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Victorian Literature Wiley Blackwell Anthologies Editorial Advisers Rosemary Ashton, University of London; Gillian Beer, University of Cambridge; Gordon Campbell, University of Leicester; Terry Castle, Stanford University; Margaret Ann Doody, Vanderbilt University; Richard Gray, University of Essex; Joseph Harris, Harvard University; Karen L. Kilcup, University of North Carolina, Greensboro; Jerome J. McGann, University of Virginia; David Norbrook, University of Oxford; Tom Paulin, University of Oxford; Michael Payne, Bucknell University; Elaine Showalter, Princeton University; John Sutherland, University of London. Wiley Blackwell Anthologies is a series of extensive and comprehensive volumes designed to address the numerous issues raised by recent debates regarding the literary canon, value, text, context, gender, genre, and period. While providing the reader with key canonical writings in their entirety, the series is also ambitious in its coverage of hitherto marginalized texts, and flex- ible in the overall variety of its approaches to periods and movements. Each volume has been thoroughly researched to meet the current needs of teachers and students. Old and Middle English c.890–c.1450: Victorian Women Poets: An Anthology An Anthology. Third Edition edited by Angela Leighton and Margaret Reynolds edited by Elaine Treharne Victorian Literature: An Anthology Medieval Drama: An Anthology edited by Victor Shea and William Whitla edited by Greg Walker Modernism: An Anthology Chaucer to Spenser: An Anthology of edited by Lawrence Rainey English Writing 1375–1575 The Literatures of Colonial America: edited by Derek Pearsall An Anthology Renaissance Literature: An Anthology edited by Susan Castillo and of Poetry and Prose. Second Edition Ivy T. Schweitzer edited by John C. Hunter African American Literature: Volume 1, 1746–1920 Renaissance Drama: An Anthology edited by Gene Andrew Jarrett of Plays and Entertainments. Second Edition African American Literature: Volume 2, edited by Arthur F. Kinney 1920 to the Present edited by Gene Andrew Jarrett Restoration Drama: An Anthology edited by David Womersley American Gothic: An Anthology from Salem Witchcraft to H. P. Lovecraft. British Literature 1640–1789: Second Edition. An Anthology. Third Edition edited by Charles L. Crow edited by Robert DeMaria, Jr Nineteenth-Century American Women Romanticism: An Anthology. Writers: An Anthology Fourth Edition edited by Karen L. Kilcup edited by Duncan Wu Nineteenth-Century American Women Irish Literature 1750–1900: An Anthology Poets: An Anthology edited by Julia Wright edited by Paula Bernat Bennett Children’s Literature: An Anthology Native American Women’s Writing: 1801–1902 An Anthology of Works c.1800–1924 edited by Peter Hunt edited by Karen L. Kilcup Victorian Literature AN ANTHOLOGY EDITED BY V ICTOR S HEA AND W ILLIAM W HITLA This edition first published 2015 © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Registered Office John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of Victor Shea and William Whitla to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Victorian literature : an anthology / edited by Victor Shea and William Whitla. pages cm. – (Blackwell anthologies) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-8865-4 (hardback) – ISBN 978-1-4051-8874-6 (paper) 1. English literature–19th century. I. Shea, Victor, 1960– editor. II. Whitla, William, 1934– editor. PR1145.V524 2015 820.8ʹ008–dc23 2014007436 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Cover image: A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881 by William Powell Frith. One of the three focuses in the painting is the group of aesthetes listening to Oscar Wilde (with notebook and sunflower in his lapel). To Wilde’s left are the actors Ellen Terry and Sir Henry Irving. Further over his opponents glower, led by the journalist George Augustus Sala (white waistcoat). To Wilde’s right is the actress Lillie Langtry, a society wit and beauty, beside William Thomson, archbishop of York (in top hat). See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Private_View_at_the_Royal_Academy,_1881. Set in 10.5/12pt Dante by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India 1 2015 About the Website www.wiley.com/go/victorianliterature Victorian Literature: An Anthology features a fully-integrated website which includes additional texts and contexts. Web materials are listed in the table of contents alongside items that appear in the book itself and are also cued throughout the text – just look for the grey boxes. The website includes the following: • Additional context sections • Additional texts • Timelines • Photographs • Appendices • Further Reading • Index of Authors and Titles Contents This anthology includes extensive additional material on an accompanying website at www.wiley.com/go/victorianliterature. The table of contents lists items that appear in the book as well as those which are available online. All online materials are marked with the web icon: List of Plates and Illustrations xlii Preface xlv Abbreviations li List of Web Plates and Illustrations xlii Preface xliii Abbreviations xlix Introduction 1 Victorian Representations and Misrepresentations 1 “The Terrific Burning” 2 The Battle of the Styles 3 “The Best of Times, the Worst of Times” 4 Demographics and Underlying Fears 5 Power, Industry, and the High Cost of Bread and Beer 5 The Classes and the Masses 7 The Dynamics of Gender 8 Religion and the Churches 9 Political Structures 11 Empire 12 Genres and Literary Hierarchies 12 The Fine Arts and Popular Entertainment 13 Revolutions in Mass Media and the Expansion of Print Culture 17 viii Part One Contexts 19 The Condition of England 21 Contents Introduction 21 1. The Victorian Social Formation 27 Edward Bulwer-Lytton (1803–73): Pelham (1828) 27 From Chapter 1 27 William Cobbett (1763–1835): From Rural Rides (1830) 3 Victoria (1819–1901): From Letters (20 June, 1837) [“I am Queen”] 4 Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881): Chartism (1840) 29 From Chapter 1: “Condition-of-England Question” 29 Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881): Past and Present (1843) 30 From Book I, Chapter 1: “Midas” 30 Benjamin Disraeli (1804–81): Sybil (1845) 32 From Book 2, Chapter 5 [The Two Nations] 32 Friedrich Engels (1820–95): The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844 (1845) 6 From Chapter 2: “The Great Towns” [Manchester slums] 6 Elizabeth Gaskell (1810–65): Mary Barton (1848): “Preface” 8 Henry Mayhew (1812–87): London Labour and the London Poor (1851) 9 From Volume 1: “Statement of a Prostitute” 9 Walter Bagehot (1826–77): The English Constitution (1867) 11 From Chapter 2: “The Pre-Requisites of Cabinet Government” 11 From Chapter 3: “The Monarchy” 11 George Cruikshank (1792–1878): The British Bee Hive. Process engraving (1867) 34 Matthew Arnold (1822–88): Culture and Anarchy (1869) 35 From III [Chapter 3: “Barbarians, Philistines, Populace”] 35 Ada Nield Chew (1870–1945): “A Living Wage for Factory Girls at Crewe”(1894) 12 Eliza Davis Aria (1866–1931): “My Lady’s Evening in London” in Living London (1901–3) 14 2. Education and Mass Literacy 37 Statistical Society of London: “Newspapers and Other Publications in Coffee, Public, and Eating Houses” (1839) 16 ix Illustrated London News (1842): From “Our Address” 37 Illustrated London News (1843): Dedicatory Sonnet 39 Arthur Penrhyn Stanley (1815–81): Life and Correspondence of Thomas Arnold, D.D. (1844) 39 From “Letter of Inquiry for a Master” by Thomas Arnold (1795–1842) 39 Contents From “Letter to a Master on his Appointment” 40 William