four monasteries, not counting the hidden hermitages or the huts of the timid hermits. But one day, the faith of the people of Făgăraş was killed with a cannon. By order of Maria Theresa, Austrian General Adolf Buccow placed the cannons on Orthodox foundations. Of the 37 monasteries, the cannonballs left none standing, 37 Orthodox lavra, which at the hour of vespers and night prayers all started ringing bells, shaking the earth and the edges of the air. The Făgăraşi Mountains have been transformed into a huge ossuary. An old man from Lisa or Cârtişoara says that even today, human cries and bell voices are still heard, echoing deep in the ground. The memory of the Austrian general is still, after 250 years, an ugly and painful wound. Even if they tried, the people of Făgăraş cannot forget, forgive, leave them, reconcile serenely and Christianly with all that they were, with the martyrdom to which their faith was subjected. For them, Adolf Nikolaus von Buccow remains forever the embodiment of enmity and absolute evil, a smoky and parallel appearance, as well as death, a man without a face and without a biography. A foreign name, which they want to punish, leaving it to haunt forgotten history, the dark Middle Ages of Transylvania, all that is left of the memory of the Orthodox lavra of yesteryear; Recea, Comana, Colt, Berivoi, Sâmbăta de Sus. No matter how much you search, searching the archives, chronicles and testimonies of the time, you don't find out much about it. Adolf Nikolaus von Buccow remains a shadow shrouded in silence and mystery. From the only portrait preserved by the chronicle of the imperial Vienna, a bald and willless man looks at you. A slightly effeminate hedonist, with a long prickly face and timidly hidden hands behind the silver sleeves of the field marshal's tunic with a short, carefully powdered wig, as well as the apathetic smile and studied will of his arms, , violent with hastily trained chiefs and placid with fiery women at Court. A hesitant and hidden man, a bigot, in brocade and silk clothes, an unscrupulous killer, a "lover" of beauty and humanists, of the great humanist ideas of equality, justice and truth [3]. Certainly, Empress Maria Theresa did not choose him by chance. After the revolted murmur of the Romanian serfs and the perseverance of the Orthodox monks Visarion and Sofronie against the Unitarian covenant, someone had to bring to Transylvania a spirit of peace and reconciliation, of love and benevolence in all ... houses, churches, villages populated by Romans. The decision of the Let Diet to expel the monks from the laity, or the Catholic synodal decision to ban the Romanian custom of offering food and drink to the dead at the grave, all proved to be unnecessarily hasty and unwise. General Buccow seemed best able to set things right, calm the spirits, and pacify the Crown's submissive "heretics." It was as if you saw him. Righteous, military, and disciplined like no other, he listened intently to the graceful empress's command and did not lose. He leaves Vienna in a hurry and on April 5, 1761, appears in Sibiu, with all his entourage and insignia of his imperial authority. There is no time to lose. On April 9, the investigation of the "Dismemberment Commission" must begin to find out which of the Romanians declared themselves against the union. Sibiu is a hostile and cold spring day, as if announcing the harshness and urgency of the decisions that will follow. Buccow doesn't even have time to pack his trunks of clothes and parade costumes or visit the thriving burg of Saxon guilds. He only manages to weigh the officials of the Chancellery Hall with his eyes and with an authoritarian gesture, he signals to the doorman to invite the delegation of the 40 Romanians, who have been waiting for him for several days to hand over his memory with their insistent wishes, to return the Romanian churches. together with the goods and the place of land, the Greek Catholics should remain with what they built, leaving the Union to be held only by those who want it and especially, not to bring revenge, but to be forgiving with the Orthodox and the monastic army of Sofronie de to the Crow. Diplomatic and peaceful, Buccow listened with a smile. He gives them and promises them justice, without saying anything concrete. His mission is "the conscription of believers", the census and reconciliation, mercy and national concord. The very next day he receives Sofronie in audience. He confuses him with clever words and, at the end, seals the understanding with an exchange of gifts. in the evening he does not mention or cancel it. ”Sofronie is arrested and chained as he descends the stairs of the Residence. Refugee in his austere drawing room, decorated only with paintings of the empress and his volunteer mother, whom he deified, the general looks at the map of Transylvania for a long time. Marked in red, the Orthodox monasteries seem lined up in the very order of their disappearance. You don't know very well what hides his apathetic and prematurely aged cocoon figure, the feminine line of the shoulders and the elongated drawn chin.