DOCSLIB.ORG

Geometric Morphometrics on Snail Shells

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Geometric Morphometrics on Snail Shells GEOMETRICMORPHOMETRICSONSNAILSHELLS WarpedIdeas:GeometricMorphometricsasaComplementary TechniqueforStudyingGastropodShellMorphology ByMariamYousif,B.Sc. AThesisSubmittedtotheSchoolofGraduateStudiesinPartialFulfilmentofthe Requirementsfor theDegreeMasterofScience McMasterUniversity, ©CopyrightbyMariamYousif,July2012 McMasterUniversityMASTEROFSCIENCE(2012)Hamilton,Ontario(Biology) TITLE:WarpedIdeas:GeometricMorphometricsasaComplementaryTechniqueforStudying GastropodShellMorphologyAUTHOR:MariamYousif,B.Sc.(McMasterUniversity) SUPERVISOR:ProfessorJon StoneNUMBEROFPAGES:X,74 ii ABSTRACT Geometric morphometrics (GM) provides a complementary method for studying morphology.Snailshavebeenanalyzedinthefieldofmorphometricssincethe1960sbecause theirshellsservetorecordinformationabouttheirlifehistoriesandenvironmentalhabitats.In thisthesis,wepresentanannotatedbibliographyforadvancementsinGM,usingapplicationsto snail shells as a representative case study. We categorize 30 publications into four fields, morphology,ecology,taxonomyandevolution,andshowthatdevelopmentshavebeenunequal among them. We conclude by predicting that GM applications on snail shells will increase, especiallyinhybridfields,suchas,ecotoxicology,whichcurrentlyareunderrepresented.Asa demonstration, we describe an experiment wherein we applied GM as a complementary morphologicalmethodtostudythegardensnailspecies Cepeanemoralis inanorganophosphate- pesticide, ecotoxicological setting. We conclude by showing that GM reveals subtle morphologicaldifferencesamongtreatmentgroupswithnorelationtopesticidedosage. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First,IwouldliketothankmysupervisorDr.Jon Stone for his endless support and encouragement.Hiswillingnesstoguidemethroughthisprojectandhisgenerosityhasenabled metoenjoyandsuccessfullycompletethisthesis.Iwouldliketoalsothankmyothercommittee members:Dr.ChrisWoodandDr.MichaelO’Donnellfortheirsuggestivefeedback. Ialsothankthestudentvolunteerswhomparticipatedinrearingthespecimensduringthe study. Further thanks go to Cheminova for their generous donation of the chemical, Cygon (dimethoate).Finally,Iwanttothankmyfamilyfortheirongoingencouragementandsupport. iv TABLEOFCONTENTS TitlePage-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------i DescriptiveNote-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ii ABSTRACT---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS---------------------------------------------------------------------------------iv TABLEOFCONTENTS----------------------------------------------------------------------------------vii LISTOFFIGURES&TABLES------------------------------------------------------------------------viii LISTOFABBREVIATIONS------------------------------------------------------------------------------ix DECLARATIONOFACADEMICACHIEVE----------------------------------------------------------x 1.0CHAPTERONE-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 1.1INTRODUCTION--------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 2.0ADVANCEMENTSINGEOMETRICMORPHOMETRICSUSINGSNAILSHELLS ASACASESTUDY--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 2.1ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 2.2INTRODUCTION----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 2.2.1Abriefhistoryofconchology-------------------------------------------------- ------- ---- ---7 2.2.2Traditionalmultivariatemorphometrics---------------------------------------------------8 2.2.3Geometricmorphometricsrevolution----------------------------------------- --------- ----8 2.2.4Outlineapproach------------------------------------------------------------ ----- ----- --- -----9 2.2.5Landmarkapproach-------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------ --- -----9 2.2.6Advancesingeometricmorphometrics----------------------------------- ----- ---- --- -----10 2.2.7Shellmorphologyadvantages----------------------------------------------- ------ --- --- ---11 2.2.8Shellstructure&production-------------------------------------------------- --------- ----12 2.3GEOMETRICMORPHOMETRICSONSNAILS-------------------------------------------------13 2.3.1Morphology-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------13 2.3.2Ecology----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21 2.3.3Taxonomy-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26 2.3.4Evolution--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------28 2.4CONCLUSION-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------32 2.5REFERENCES------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------34 v 2.6APPENDIXI:TERMSANDCONCEPTS---------------------------------------------------------39 2.7APPENDIXII:FIGURES-----------------------------------------------------------------------------40 3.0GEOMETRICMORPHOMETRICSAPPLIEDTOGARDENSNAILCEPEA NEMORALIS ASAMORPHOLOGICALMETHODIMPLEMENTEDIN ANECOTOXICOLOGICALEXPERIMENT---------------------------------------------------41 3.1ABSTRACT---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------42 3.2INTRODUCTION--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------43 3.2.1Dimethoate------------------------------------------------------------------------------------44 3.2.2Geometricmorphometrics------------------------------------------------------------------45 3.3MATERIALSANDMETHODS---------------------------------------------------------------------49 3.3.1Chemicals-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------49 3.3.2Exposureconditions-------------------------------------------------------------------------49 3.3.3Foodpreparation-----------------------------------------------------------------------------50 3.3.4Chronictoxicity-------------------------------------------------------------------------------50 3.3.5Reproductiveassessment--------------------------------------------------------------------51 3.3.6Foodintake-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------51 3.3.7MeasurementofAChEactivity------------------------------------------------------------51 3.3.8Growthassessment--------------------------------------------------------------------------52 3.3.9Bivariatestatisticalanalysis---------------------------------------------------------------53 3.3.10Principalcomponentsanalysis-----------------------------------------------------------53 3.3.11Geometricmorphometrics-----------------------------------------------------------------53 3.4RESULTS-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------54 3.4.1Survivorship----------------------------------------------------------------------------------54 3.4.2Foodintake-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------54 3.4.3Chronictoxicityandclinicalsigns---------------------------------------------------------56 3.4.4VariationinAChEActivity-----------------------------------------------------------------55 3.4.5Growthassessment--------------------------------------------------------------------------55 3.4.6Principalcomponentsanalysis------------------------------------------------------------56 3.4.7Relativewarpanalysis----------------------------------------------------------------------56 3.5DISCUSSION-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------57 3.5.1Survivorship----------------------------------------------------------------------------------57 vi 3.5.2Foodintake-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------57 3.5.3AChEactivitymeasurement---------------------------------------------------------------58 3.5.4Growthinhibition---------------------------------------------------------------------------58 3.5.5Geometricmorphometricsasacomplimentarymorphometrictool-----------------61 3.5.6Impactofmorphologicalchange---------------------------------------------------------63 3.5.7Cepeanemoralisvs.Helixaspersa-------------------------------------------------------64 3.6REFERENCES----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------65 3.7APPENDIXI:Tables-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------69 3.8APPENDIXII:Figures---------------------------------------------------------------------------------70 4.0CHAPTERFOUR------------------------------------------------------------------------------------73 4.1CONCLUSION---------------------------------------------------------------------------------74 vii LISTOFFIGURES 2.2.7Geometricmorphoemtricspapersfrom1980-2010----------------------------------------------40 2.2.9Thin-platesplinerepresentingresearchdistributionfor30publications---------------------40 3.3.10ImageofaCepeanemoralissnailshellwithlabeledtraditionalvariablesandlandmark points-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------70
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Temperate Southern Hemisphere: the Genera Nodilittorina, Austrolittorina and Afrolittorina
    © Copyright Australian Museum, 2004 Records of the Australian Museum (2004) Vol. 56: 75–122. ISSN 0067-1975 The Subfamily Littorininae (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Temperate Southern Hemisphere: The Genera Nodilittorina, Austrolittorina and Afrolittorina DAVID G. REID* AND SUZANNE T. WILLIAMS Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom [email protected] · [email protected] ABSTRACT. The littorinine gastropods of the temperate southern continents were formerly classified together with tropical species in the large genus Nodilittorina. Recently, molecular data have shown that they belong in three distinct genera, Austrolittorina, Afrolittorina and Nodilittorina, whereas the tropical species are members of a fourth genus, Echinolittorina. Austrolittorina contains 5 species: A. unifasciata in Australia, A. antipodum and A. cincta in New Zealand, and A. fernandezensis and A. araucana in western South America. Afrolittorina contains 4 species: A. africana and A. knysnaensis in southern Africa, and A. praetermissa and A. acutispira in Australia. Nodilittorina is monotypic, containing only the Australian N. pyramidalis. This paper presents the first detailed morphological descriptions of the African and Australasian species of these three southern genera (the eastern Pacific species have been described elsewhere). The species-level taxonomy of several of these has been confused in the past; Afrolittorina africana and A. knysnaensis are here distinguished as separate taxa; Austrolittorina antipodum is a distinct species and not a subspecies of A. unifasciata; Nodilittorina pyramidalis is separated from the tropical Echinolittorina trochoides with similar shell characters. In addition to descriptions of shells, radulae and reproductive anatomy, distribution maps are given, and the ecological literature reviewed.
    [Show full text]
  • WMSDB - Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base
    WMSDB - Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base Family: TURBINIDAE Author: Claudio Galli - [email protected] (updated 07/set/2015) Class: GASTROPODA --- Clade: VETIGASTROPODA-TROCHOIDEA ------ Family: TURBINIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 (Sea) - Alphabetic order - when first name is in bold the species has images Taxa=681, Genus=26, Subgenus=17, Species=203, Subspecies=23, Synonyms=411, Images=168 abyssorum , Bolma henica abyssorum M.M. Schepman, 1908 aculeata , Guildfordia aculeata S. Kosuge, 1979 aculeatus , Turbo aculeatus T. Allan, 1818 - syn of: Epitonium muricatum (A. Risso, 1826) acutangulus, Turbo acutangulus C. Linnaeus, 1758 acutus , Turbo acutus E. Donovan, 1804 - syn of: Turbonilla acuta (E. Donovan, 1804) aegyptius , Turbo aegyptius J.F. Gmelin, 1791 - syn of: Rubritrochus declivis (P. Forsskål in C. Niebuhr, 1775) aereus , Turbo aereus J. Adams, 1797 - syn of: Rissoa parva (E.M. Da Costa, 1778) aethiops , Turbo aethiops J.F. Gmelin, 1791 - syn of: Diloma aethiops (J.F. Gmelin, 1791) agonistes , Turbo agonistes W.H. Dall & W.H. Ochsner, 1928 - syn of: Turbo scitulus (W.H. Dall, 1919) albidus , Turbo albidus F. Kanmacher, 1798 - syn of: Graphis albida (F. Kanmacher, 1798) albocinctus , Turbo albocinctus J.H.F. Link, 1807 - syn of: Littorina saxatilis (A.G. Olivi, 1792) albofasciatus , Turbo albofasciatus L. Bozzetti, 1994 albofasciatus , Marmarostoma albofasciatus L. Bozzetti, 1994 - syn of: Turbo albofasciatus L. Bozzetti, 1994 albulus , Turbo albulus O. Fabricius, 1780 - syn of: Menestho albula (O. Fabricius, 1780) albus , Turbo albus J. Adams, 1797 - syn of: Rissoa parva (E.M. Da Costa, 1778) albus, Turbo albus T. Pennant, 1777 amabilis , Turbo amabilis H. Ozaki, 1954 - syn of: Bolma guttata (A. Adams, 1863) americanum , Lithopoma americanum (J.F.
    [Show full text]
  • Mollusc Fauna of Iskenderun Bay with a Checklist of the Region
    www.trjfas.org ISSN 1303-2712 Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 12: 171-184 (2012) DOI: 10.4194/1303-2712-v12_1_20 SHORT PAPER Mollusc Fauna of Iskenderun Bay with a Checklist of the Region Banu Bitlis Bakır1, Bilal Öztürk1*, Alper Doğan1, Mesut Önen1 1 Ege University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Hydrobiology Bornova, Izmir. * Corresponding Author: Tel.: +90. 232 3115215; Fax: +90. 232 3883685 Received 27 June 2011 E-mail: [email protected] Accepted 13 December 2011 Abstract This study was performed to determine the molluscs distributed in Iskenderun Bay (Levantine Sea). For this purpose, the material collected from the area between the years 2005 and 2009, within the framework of different projects, was investigated. The investigation of the material taken from various biotopes ranging at depths between 0 and 100 m resulted in identification of 286 mollusc species and 27542 specimens belonging to them. Among the encountered species, Vitreolina cf. perminima (Jeffreys, 1883) is new record for the Turkish molluscan fauna and 18 species are being new records for the Turkish Levantine coast. A checklist of Iskenderun mollusc fauna is given based on the present study and the studies carried out beforehand, and a total of 424 moluscan species are known to be distributed in Iskenderun Bay. Keywords: Levantine Sea, Iskenderun Bay, Turkish coast, Mollusca, Checklist İskenderun Körfezi’nin Mollusca Faunası ve Bölgenin Tür Listesi Özet Bu çalışma İskenderun Körfezi (Levanten Denizi)’nde dağılım gösteren Mollusca türlerini tespit etmek için gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla, 2005 ve 2009 yılları arasında sürdürülen değişik proje çalışmaları kapsamında bölgeden elde edilen materyal incelenmiştir.
    [Show full text]
  • Rocky Shore Snails As Material for Projects (With a Key for Their Identification)
    Field Studies, 10, (2003) 601 - 634 ROCKY SHORE SNAILS AS MATERIAL FOR PROJECTS (WITH A KEY FOR THEIR IDENTIFICATION) J. H. CROTHERS Egypt Cottage, Fair Cross, Washford, Watchet, Somerset TA23 0LY ABSTRACT Rocky sea shores are amongst the best habitats in which to carry out biological field projects. In that habitat, marine snails (prosobranchs) offer the most opportunities for individual investigations, being easy to find, to identify, to count and to measure and beng sufficiently robust to survive the experience. A key is provided for the identification of the larger species and suggestions are made for investigations to exploit selected features of individual species. INTRODUCTION Rocky sea shores offer one of the best habitats for individual or group investigations. Not only is there de facto public access (once you have got there) but also the physical factors that dominate the environment - tides (inundation versus desiccation), waves, heat, cold, light, dark, salinity etc. - change significantly over a few metres in distance. As a bonus, most of the fauna and flora lives out on the open rock surface and patterns of distribution may be clearly visible to the naked eye. Finally, they are amongst the most ‘natural’ of habitats in the British Isles; unless there has been an oil spill, rocky sea shores are unlikely to have been greatly affected by covert human activity. Some 270 species of marine snail (Phylum Mollusca, Class Gastropoda; Sub-Class Prosobranchia) live in the seas around the British Isles (Graham, 1988) and their empty shells may be found on many beaches. Most of these species are small (less than 3 mm long) or live beneath the tidemarks.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Frontiers ALAN.Pdf
    fnins-14-602796 November 11, 2020 Time: 19:19 # 1 REVIEW published: 16 November 2020 doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.602796 Exposure to Artificial Light at Night and the Consequences for Flora, Fauna, and Ecosystems Jack Falcón1*, Alicia Torriglia2, Dina Attia3, Françoise Viénot4, Claude Gronfier5, Francine Behar-Cohen2, Christophe Martinsons6 and David Hicks7 1 Laboratoire Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), MNHN, CNRS FRE 2030, SU, IRD 207, UCN, UA, Paris, France, 2 Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U 1138, Ophtalmopole Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris - SU, Paris, France, 3 ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France, 4 Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, 5 Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Waking Team, Inserm UMRS 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France, 6 Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment, Saint Martin d’Hères, France, 7 Inserm, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France The present review draws together wide-ranging studies performed over the last decades that catalogue the effects of artificial-light-at-night (ALAN) upon living species and their environment. We provide an overview of the tremendous variety of light- Edited by: Jacques Epelbaum, detection strategies which have evolved in living organisms - unicellular, plants and Institut National de la Santé et de la animals, covering chloroplasts (plants), and the plethora of ocular and extra-ocular Recherche Médicale, France organs (animals). We describe the visual pigments which permit photo-detection, Reviewed by: Randy J. Nelson, paying attention to their spectral characteristics, which extend from the ultraviolet West Virginia University, United States into infrared.
    [Show full text]
  • Title Proximate Mechanisms Causing Morphological Variation in a Turban
    Proximate Mechanisms Causing Morphological Variation in a Title Turban Snail Among Different Shores Kurihara, Takeo; Shikatani, Mayu; Nakayama, Kouji; Nishida, Author(s) Mutsumi Citation Zoological Science (2006), 23(11): 999-1008 Issue Date 2006-11 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/108577 Right (c) 日本動物学会 / Zoological Society of Japan Type Journal Article Textversion publisher Kyoto University ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 23: 999–1008 (2006) © 2006 Zoological Society of Japan Proximate Mechanisms Causing Morphological Variation in a Turban Snail Among Different Shores Takeo Kurihara1*, Mayu Shikatani2, Kouji Nakayama3 and Mutsumi Nishida2 1Ishigaki Tropical Station, Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Ishigaki Island, Okinawa 907-0451, Japan 2Department of Marine Bioscience, Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 1-15-1 Minamidai, Nakano, Tokyo 164-8639, Japan 3 Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan In many benthic organisms with a planktonic larval stage, local populations have different morphol- ogy. Such difference may arise from some of the following proximate mechanisms. “Local recruit- ment (LR)”: no larvae move between local populations, and segregated populations possess alleles coding for locally adaptive morphology. “Intragenerational selection (IS)”: larvae move between local populations, and individuals with alleles for locally adaptive morphology survive after recruit- ment. “Phenotypic plasticity (PP)”: larvae move between local populations and show phenotypic plasticity to adapt to a locality after recruitment. We examined which mechanism explains our find- ing that a planktonic developer Turbo coronatus coronatus (Gastropoda) had significantly longer spines on its shell on more exposed shores at scales of < 2 km. Experiments at Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, Japan, showed the following results.
    [Show full text]
  • Limited Proteomic Response in the Marine Snail Melarhaphe Neritoides After Long-Term Emersion
    Current Zoology, 2017, 63(5), 487–493 doi: 10.1093/cz/zow110 Advance Access Publication Date: 7 January 2017 Article Article Limited proteomic response in the marine snail Melarhaphe neritoides after long-term emersion a,b a,c a,b Angel P. DIZ , Margarita A LVAREZ-RODRI´GUEZ ,Monica R. ROMERO , a,b a,b, Emilio ROLA´ N-ALVAREZ and Juan GALINDO * aDepartment of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, Vigo, 36310, Spain, bToralla Marine Science Station (ECIMAT), Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, 36331, Spain, and cInstitute of Marine Research (IIM), CSIC, Vigo, 36208, Spain *Address correspondence to Juan Galindo. E-mail: [email protected]. Received on 6 July 2016; accepted on 29 October 2016 Abstract Rocky intertidal organisms are commonly exposed to environmental gradients, promoting adapta- tions to these conditions. Emersion time varies along the intertidal range and in the supralittoral zone is frequently larger than a single tidal cycle, even lasting for weeks. The planktonic-dispersing gastropod Melarhaphe neritoides is a common species of the high shore, adapted to reduce water loss in order to survive during long-term emersion. In this study, we investigated the molecular re- sponse, at the proteome level, of M. neritoides collected in high-shore tide pools to a series of emersion periods, from 8 to 24 days, in laboratory conditions. We compared this response to indi- viduals maintained submerged during this period, because this was their original habitat. We also included a reversion treatment in the study, in which emersed individuals were returned to the sub- merged conditions. Although we detected an increase in overall protein concentration with longer emersion periods, contrary to general expectation, the two dimensional electrophoresis (2DE)- based proteomic analysis did not show significant differences between the treatments at the level of individual protein spots, even after an emersion period of 24 days.
    [Show full text]
  • Mitochondrial DNA Hyperdiversity and Population Genetics in the Periwinkle Melarhaphe Neritoides (Mollusca: Gastropoda)
    Mitochondrial DNA hyperdiversity and population genetics in the periwinkle Melarhaphe neritoides (Mollusca: Gastropoda) Séverine Fourdrilis Université Libre de Bruxelles | Faculty of Sciences Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences | Directorate Taxonomy & Phylogeny Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor (PhD) in Sciences, Biology Date of the public viva: 28 June 2017 © 2017 Fourdrilis S. ISBN: The research presented in this thesis was conducted at the Directorate Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), and in the Evolutionary Ecology Group of the Free University of Brussels (ULB), Brussels, Belgium. This research was funded by the Belgian federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO Action 1 MO/36/027). It was conducted in the context of the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO) research community ‘‘Belgian Network for DNA barcoding’’ (W0.009.11N) and the Joint Experimental Molecular Unit at the RBINS. Please refer to this work as: Fourdrilis S (2017) Mitochondrial DNA hyperdiversity and population genetics in the periwinkle Melarhaphe neritoides (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mollusca: Gastropoda). PhD thesis, Free University of Brussels. ii PROMOTERS Prof. Dr. Thierry Backeljau (90 %, RBINS and University of Antwerp) Prof. Dr. Patrick Mardulyn (10 %, Free University of Brussels) EXAMINATION COMMITTEE Prof. Dr. Thierry Backeljau (RBINS and University of Antwerp) Prof. Dr. Sofie Derycke (RBINS and Ghent University) Prof. Dr. Jean-François Flot (Free University of Brussels) Prof. Dr. Marc Kochzius (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) Prof. Dr. Patrick Mardulyn (Free University of Brussels) Prof. Dr. Nausicaa Noret (Free University of Brussels) iii Acknowledgements Let’s be sincere. PhD is like heaven! You savour each morning this taste of paradise, going at work to work on your passion, science.
    [Show full text]
  • The Breeding of Littorina Neritoides
    [ 373 ] The Breeding of Littorina neritoides. By Marie V. Lebour, D.Se., Naturalist at the Plymouth Laboratory. With 11 Figures in the Text. Littorina (Melarhaphe) neritoides (Montagu) is stated by Tattersall to be viviparous. Living usually above high-water mark, often with Littorina saxatilis (L. rudis in Plymouth Marine Fauna 1931, Marine Biological Association), it would seem at first sight that free-swimming larvle would be useless. L. saxatilis is truly viviparous and provided with a special pouch for its young which crawl out as small individuals similar to the parent. Tattersall (1908, 1909, 1920) when he discovered the planktonic egg-capsules of L. littorea (Caullery and Pelseneer (1910)having described them at almost exactly the same time) then regarded L. neritoides as viviparous. He has, however, kindly sent me the statement given below.* Following him many workers have also declared that this species is viviparous (Flatteley and Walton, 1922, Colman 1933 Russell, 1934 and others). It is now possible to show that, not only is it not viviparous but it lays pla~ktonic capsules very similar to those of L.littorea. It was with surprise that I could never find any young inside L. neri- toides although they were always to be found in L. saxatilis. Moreover, although their usual habitat is in crevices of dry rock where only spray on rare occasions can reach them (Figs. 10 and ll),t I also found them at times in small shallow pools a few inches deep in the rocks. At Wembury, below the cliffs and sometimes covered at high tides, they are to be found with Monodonta lineata (Osilinus lineatus of the Plymouth Fauna, 1931) which sends its eggs out singly into the water in a similar way to Gibbula.
    [Show full text]
  • Rocky Shore Macroinvertebrate Assemblages As Indicators of Sewage Pollution
    Imagem Joana Pedroso de Lima Cabral de Oliveira Rocky shore macroinvertebrate assemblages as indicators of sewage pollution 2013 Rocky shore macroinvertebrate assemblages as indicators of sewage pollution Joana Pedroso de Lima Cabral de Oliveira Doctoral dissertation in Biology (Scientific area of Ecology) supervised by Professor Miguel Ângelo Pardal presented to the Departament of Life Sciences of the Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of Coimbra Tese de Doutoramento em Biologia (especialidade Ecologia) orientada por Professor Doutor Miguel Ângelo Pardal e apresentada ao Departamento de Ciências da Vida da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra _______________________ DEPARTAMENTO DE CIÊNCIAS DA VIDA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS E TECNOLOGIA UNIVERSIDADE DE COIMBRA 2013 II Financiamento pela FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia) sob a forma de bolsa de doutoramento (SFRH/BD/48874/2008), co-financiada pelo Fundo Social Europeu no âmbito do Programa Operacional Potencial Humano do Referência Estratégica Nacional. III This thesis is based on the following manuscripts: Cabral-Oliveira J, Mendes S, Maranhão P, Pardal MA (2013) Effects of sewage pollution on the structure of rocky shore macroinvertebrate assemblages. Hydrobiologia (accepted with moderate revisions). Cabral-Oliveira J, Dolbeth M, Pardal MA (2013) Is sewage pollution affecting the secondary production of rocky shore macroinvertebrates? Marine and Freshwater Research (accepted with moderate revisions). Cabral-Oliveira J, Pratas J, Mendes S, Pardal MA (2013) Trace elements in edible rocky shore species: effect of sewage discharges. Submitted to Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. Cabral-Oliveira J, Coelho H, Pratas J, Mendes S, Pardal MA (2013) Macroalgae as bioindicators of arsenic contamination on coastal areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Periwinkles (Gastropoda, Littorinidae) As a Model for Studying Patterns and Dynamics of Marine Biodiversity by Thierry BACKELJAU, Antonio M
    BULLETIN DE L’INSTITUT ROYAL DES SCIENCES NATURELLES DE BELGIQUE, BIOLOGIE, 71-SUPPL.: 43-65, 2001 BULLETIN VAN HET KONINKLIJK BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR NATUURWETENSCHAPPEN, BIOLOGIE, 71-SUPPL.: 43-65, 2001 Periwinkles (Gastropoda, Littorinidae) as a model for studying patterns and dynamics of marine biodiversity by Thierry BACKELJAU, Antonio M. FRIAS MARTINS, Elizabeth GOSLING, John GRAHAME, Peter MILL, Carlos BRITO, Andrea CLARKE, Roberto MEDEIROS, Maureen SMALL, Craig WILDING, Iain WILSON, Birgitta WINNEPENNINCKX, Richard CLARKE, & Hans DE WOLF A b str a c t intraspecifique, ils ne représentent pas suffisamment la diversité non-moléculaire pertinente du point de vue d’évolution. This paper presents a summary synthesis of an international EC- Mots-clés: Gastropoda, Littorinidae, biodiversité marine, généti­ funded research program in which periwinkles are used as a model que de populations, taxonomie, systématique moléculaire. group to study patterns and dynamics in marine biodiversity. In the first part of the paper, a number of techniques and markers to assess biodiversity in periwinkles are illustrated and evaluated, while Introduction protocols for DNA-extraction, Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphisms (SSCP) and PCR-amplification of a number of nu­ clear and mitochondrial DNA markers are provided. The second Biodiversity can be defined as “The variability among living part of the paper presents a brief overview of the application of organisms from all sources, including inter alia terrestrial, these techniques in the analysis of genetic diversity in two periwin­ marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological com­ kle taxa with contrasting developmental modes, viz. Littorina plexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within striata and the L.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Sewage Discharge on Melarhaphe Neritoides (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) Population Dynamics
    SCIENTIA MARINA 73(2) June 2009, 259-267, Barcelona (Spain) ISSN: 0214-8358 doi: 10.3989/scimar.2009.73n2259 The effect of sewage discharge on Melarhaphe neritoides (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) population dynamics JOANA CABRAL-OLIVEIRA 1, PAULO MARANHÃO 1, 2 and MIGUEL ÂNGELO PARDAL 1 1 IMAR - Institute of Marine Research, Department of Zoology, University of Coimbra, 3004 - 517 Coimbra, Portugal. E-mail address: [email protected] 2 GIRM – Marine Resources Research Group, School of Maritime Technology, Campus 4, Santuário Nª Srª dos Remédios, Apartado 126, 2524 - 909 Peniche, Portugal. SUMMARY: The discharges of sewage effluent treatment plants has a major impact on coastal communities. In our study area (western coast of Portugal) Melarhaphe neritoides (L. 1758) is the dominant high-shore gastropod. Two populations of M. neritoides were studied in order to understand the impact of sewage discharges on intertidal communities: one popula- tion in an impacted area and the other in a similar but unimpacted area (reference site). Environmental data and abundance, biomass, population structure and annual growth production of M. neritoides were estimated in the two areas. The results showed that M. neritoides density is higher in the impacted area as a result of massive settlement. The sewage discharge increases the nutrient concentrations in the water, which causes more microalgae to grow on the rocky surfaces. This higher availability of food may promote recruitment. However, we found high mortality in the juveniles in the impacted area, which affected density values on the upper shore levels (where we found the adults) of both areas. Moreover, the adults were bigger in the unimpacted area, which suggests that individuals grow more or live longer in this area.
    [Show full text]