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Development of Tools for the Ecological Quality Status Assessment of Rocky Shore Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities

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Development of Tools for the Ecological Quality Status Assessment of Rocky Shore Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities Imagem Pedro de Almeida Bica Lança Vinagre Development of tools for the ecological quality status assessment of rocky shore benthic macroinvertebrate communities Tese de doutoramento em Biociências, ramo de especialização em Ecologia Marinha, orientada pelo Professor Doutor João Carlos de Sousa Marques e co-orientada pelo Dr. João Miguel Magalhães Neto e pelo Dr. Ángel Borja, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra. Fevereiro 2017 Development of tools for the ecological quality status assessment of rocky shore benthic macroinvertebrate communities Pedro de Almeida Bica Lança Vinagre Doctoral thesis in Biosciences (scientific area of Marine Ecology) presented to the University of Coimbra, supervised by Professor Doctor João Carlos de Sousa Marques and co-supervised by Doctor João Miguel Magalhães Neto and by Doctor Ángel Borja Tese de doutoramento em Biociências, ramo de especialização em Ecologia Marinha, orientada pelo Professor Doutor João Carlos de Sousa Marques e co-orientada pelo Doutor João Miguel Magalhães Neto e pelo Doutor Ángel Borja, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra DEPARTMENT OF LIFE SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF COIMBRA COIMBRA | 2017 This thesis was supported by: Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) PhD grant attributed to Pedro de Almeida Bica Lança Vinagre SFRH/BD/74524/2010 MARE – UC Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre Faculty of Sciences and Technology University of Coimbra IMAR – CMA Marine and Environmental Research Centre Department of Life Sciences Faculty of Sciences and Technology University of Coimbra AZTI – Tecnalia Marine Research Division Development of tools for the assessment of rocky shore benthic macroinvertebrate communities Thesis outline The thesis is structured into seven sections: a general introduction section which sets the framework for the topics covered in the chapters of the thesis; four chapters that sequentially back the scope for the next chapter; a general discussion section with a contextual analysis of the topics covered and main findings; and a final section with final remarks and recommendations for future research. The chapters are based on published/submitted manuscripts, and are briefly summarized below: In Chapter I, patterns of structural variation of macroinvertebrate and macroalgal communities were analysed, and was also investigated the relation of that variation with the disturbance gradients impacting on the study areas. The potential of macroinvertebrates to be used solely (in parallel to macroalgae) in monitoring activities on rocky shores was highlighted and, accordingly, the development of a benthic macroinvertebrates-based index for rocky shore quality assessment seemed feasible. Vinagre, P.A., Pais-Costa, A.J., Gaspar, R., Borja, Á., Marques, J.C., Neto, J.M., 2016. Response of macroalgae and macroinvertebrates to anthropogenic disturbance gradients in rocky shores. Ecological Indicators 61 (Part 2), 850-864. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.10.038 In Chapter II, the performance of several ecological indices, widely used in ecological studies (e.g., Margalef index, Shannon-Wiener index) or developed specifically for soft-bottom macroinvertebrate communities (e.g., AZTI Marine Biotic Index – AMBI), was evaluated seasonally along the disturbance gradients. This was owed to the lack of indices available based on rocky shore communities. Several macroinvertebrate indices, including abundance/diversity and taxonomic composition indices, showed good performance along the disturbance gradients, especially during summer, and using biomass data, thus becoming potential candidates to constitute a multimetric index for rocky shore quality assessment. V Development of tools for the assessment of rocky shore benthic macroinvertebrate communities Vinagre, P.A., Pais-Costa, A.J., Hawkins, S.J., Borja, Á., Marques, J.C., Neto, J.M., 2016. Ability of invertebrate indices to assess ecological condition on intertidal rocky shores. Ecological Indicators 70, 255-268. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.06.004 In Chapter III, the rocky shore macroinvertebrate communities were analysed seasonally using a different, functional trait-based, approach. Functioning was assessed using biological traits analysis (BTA) and functional diversity (FD) indices (Community- Weighted Mean trait values and Rao’s Quadratic Entropy). Also, the performance of the trait-based measures was compared to that of more traditional taxonomic-based ones (richness, diversity, composition). The trait-based approach using BTA and FD indices provided useful and complementary results to the taxonomic-based ones, and showed potential to be used, together with other metrics, in monitoring activities in rocky shores. Vinagre, P.A., Veríssimo, H., Pais-Costa, A.J., Hawkins, S.J., Borja, Á., Marques, J.C., Neto, J.M., 2017. Do structural and functional attributes show concordant responses to disturbance? Evidence from rocky shore macroinvertebrate communities. Ecological Indicators 75, 57-72. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.12.023 In Chapter IV, a multimetric index – Rocky shore Macroinvertebrates Assessment Tool (RMAT) was derived through the combination of metrics (=indices) which better reflected the disturbance gradients, during the most consistent season (Chapter II). The model was built on the relation between the selected macroinvertebrate indices and the Marine Macroalgae Assessment Tool. The RMAT was validated using independent data. The RMAT is compliant with the WFD requirements, showing great potential to be used for quality assessments in the scope of the directive. Vinagre, P.A., Pais-Costa, A.J., Hawkins, S.J., Borja, Á., Marques, J.C., Neto, J.M., 2017. Addressing a gap in the WFD implementation: Rocky shores assessment based on benthic macroinvertebrates. Accepted in Ecological Indicators VI Development of tools for the assessment of rocky shore benthic macroinvertebrate communities This thesis should be cited as: Vinagre, P.A., 2017. Development of tools for rocky shore macrobenthic communities’ ecological quality status assessment. PhD Thesis, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. VII Development of tools for the assessment of rocky shore benthic macroinvertebrate communities Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... 1 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 5 Resumo ....................................................................................................................... 7 General introduction ................................................................................................... 9 1. The rocky shores .............................................................................................. 11 1.1. Factors influencing distribution of organisms along the intertidal ......... 13 1.2. Benthic invertebrates as indicator of anthropogenic disturbance.......... 15 1.3. Portuguese rocky shores as a case study ................................................ 17 2. Water Framework Directive (WFD) ................................................................... 18 2.1. Coastal waters – Rocky shore assessment .............................................. 20 3. General objective .............................................................................................. 21 Chapter I .................................................................................................................... 23 Abstract ................................................................................................................. 25 I.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 26 I.2. Material and methods ..................................................................................... 27 I.2.1. Study area ................................................................................................. 27 I.2.2. Sampling design ....................................................................................... 29 I.2.3. Data analysis ............................................................................................. 30 I.2.3.1. Environmental data ............................................................................ 30 I.2.3.2. Biological data.................................................................................... 31 I.2.3.3. Biological and environmental data ................................................... 34 I.3. Results ............................................................................................................. 34 I.3.1. Environmental data .................................................................................. 34 I.3.2. Assemblage composition ........................................................................ 36 I.3.3. Environmental and biological relationships ........................................... 42 I.4. Discussion and Conclusions.......................................................................... 43 VIII Development of tools for the assessment of rocky shore benthic macroinvertebrate communities I.4.1. Macroalgal and macroinvertebrate communities’ response to disturbance ........................................................................................................ 43 I.4.2. Comparison of the macroalgal and macroinvertebrate biological elements ............................................................................................................
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