DOCSLIB.ORG

Lymantria Dispar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lymantria Dispar Journal of Chemical Ecology, Vol. 17, No. 9, 1991 WHITE ALDER AND DOUGLAS-FIR FOLIAGE QUALITY AND INTEREGG-MASS INFLUENCES ON LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF GYPSY MOTH, Lymantria dispar G. JOSEPH, I. J.C. MILLER, R.E. BERRY, J. WERNZ, A.F. MOLDENKE, and R.G. KELSEY2 Department of Entomology Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 97331-2907 (Received February I I, 1991; accepted April 29, 1991) Abstract—Individual families of gypsy moth collected from a single popu- lation exhibited different degrees of fitness when fed diets of white alder, a suitable broadleaf host, and Douglas-fir, an unsuitable conifer host. Members of families on diets of Douglas-fir had significantly lower survival, longer larval periods, lower pupal weights, and shorter pupal periods than members of the same families fed alder. Foliar nutritional quality, including nitrogen level and allelochemical composition (terpenes and phenols), was considered the key factor responsible for these differences. Growth parameters differed significantly for families within diet treatments, indicating that the genetic resources of a family did affect performance somewhat. The influence of a familys genetic resources on larval survival was most notable when larvae were under the greatest nutritional stress. Key Words—Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii, gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae, insect-host plant relations, phenolics, terpenes. white alder, Alnus rhombifolia. INTRODUCTION Developmental rate and survival of the gypsy moth are influenced by many factors, including host species (Hough and Pimentel, 1978; Barbosa et al., To whom correspondence should be addressed. Present address: Department of Forest Science, School of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-2907. Present address: USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-2907. 1783 0098-0331/91/0900- I 783806.50/0 © 1991 Plenum Publishing Corporation 1784 JOSEPH ET AL. 1986); constitutive and induced chemical variation within the host species (Rhoades, 1983; Rossiter et al., 1988); genetic variation among and within insect populations (Leonard, 1966); and environmental variables, such as tem- perature and humidity (Elkinton and Liebhold, 1990). Previous studies relating the suitability of hosts to gypsy moth fitness have suggested that certain alle- lochemicals, such as alkaloids, influence fitness parameters, such as larval development (Doskotch et al., 1981; Barbosa et al., 1983, 1990a,b; Barbosa and Krischik, 1987; Miller and Hanson, 1989a). Plants containing iridoids and alkaloids appear to be poor hosts (Barbosa and Krischik, 1987; Miller and Han- son, 1989a, Barbosa et al., 1990a), but many other plants containing a wide array of allelochemicals permit successful development (Miller and Hanson. 1989a). Lechowicz (1983) suggested that suitable plants are characterized by precipitable (hydrolyzable) tannins and sclerophylly (a combined measure of leaf toughness and water content). Goldschmidt (1934) and Leonard (1966. 1969) noted significant intra- and interpopulation variance in larval development that was related to the parental source (egg mass) of the larvae. Variation in growth among individuals in a population may be influenced by genetic differences between families that also may influence suitability of hosts, particularly those newly encountered. The gypsy moth is not an established pest in the forests of the Pacific Northwest of North America. Isolated infestations were detected in Pacific Coast states in the early 1980s, when egg masses were accidentally transported from sites with major infestations in the northeastern United States. Oregon had a serious problem in 1984 (Daterman et al., 1986). Spraying with Bacillus thu- ringiensis in 1985 and 1986 successfully controlled the outbreak. As long as large infestations exist in the United States, new introductions of gypsy moth into western forests remains a possibility. The objective of this research was to determine the range of certain devel- opmental parameters relative to the parental source of larvae and the allelo- chemical content of the diet. Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco], a conifer, was selected for study because of its prominent status in forests of the Pacific Northwest, and its limited suitability as a host (Miller and Hanson. 1989b; Miller et al., 1991). White alder (Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.) was chosen to represent the highly suitable woody angiosperm hosts that commonly grow intermixed or adjacent to Douglas-fir forests. The differences in host suit- ability of these two species was believed to be due to significant differences in the allelochemical contents of their foliage. METHODS AND MATERIALS Insects. Egg masses were obtained at the end of January from an oak woodland in Seneca Creek State Park, Montgomery County, Maryland, and stored at 4°C until May. Eight large egg masses (each containing ca. 700-1000 FOLIAGE QUALITY AND GYPSY MOTH DEVELOPMENT 1785 eggs) were selected for evaluation of larval performance on Douglas-fir; eggs from four of these masses also were evaluated on alder. Large egg masses were chosen to ensure against selecting two egg masses from the same parents (Doane and McManus, 1981), thus assuring that each egg mass was of a separate family line. Foliage Collection. Foliage was collected from three alder trees initially selected for their differences in nitrogen content after a preliminary analysis; two trees had higher nitrogen levels (tree-type A) than the third (tree-type B). These differences in nitrogen did not persist, however, resulting in nearly iden- tical nitrogen contents for the two alder types when foliage collection began. Douglas-fir foliage was collected from five trees. Two were 10 years old and had high levels of foliar nitrogen resulting from fertilization (tree-type A); the other three, ranging in age from 10 to 15 years old, were unfertilized and had low foliar nitrogen (tree-type B). Collections for laboratory feeding trials began in May and were completed by the end of June, coincident with the natural life cycle of gypsy moth larvae in Oregon. Only one tree of each type was harvested on collection days, with the same tree harvested on subsequent days until the foliage became limited; then a new tree of the same type was selected. The freshly gathered foliage was immediately transported to the laboratory, where it was subsampled for chem- ical analysis and then prepared for feeding by surface sterilizing in 0.25% sodium hypochlorite, rinsing in distilled water, and briefly air-drying. Larval Feeding Experiment. Upon eclosion, 80 larvae from each of eight families were randomly selected for rearing on Douglas-fir foliage; an addi- tional 42 larvae were selected from each of four of these families and reared on alder foliage. Larvae on Douglas-fir diets were reared in 145-m1 cups, 10 per cup until the third instar and three per cup for the remaining instars. Larvae on alder diets were reared in groups of three per cup throughout. Larvae were reared at 24°C, 45-50% relative humidity, and 16: 8 (light— dark) hr photoperiod. Foliage was replaced every two days for early instars and daily for later instars. Larvae were observed every three days to determine per- cent survival. Pupae were weighed 48 hr after pupation. Days to pupation and pupal period also were determined by daily observations. Nitrogen Analysis. Subsamples of foliage for nitrogen analysis were washed in dilute soap solution, rinsed three times with distilled H70, oven-dried at 60°C for 48 hr, and ground in a Wiley mill to pass a 20-mesh screen. Nitrogen content was determined by a micro-Kjeldahl technique with an automated Technicon Autoanalyzer II (Anonymous, 1975). Terpene Analysis. Five to twelve branch tips of Douglas-fir, similar to those used to feed larvae, were selected. One-year-old needles were detached, combined into a composite sample, sealed in double air-tight plastic bags, and stored frozen until processed for analysis. Before analysis, samples were warmed to room temperature inside the bags. 1786 JOSEPH ET AL. A subsample was withdrawn, frozen with liquid N,, and ground with a mortar and pestle. Ground tissue was transferred to a capped scintillation vial. Water content was determined on triplicate samples dried at 105°C overnight. Terpenes were extracted from 0.5 g of the freshly ground subsamples in I ml Me0H-H,0 (2:1) and 2 ml of pentane containing fenchone (0. I m g,/m1) as an internal standard (Brooks et al., 1987). Samples were shaken mechanically for 60 min and then centrifuged at room temperature in a IEC HN-SII centrifuge at approximately 1000 rpm for 3-4 min. The pentane, containing the terpenes, was removed and stored at — 16°C. Terpenes were analyzed on a Hewlett-Packard 5890 gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector and a Supelcowax 10 fused silica capillary column (30 m x 0.32 mm ID. 0.25-gm film thickness. 1:50 split). Injector and detector were at 250°C. Oven temperature was programmed from 60 to 220°C at 5°/min with a I5-min pause at 220°C. Peak areas were obtained with a Hewlett-Packard 3390A integrator. Compounds were identified by a combination of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and peak enrichment with standards. Separate response factors for hydrocarbons and monooxygen- ated and dioxygenated compounds were determined with standards relative to fenchone. Total Phenol Anal ysis. A subsample of alder leaves was air-dried after collection and stored in plastic bags at room temperature. A portion of the fresh- frozen Douglas-fir needles analyzed for terpenes was subsampled for phenolic analysis. Before analysis, alder and Douglas-fir foliage were oven-dried for 24 hr at 60°C, ground to pass a 40-mesh screen, and redried overni g ht. Phenols were extracted from a 100-mg subsample in 8 ml (Douglas-fir) or 10 ml (alder) Me0H-H,0 (7:3) on a shaker for 1 hr. The mixture was centrifuged at 1000 rpm in an IEC HN-SII centrifuge at room temperature for 5 min and analyzed with Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent as described by Julkunen-Tiitto (1985).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Recommended Trees for Winnetka
    RECOMMENDED TREES FOR WINNETKA SHADE TREES Common_Name Scientific_Name Ohio Buckeye Acer galbra Miyabe Maple Acer miyabei Black Maple Acer nigrum Norway Maple Acer plantanoides v. ___ Sugar Maple (many cultivars) Acer saccharum Shangtung Maple Acer truncatum Autumn Blaze or Marmo Maple Acer x freemanii Red Horsechestnut Aesculus x carnea 'Briotii' Horsechestnut Aesulus hippocastanum Alder Alnus glutinosa Yellowwood Caldrastis lutea Upright European Hornbeam Carpinus betulus “Fastigata” American Hornbeam Carpinus carolinians Hickory Carya ovata Catalpa Catalpa speciosa Hackberry Celtis occidentalis Katsuratree Cercidiphyllum japonicum Turkish Filbert Corylus colurna American Beech Fagus grandifolia Green Beech Fagus sylvatica European Beech Fagus sylvatica Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba Thornless Honeylocust Gleditsia triacanthos inermis Kentucky Coffeetree Gymnocladus dioica Goldenraintree Koelreuteria paniculata Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua Tulip Tree Liriodendron tulipfera Black gum, Tupelo Liriodendron tulipfera Hophornbeam Ostrya virginiana Corktree Phellodendron amurense Exclamation Plantree Plantanus x aceerifolia Quaking Aspen Populus tremuloides Swamp White Oak Quercus bicolor Shingle Oak Quercus imbricaria Bur Oak Quercus macrocarpa Chinkapin Oak Quercus muehlenbergii English Oak Quercus robur Red Oak Quercus rubra Schumard Oak Quercus shumardii Black Oak Quercus velutina May 2015 SHADE TREES Common_Name Scientific_Name Sassafras Sassafras albidum American Linden Tilia Americana Littleleaf Linden (many cultivars) Tilia cordata Silver
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond the Fringe
    Beyond the Fringe By Margaret Klein Wilson, Fairfax Master Gardener Intern The final flourish of native spring flowering trees belongs to fringe trees (Chionanthus virginicus). The measured parade of seasonal color — dogwoods and redbuds, flowering cherry and plum — is neatly capped by the fluttering grace of abundant white blossoms that engulf this small, often edge habitat tree beginning in mid-May. Encountering a fringe tree on a breezy spring day is to see masses of white corollas of petals casting their light perfume across the landscape. Is it any wonder Linnaeus named Yale ©2021 Copyright and noted this genus Chionanthus (chion = University snow; anthos = flower) as he compiled the photo: Genera Plantarum (1753)? Less poetically, fringe tree’s common names include Old Man’s Beard, Grancy graybeard, flowering ash and white fringe tree. Genus Chionanthus is a member of the Olive Family, the Olaceae, which includes 29 genera and over 600 species of trees and shrubs common in southeastern Asia and Australasia. Trees in this genus have uses both practical and ornamental: olive for food, ash for its lumber, and forsythia, gardenia and privets for sheer domestic beauty. In North America, ash trees in the genus Fraxinus, devilwood (Osmantus americanus) and Forestiera (swampprivet) are fringe tree’s near relatives. Only two species of fringe tree exist: C. virginicus in eastern North America and C. retusus, native to China. In his citation naming fringe tree the Virginia Native Plant Society 1997 Wildflower of the Year, C. F. Saachi explains this geographic disconnect: “This unusual biogeographic pattern, with different species within a genus … separated by several thousand miles, is a product of major geologic events including mountain building and the effects of glaciation.
    [Show full text]
  • Indiana's Native Magnolias
    FNR-238 Purdue University Forestry and Natural Resources Know your Trees Series Indiana’s Native Magnolias Sally S. Weeks, Dendrologist Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 This publication is available in color at http://www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/fnr.htm Introduction When most Midwesterners think of a magnolia, images of the grand, evergreen southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) (Figure 1) usually come to mind. Even those familiar with magnolias tend to think of them as occurring only in the South, where a more moderate climate prevails. Seven species do indeed thrive, especially in the southern Appalachian Mountains. But how many Hoosiers know that there are two native species Figure 2. Cucumber magnolia when planted will grow well throughout Indiana. In Charles Deam’s Trees of Indiana, the author reports “it doubtless occurred in all or nearly all of the counties in southern Indiana south of a line drawn from Franklin to Knox counties.” It was mainly found as a scattered, woodland tree and considered very local. Today, it is known to occur in only three small native populations and is listed as State Endangered Figure 1. Southern magnolia by the Division of Nature Preserves within Indiana’s Department of Natural Resources. found in Indiana? Very few, I suspect. No native As the common name suggests, the immature magnolias occur further west than eastern Texas, fruits are green and resemble a cucumber so we “easterners” are uniquely blessed with the (Figure 3). Pioneers added the seeds to whisky presence of these beautiful flowering trees. to make bitters, a supposed remedy for many Indiana’s most “abundant” species, cucumber ailments.
    [Show full text]
  • Hollies for the Landscape
    HOLLIES FOR THE LANDSCAPE Ilex crenata ‘Beehive’ Japanese Holly A Rutgers NJAES introduction - This is a northern hardy, Japanese Holly with a compact globe habit and shiny green foliage. Ilex ‘Winter Bounty’ A Rutgers NJAES introduction – ‘Winter Bounty' (I. ciliospinosa x. I. latifolia) is a unique holly with bold, shiny, long, nearly smooth leaves, rounded evergreen foliage. Heavy berry display, pollinate with 'Blue Prince', reportedly deer resistant. Ilex crenata ‘Jersey Pinnacle’ Japanese Holly A Rutgers NJAES introduction – this holly has a dense upright tight growing form with glossy dark green leaves. Ilex rugosa × I. (integra×pernyi) Rutgers ‘Spartan’ Holly U.S. Plant Patent #20,804 A Rutgers NJAES introduction – ‘Spartan’ is a new and distinct variety of evergreen holly distinguished in that it combines from three species (Ilex rugosa, Ilex integra, and Ilex pernyi), and has desirable landscape and production traits which distinguish it from all other forms of Ilex. In a landscape setting, the growth habit can be described as dense, self-compacting, and conical. Spartan has a unique combination of characteristics: nearly conical shape with minimal pruning; moderately vigorous, dense and self-compacting; easy to maintain at desired height; leaves are consumer friendly (no spines); abundant and well-distributed fruit; and low susceptibility to disease and insect pests. The plants can be used as foundation plants, hedge plants, and as single specimen plants since they are easy to maintain at a desired height. Ilex x ‘Rutzan’ ‘Red Beauty’ Holly U.S. Plant Patent No. 14,750 A Rutgers NJAES introduction - Red Beauty® is a new and distinct variety of evergreen holly distinguished in that it combines from three species (Ilex aquifolium, Ilex rugosa, and Ilex pernyi), and has desirable landscape and production traits which distinguish it from all other forms of Ilex.
    [Show full text]
  • THE Magnoliaceae Liriodendron L. Magnolia L
    THE Magnoliaceae Liriodendron L. Magnolia L. VEGETATIVE KEY TO SPECIES IN CULTIVATION Jan De Langhe (1 October 2014 - 28 May 2015) Vegetative identification key. Introduction: This key is based on vegetative characteristics, and therefore also of use when flowers and fruits are absent. - Use a 10× hand lens to evaluate stipular scars, buds and pubescence in general. - Look at the entire plant. Young specimens, shade, and strong shoots give an atypical view. - Beware of hybridisation, especially with plants raised from seed other than wild origin. Taxa treated in this key: see page 10. Questionable/frequently misapplied names: see page 10. Names referred to synonymy: see page 11. References: - JDL herbarium - living specimens, in various arboreta, botanic gardens and collections - literature: De Meyere, D. - (2001) - Enkele notities omtrent Liriodendron tulipifera, L. chinense en hun hybriden in BDB, p.23-40. Hunt, D. - (1998) - Magnolias and their allies, 304p. Bean, W.J. - (1981) - Magnolia in Trees and Shrubs hardy in the British Isles VOL.2, p.641-675. - or online edition Clarke, D.L. - (1988) - Magnolia in Trees and Shrubs hardy in the British Isles supplement, p.318-332. Grimshaw, J. & Bayton, R. - (2009) - Magnolia in New Trees, p.473-506. RHS - (2014) - Magnolia in The Hillier Manual of Trees & Shrubs, p.206-215. Liu, Y.-H., Zeng, Q.-W., Zhou, R.-Z. & Xing, F.-W. - (2004) - Magnolias of China, 391p. Krüssmann, G. - (1977) - Magnolia in Handbuch der Laubgehölze, VOL.3, p.275-288. Meyer, F.G. - (1977) - Magnoliaceae in Flora of North America, VOL.3: online edition Rehder, A. - (1940) - Magnoliaceae in Manual of cultivated trees and shrubs hardy in North America, p.246-253.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenomic Approach
    Toward the ultimate phylogeny of Magnoliaceae: phylogenomic approach Sangtae Kim*1, Suhyeon Park1, and Jongsun Park2 1 Sungshin University, Korea 2 InfoBoss Co., Korea Mr. Carl Ferris Miller Founder of Chollipo Arboretum in Korea Chollipo Arboretum Famous for its magnolia collection 2020. Annual Meeting of Magnolia Society International Cholliop Arboretum in Korea. April 13th~22th, 2020 http://WWW.Chollipo.org Sungshin University, Seoul, Korea Dr. Hans Nooteboom Dr. Liu Yu-Hu Twenty-one years ago... in 1998 The 1st International Symposium on the Family Magnoliaceae, Gwangzhow Dr. Hiroshi Azuma Mr. Richard Figlar Dr. Hans Nooteboom Dr. Qing-wen Zeng Dr. Weibang Sun Handsome young boy Dr. Yong-kang Sima Dr. Yu-wu Law Presented ITS study on Magnoliaceae - never published Ten years ago... in 2009 Presented nine cp genome region study (9.2 kbp) on Magnoliaceae – published in 2013 2015 1st International Sympodium on Neotropical Magnoliaceae Gadalajara, 2019 3rd International Sympodium and Workshop on Neotropical Magnoliaceae Asterales Dipsacales Apiales Why magnolia study is Aquifoliales Campanulids (Euasterids II) Garryales Gentianales Laminales Solanales Lamiids important in botany? Ericales Asterids (Euasterids I) Cornales Sapindales Malvales Brassicales Malvids Fagales (Eurosids II) • As a member of early-diverging Cucurbitales Rosales Fabales Zygophyllales Celestrales Fabids (Eurosid I) angiosperms, reconstruction of the Oxalidales Malpighiales Vitales Geraniales Myrtales Rosids phylogeny of Magnoliaceae will Saxifragales Caryphyllales
    [Show full text]
  • 3K 45 Attack of the Urban Forest Eaters.PMD
    The attack of the urban forest eaters: how a dedicated and educated group of volunteers is responding to the invasion of Asian long-horn beetles and gypsy moths in Chicago Julie Sacco Abstract The concept of biodiversity is largely unfamiliar to and unembraced by the general public. The overdeveloped nature of urban habitats and the underdeveloped awareness of their human inhabitants lead to a perception by the general public that one tree is as green as the next, and that most insects should be squashed on sight. TreeKeepers are trained citizen foresters who volunteered for the Openlands Project to help maintain the health of Chicago’s green infrastructure. In a unique partnership with Chicago’s Bureau of Forestry and the Chicago Park District, TreeKeepers serves as a national model for interagency cooperation, public-private partnerships, and advocacy on behalf of the urban forest. Since 1991, over 500 people from almost every neighborhood in Chicago have taken the 7-week TreeKeeper training course to learn basic arboriculture skills including tree identification and physiology, soils, planting and pruning techniques, tree disease, and insect problem recognition. Tree Keepers volunteer on workdays in different parks and along Chicago’s boulevards to help city crews with tree maintenance and other greening activities. In January of 1998, TreeKeepers were invited to an informational workshop presented by the Illinois Department of Agriculture (IDA) and Chicago’s Bureau of Forestry (CBOF) about the spread of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) in Chicago, and on monitoring efforts being launched later in the year. Attendees, including CBOF staff, learned that the gypsy moth had been defoliating its way westward since its accidental release from a lab in Medford, Massachusetts, in 1869.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategies for the Eradication Or Control of Gypsy Moth in New Zealand
    Strategies for the eradication or control of gypsy moth in New Zealand Travis R. Glare1, Patrick J. Walsh2*, Malcolm Kay3 and Nigel D. Barlow1 1 AgResearch, PO Box 60, Lincoln, New Zealand 2 Forest Research Associates, Rotorua (*current address Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Galway, Republic of Ireland) 3Forest Research, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua Efforts to remove gypsy moth from an elm, Malden, MA, circa 1891 May 2003 STATEMENT OF PURPOSE The aim of the report is to provide background information that can contribute to developing strategies for control of gypsy moth. This is not a contingency plan, but a document summarising the data collected over a two year FRST-funded programme on biological control options for gypsy moth relevant to New Zealand, completed in 1998 and subsequent research on palatability of New Zealand flora to gypsy moth. It is mainly aimed at discussing control options. It should assist with rapidly developing a contingency plan for gypsy moth in the case of pest incursion. Abbreviations GM gypsy moth AGM Asian gypsy moth NAGM North America gypsy moth EGM European gypsy moth Bt Bacillus thuringiensis Btk Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki MAF New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry MOF New Zealand Ministry of Forestry (defunct, now part of MAF) NPV nucleopolyhedrovirus LdNPV Lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus NZ New Zealand PAM Painted apple moth, Teia anartoides FR Forest Research PIB Polyhedral inclusion bodies Strategies for Asian gypsy moth eradication or control in New Zealand page 2 SUMMARY Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), poses a major threat to New Zealand forests. It is known to attack over 500 plant species and has caused massive damage to forests in many countries in the northern hemisphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Foster Holly Production Ilex X Attenuata ‘Fosteri’ (Foster Holly) by Mark Halcomb UT Extension Area Nursery Specialist (Revised 5-28-2012)
    Foster Holly Production Ilex x attenuata ‘Fosteri’ (Foster Holly) by Mark Halcomb UT Extension Area Nursery Specialist (Revised 5-28-2012) The secret to growing quality Foster Hollies is two shearings per year, a wide base and full bottom foliage. Full lower foliage is attained with a sufficiently wide spacing to allow sunlight penetration to the bottom foliage and weed control around the plant to prevent weeds from shading out the bottom foliage. Propagation Ilex x attenuata 'Fosteri' resulted from a cross of Ilex cassine x I. opaca. Seed propagation of Foster will yield 50 percent I. opaca. Cutting propagation is preferred. Cuttings are stuck Aug. to Nov. and can be potted in 6-10 weeks generally. A plant no less than 12 to 18” tall is transplanted in the field. Liner Selection Consider planting 1 gallon liners, at least for the first crop, to get a good start. During the first year, also consider buying rooted cuttings and plant them into a liner row or a transplant bed for 1-2 years with irrigation or pot them into #2 containers. Let them grow a larger root system before being spaced out to dig. This frees up some land and helps insure survival, taking a larger plant to the field. One of every 25 or 4 percent should be Foster # 4 males interplanted to increase fruit set if potential customers will be brought to the field. Consider growing a small number of the male #4's for those retailers and landscapers that realize and promote greater fruit set. Also consider growing a few Ilex x attenuata 'Blazer', 'Big John'; Ilex opaca 'Carolina #2' and 'Greenleaf'.
    [Show full text]
  • Effective Heat Transport During Miocene Cooling
    EGU Journal Logos (RGB) Open Access Open Access Open Access Advances in Annales Nonlinear Processes Geosciences Geophysicae in Geophysics Open Access Open Access Natural Hazards Natural Hazards and Earth System and Earth System Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Chemistry Chemistry and Physics and Physics Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Measurement Measurement Techniques Techniques Discussions Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Open Access Biogeosciences Discuss., 10, 13563–13601, 2013 Open Access www.biogeosciences-discuss.net/10/13563/2013/ Biogeosciences Biogeosciences BGD doi:10.5194/bgd-10-13563-2013 Discussions © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License. 10, 13563–13601, 2013 Open Access Open Access This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal BiogeosciencesClimate (BG). Climate Effective heat Please refer to the correspondingof finalthe Past paper in BG if available. of the Past Discussions transport during Miocene cooling Open Access Open Access Earth System Earth System T. Denk et al. Effective heat transportDynamics of Gulf StreamDynamics to Discussions subarctic North Atlantic during Miocene Title Page Open Access Geoscientific Geoscientific Open Access cooling: evidenceInstrumentation from “KöppenInstrumentation Abstract Introduction Methods and Methods and signatures” ofData fossil Systems plant assemblagesData Systems Conclusions References Discussions Open Access Open Access Tables Figures 1 1 2 2 Geoscientific T. Denk , G. W. Grimm , F.Geoscientific Grímsson , and R. Zetter Model Development 1 Model Development J I Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Palaeobotany, Box 50007,Discussions 10405 Stockholm, Sweden 2 J I Open Access University of Vienna, Department of Palaeontology,Open Access Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria Hydrology and Hydrology and Back Close Received: 8 July 2013 – Accepted:Earth System 31 July 2013 – Published: 15 AugustEarth 2013 System Correspondence to: T.
    [Show full text]
  • Rutgers Gardens Holly Collection Accession List
    Area Plant Species names, hybrid formulas, and cultivar names Common name Accession # Area #1 (American Holly Collection) 1 1 Ilex opaca 'Judge Brown' × Ilex opaca 'David' Hybrid American Holly 0200-R Ilex opaca 'Old Heavy Berry' × Ilex opaca 'Silica King' 1 2 *REMOVED Hybrid American Holly 0201-R 1 3 Ilex opaca 'Boyce Thompson Xanthocarpa' Yellow-fruited American Holly 0092-1945*A 1 4 Ilex opaca 'Jersey Delight' American Holly 0202-R Ilex opaca 'Old Heavy Berry' × Ilex opaca 1 5 'Point Pleasant #4' Hybrid American Holly 0203-R 1 6 Ilex R-5, T-47 × Ilex opaca 'Point Pleasant #5' Hybrid Holly 0204-R 1 7 Ilex 'Nellie R. Stevens' Hybrid Holly 0175-1960 1 8 Ilex opaca 'Hedgeholly' American Holly 0121-1949*A 1 9 Ilex opaca 'Portia Orton' Hybrid American Holly 0205-R 1 10 Ilex opaca Cardinal™ × Ilex opaca R-38, T-18 Hybrid American Holly 0206-R 1 11 Ilex opaca 'Clark's Valley #2' American Holly 0075-1950 1 12 Ilex opaca 'Mae' American Holly 0007-1954 1 13 Ilex opaca 'Farage' *REMOVED American Holly 0028-1946*G 1 14 Ilex opaca 'Manig' *REMOVED American Holly 0032-1946*I 1 15 Ilex aquifolium 'Ex. Herb Kale' English Holly 0207-R 1 16 Ilex opaca 'Jersey Knight' American Holly 0050-1965*A 1 17 Ilex opaca 'Griscom' American Holly 0033-1947*F 1 18 Ilex opaca 'Andorra' American Holly 0021-1950 1 19 Ilex opaca 'Reeve West' American Holly 0045-1947 1 20 Ilex opaca 'Clark' American Holly 0026-1946 1 21 Ilex opaca 'Judge Brown' × Ilex R-36, T-15 Hybrid Holly 0208-R 1 22 Ilex opaca 'Allen' American Holly 0031-1947 1 23 Ilex opaca 'Wheeler #4' American Holly
    [Show full text]
  • USDAFS Silvics of North America
    llex opaca Ait. American Holly Aquifoliaceae Holly family H. E. Grelen When the Pilgrims landed the week before States for its foliage and berries, used for Christmas Christmas in 1620 on the coast of what is now Mas- decorations, and for ornamental plantings. sachusetts, the evergreen, prickly leaves and red ber- ries of American holly (Ilex opacu) reminded them of the English holly (Ilex aquifolium), a symbol of Habitat Christmas for centuries in England and Europe Native Range (13,26). Since then American holly, also called white holly or Christmas holly, has been one of the most valuable and popular trees in the Eastern United From the maritime forests of Massachusetts, holly (fig. 1) is scattered along the coast to Delaware. It Figure l-The native range ofAmerican holly. The author is Principal Range Scientist (retired), Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA. 379 grows inland into several Pennsylvania counties and abundantly southward throughout the coastal plain, Piedmont, and Appalachian system. The range ex- tends south to mid-peninsular Florida, west to east- ern Texas and southeastern Missouri (20). It cor- responds roughly to the combined ranges for loblolly and shortleaf pines. Climate Like the southern pines, American holly is primarily a plant of the humid Southeast. Annual precipitation throughout its range is 1020 to 1650 mm (40 to 65 in) with over 2030 mm (80 in> in the southern Appalachians. Growing season varies from about 150 days in the Appalachian Mountains, the northeastern limit of the range, to almost yearlong in the central Florida peninsula. Average minimum temperature in the coastal plain portion of its range is above -18” C (O” F) but in the mountains of West Virginia, holly grows where the average low temperature is below -23” C C-10’ F) (20).
    [Show full text]