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Los Peligros Volcanicos Asociados Con El Tungurahua

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Los Peligros Volcanicos Asociados Con El Tungurahua Pablo Sama niego Jean-Philippe Eissen Los peligros volcánicos Jean-Luc Le Pennec Minard L. Hall Michel Monzier asociados con el Patricia Mothes Patricio Ramón (laude Robin José Egred Indira Molina Tungurahua Hugo Yepes Los PELIGROS VOLCÁNICOS • asociados con el Tungurahua CORPORACION EDITORA NACIONAL Hernan Malo Gonzalez (1931-1983) Presidente Fundador Ernesto Alban Gomez Presidente Luis Mora Ortega Director Ejecutivo IRD L'institut de recherche pour le dévelopment ORD, Instituto francés de Investigaci6n para el Desarrollo), es un establecimiento publico de caracter cientifico y tecnol6gico, au spi­ ciado por los ministerios de Investigaci6n y Cooperaci6n de Francia. El IRD realiza investigaciones conjuntamente con otras instituciones francesas, europeas e internationales, siempre en cooperacion con organismos asociados en la zona intertro­ pical, en Africa, América Latina, Asia, y en los océanos fndico y Pacffico. EIIRD tiene una representaci6n en el Ecuador desde 1974, y cuenta con una tradici6n im­ portante de investigaci6n en el Ecuador, en varios campos. Actualmente, investigadores de tres departamentos cientfficos dei IRD trabajan en Ecuador. El departamento Medios y Entornos, desarrolla investigaciones sobre la variabilidad c1ima­ tica tropical, las interacciones entre el océano y la atm6sfera, los medios litorales y terres­ tres y los recursos hidricos, los riesgos naturales, los recursos minerales y el impacto de las actividades humanas en el medio ambiente. El departamento Recursos Vivos se dedica al estudio de la biodiversidad, de los ecosiste­ mas acuâticos y de los agrosistemas tropicales con el fin de garantizar la variabilidad de su explotaci6n mediante un manejo apropiado. El departamento Sociedad y Salud realiza programas de investigaci6n sobre la salud, las cuestiones urbanas, las dimensiones econ6micas, sociales y culturales dei desarrollo y sobre el estado de las ciencias en el Africa. Instituto Geoflsico El Instituto Geofisico (Departamento de Geofisica) de la Escuela Politécnica Nacional constituye el principal centro de Investigaci6n existente en el pais, para el diagn6stico y vigilancia de los peligros sfsmicos y volcanicos Conjuntamente con el diagn6stico de la amenaza, el Instituto Geofisico mantiene un ac­ tivo programa de monitoreo instrumental en tiempo real, que asegura la vigilancia cientf­ fica permanente sobre volcanes activos y fallas tect6nicas en el territorio nacional. Una se­ rie de publicaciones, tanto cientfficas como de divulgaci6n general a nivel nacional e in­ ternacional, dan fe de la capacidad y mistica de trabajo de los cientfficos y técnicos que conforman el Instituto. A 10 largo de su carta vida, el Instituto Geofisico se ha hecho acreedor a importantes pre­ mios y reconocimientos, a nivel local e internacional, por su trabajo en el diagn6stica y prevenci6n de los desastres naturales; como es el casa dei Premio SASAKAWA 1992, otor­ gado por las Naciones Unidas; asi como los reconocimientos y condecoraciones por par­ te dei lIustre Municipio de Quito (1999) y dei Honorable Congreso Nacional (2000). Los PELIGROS ~ Serie: Los peligros volcanicos VOLCANICOS en el Ecuador • 1 asociados con el Tungurahua Pablo Samaniego Jean-Philippe Eissen Jean-Luc Le Pennee Minard L. Hall Michel Monzier Patricia Mothes Patricio Ramon Claude Robin José Egred IG Indira Molina INSTITUTO GEOFISICO DE LA ESCUELA POLlTÉCNICA Hugo Yepes NACIONAL Institut de recherche pour le développemen IRD CORPORACION EDITORA NACIONAL INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT Julio 2003 Serie Los peligros voicanicos L05 peligro5 volcanico5 asociados con el Thngurahua en el Ecuador Pablo Samaniegol , Jean-Philippe Eissen2l3, 1 Jean-Luc Le Pennec2, Minard L. Hall l , Michel Monzier3, Patricia Mothes l , Patricio Ramonl , Claude Robin3, José Egredl , Indira Molina l , Hugo Yepes1 Instituto Geofisico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional Ladr6n de Guevara sIn, Ap. 17-01-2759, Quito, Ecuador. 2 Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (lRD), UR 031 Whymper 442 y Coruna, Ap. 17-12-857, Quito, Ecuador. 3 Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (lRD), UR 031 Laboratoire "Magmas et Volcans", 5 rue Kessler, 63038 Clennont­ Ferrand, Francia. © Corporaci6n Editora Nacional ISBN Coleccion: 9978-84-327-2 ISBN dei volumen 1: 9978-84-328-0 Derechos de autor. Inscripciôn: 018278 Deposito legal: 002452 22 de julio dei 2003 Supervision editorial: Jorge Ortega Correcciôn: Grace Sigüenza Diseiio de cubierta: Edwin Navarrete Impresiôn: Fausto Reinoso Foto de portada: El volcân Tungurahua, el17 de octubre de 1999. (Foto: M. Monzier, lRD). Foto de contraportada: Actividad noctuma dei volcân Tungurahua. (Foto: P. Mothes, IG-EPN). CORPORACION EDITORA NACIONAL Roca E9-59 y Tamayo, teléfono (593-2) 255 4358, fax (593-2) 256 6340, Correo electr6nico: [email protected]·ApartadopostaI17-12-886 Quito-Ecuador Para mâs inforrnaciôn: Teléfono: (593-2) 222 5655 • Fax: (593-2) 2567847 Correo electr6nico: [email protected] Pâgina web: www.igepn.edu.ec Contenido Agradecimientos 7 Dedicatoria 9 Los volcanes en el Ecuador JO 1. Introduccion 13 2. Historia geologica deI volcan Tungurahua 17 El periodo pre-hist6rico El periodo hist6rico 3. Tipos de fenomenos volcanicos observados en el volcan Tungurahua 35 Cafda de piroc1astos Flujos de lodo y escombros (lahares) Flujos piroc1asticos (nubes ardientes) Flujos de lava Domos de lava Avalanchas de escombros Gases vo1canicos Sismos vo1canicos 4. Monitoreo volcanico 53 Vigilancia por observaci6n Vigilancia instrumental El monitoreo vo1canico realizado por el IG-EPN 5. La continuaci6n deI proceso eruptivo deI volcan Tungurahua 61 Referencias 67 Glosario 69 Anexo 1. Algunos problemas asociados con las erupciones vo1canicas 77 Anexo 2. Indice de Explosividad Vo1canica 81 Anexo 3. Testimonio hist6rico 82 Anexo 4. Resumen de la actividad hist6rica deI vo1can Tungurahua 88 Laminas 101 5 Agradecimientos • Los aotmes expres.o su .gmdedmieoto a • La DIC (Délégation à l'Information et à la Communicati) deI IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement-Instituto Francés de Investigaci6n para el Desarrol1o) por el apoyo financiero que hizo posible esta publicaci6n. • La Escuela Politécnica Nacional y al IRD por su constante apoyo al Instituto Geoffsico, en el monitoreo cientffico deI volcan Tungu­ rahua. • Los miembros del Comité de Operaciones de Emergencia, canto­ nal de Banos, y a los integrantes de la red de vigfas que constitu­ yen los "ojos y ofdos" del Observatorio. • Los duenos de las casas donde ha funcionado el Observatorio dei Volcan Tungurahua, en especial a la familia Chavez, quienes de­ sinteresadamente han prestado sus propiedades para que funcione el Observatorio. • La radio la Voz deI Santuario, por el espacio brindado a los cientf­ ficos deI OVT, que cada semana presentan el estado del volcan a la poblaci6n. • Hidro-Agoyan, que apoya al funcionamiento del OVT. • El programa de Asistencia para Crisis volcanicas (VDAP) deI Ser­ vicio Geol6gico de los Estados Unidos (USGS), financiado por OFDAIUSAID, por su constante y desinteresado apoyo en la par­ te instrumental y en la interpretaci6n cientffica de los datos. • La Bundesanstalt Für Geowissenschaften und Rohstofte, BGR, de Alemania por el préstamo de equipos de ultima tecnologfa (Broad band y camara térmica) para poder ver con "otros ojos" al volcan. •A todos los cientfficos y estudiantes que han visitado el OVT y que han compartido con nosotros sus experiencias y temores. • Finalmente, pero no por eso menos importantes, a todos los miem­ bros deI Instituto Geoffsico, por su absoluta dedicaci6n en el man­ tenimiento de las redes de monitoreo del OVT. Las personas que 7 bajo la direccion del Ing. Hugo Yepes penniten un monitoreo penna­ nente deI volcan son: • Los miembros deI area técnica, encargada de funcionamiento de las redes de monitoreo: Ing. Wilson Enrfquez Lopez, Msc (jefe de area), Ing. Mayra Vaca, Ing. Cristina Ramos, Ing. Daniel Cardenas, fisico Omar Marcillo, Tlgo. Vinicio Caceres, Tlgo. Cristian Cisneros, fisico Jorge Aguilar, Tlgo. Eddy Pinatoja, Ing. Richard Jaramillo, Msc.* • Los sismologos, encargados de la vigilancia instrumental desde la ba­ se deI IG en Quito: Ing. Alexandra Alvarado, Msc (jefa de area); GeoI. Indira Molina, GeoI. Alexander Garcia Aristizabal, Sra. Liliana Troncoso, Ing. Mario Ruiz*, Ing. Darwin Villagomez**, Ing. Alcinoe Calahorrano, Msc**, Sr. Diego Viracucha(+). • Los vulcan610gos y asistentes encargados de la vigilancia en el OVT: Dr. Minard L. Hall, PhD (Jefe de area), Dr. Pablo Samaniego, Ing. Pa­ tricia Mothes, Msc, Ing. Patricio Ramon, DrJean Philippe Eissen (lRD), Dr. Jean-Luc Le Pennee (IRD), Dr. Michel Monzier (IRD), Ing. Silvana Hidalgo, Msc, Sr. Gorki Ruiz, Sr. Daniel Andrade*, Sr. Diego Barba, Sr. Diego Jaya, Sr. Daniel Basualto, Sr. Patricio Zamo­ ra, Srta. Mercedes Taipe. • El personal de secretaria y servicios deI IG: Sra. Marcela de Robali­ no, Srta. Sandra Jiménez, Lie. FIor Maria Proano, Sr. Carlos Ayol, Sr. Servilio Riofrfo. • Last but no ieast, los estudiantes (algunos de los cuales ya son profe­ sionales) que han asegurado una vigilancia las 24 horas deI dia, los 365 dias al ana: Pablo Cobacango, Guillenno Viracucha, Sandro Va­ ca, Nayda Teran, Roberto Vasconez, Roberto Villalba, Juan Carlos Santana, Marco Loaiza, David Rivero, Wilmer Vaca, Dayanara Hino­ josa, Gabriela Taipe, Mario Guzman, Vicente Velastegui***, Cristian Correa***, Pedro Reyes***, Teresa Mufioz***, Manuel Garcia***, Geovani Heredia***, Catalina Delgado***, César Witt* **, Alfonso Salguero***, Osman Poma***, Alvaro Guachamin***,
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