Keanekaragaman Kupu-Kupu Nymphalidae Di Pulau Puhawang Besar, Teluk Lampung Diversity of Nymphalid Butterfly in Puhawang Besar

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Keanekaragaman Kupu-Kupu Nymphalidae Di Pulau Puhawang Besar, Teluk Lampung Diversity of Nymphalid Butterfly in Puhawang Besar Jurnal Ilmiah : Biologi Eksperimen dan Keanekaragaman Hayati Vol. 2 No. 1 Mei 2014 : hal. 41-45 ISSN : 2338-4344 KEANEKARAGAMAN KUPU-KUPU NYMPHALIDAE DI PULAU PUHAWANG BESAR, TELUK LAMPUNG DIVERSITY OF NYMPHALID BUTTERFLY IN PUHAWANG BESAR ISLAND, TELUK LAMPUNG Kurniawati Achmad1, Herawati Soekardi1, Nismah Nukmal1 dan Martinus2 1Jurusan Biologi Fakultas MIPA Universitas Lampung 2Jurusan Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Lampung *e-mail : [email protected] Jurusan Biologi Fakultas MIPA Universitas Lampung Jl. Soemantri Brojonegoro No.1, Bandar Lampung, Lampung, Indonesia, 35145 Abstrak Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari keanekaragaman dan kemelimpahan spesies kupu-kupu Nymphalidae di Pulau Puhawang Besar, Lampung. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Pulau Puhawang Besar pada bulan Agustus-September 2013. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode Pollard dengan menelusuri rute jalan setapak yang ada sepanjang 8,6 km. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah individu kupu-kupu Nymphaidae yang ditemukan di Pulau Puhawang Besar sebanyak 59 individu, terdiri dari 11 spesies dan termasuk dalam 6 Subfamili, yaitu Biblidinae, Danainae, Heliconiinae, Limenitidinae, Nymphalinae, dan Satyrinae. Indeks keanekaragaman kupu- kupu Nymphalidae di Pulau Puhawang Besar termasuk dalam kategori sedang (1,90). Kemelimpahan kupu-kupu relative tertinggi ditunjukkan oleh Ypthima baldus sebesar 37,29%, diikuti Danaus melanipus sebesar 20,34%, dan Orsotriaena medus sebesar 11,86% sedangkan kupu-kupu yang memiliki kemelimpahan relatif terendah yaitu Cupha erymanthis dan Euthalia monina (1.69%). Kata Kunci : Nymphalidae, Pulau Puhawang Besar, keanekaragaman, kemelimpahan Abstract The objective of the research was to study the diversity and abundance of Nymphalid butterfly in the Puhawang Besar Island, Lampung. The research have been conducted from August until September 2013. The method used is the Pollard walk method along the trail of 8,6 km. The result showed that the number of Nymphalid found in the Puhawang Besar Island were 59 individuals, belong to 11 spesies and 6 Subfamily, namely Biblidinae, Danainae, Heliconiinae, Limenitidinae, Nymphalinae, and Satyrinae. The diversity index of Nymphalid in the Puhawang Besar Island can be categorized as medium (1,90). Across the island and the study time elapse, Ypthima baldus showed the highest species relative abundance (37,29%), followed by Danaus melanipus (20,34%), and Orsotriaena medus (11,86%). Meanwhile Cupha erymanthis and Euthalia monina occurred in the lowest relative abundance (1,69%). Keyword : Nymphalidae, Puhawang Besar Island, diversity, abundance PENDAHULUAN di Sumatera, walaupun data keanekaragaman kupu-kupu di Sumatera belum lengkap diperki- Indonesia merupakan negara tropis yang me- rakan terdapat tidak kurang dari 1.000 spesies. miliki keanekaragaman hayati yang tinggi baik Salah satu provinsi di Sumatera yang memiliki flora dan fauna dan tersebar luas baik di darat- keanekaragaman kupu-kupu adalah Lampung. an dan di lautan. Salah satu fauna yang jum- Keanekaragaman kupu-kupu di Lampung anta- lahnya terbanyak dan tersebar luas adalah se- ra lain tersebar di Taman Nasional Way Kam- rangga (Tsukada dan Nishiyama, 1982) dan bas terdapat 77 spesies dan Taman Nasional serangga yang sering dijumpai adalah kupu- Bukit Barisan Selatan 185 spesies. kupu (Lepidoptera). Jumlah Leptidoptera yang telah dideskripsi di dunia sekitar 200.000 spe- Kupu-kupu anggota famili Nymphalidae memi- sies (Gillot, 2005). Menurut Soekardi (2007), liki ukuran tubuh yang beranekaragam serta jumlah spesies kupu-kupu yang terdapat di In- memiliki banyak variasi pola warna dan bentuk donesia belum ada data yang pasti. Begitu juga sayap. Pada umumnya, sayap berwarna coklat, Keanekaragaman Kupu-Kupu Nymphalidae di Pulau Puhawang Besar / 42 orange, kuning, dan hitam (Peggi dan Amir, HASIL dan PEMBAHASAN 2006). Menurut Mastrigt dan Rosariyanto Keanekaragaman Kupu-kupu Nymphalidae (2005) panjang sayap depan berkisar 1,5-7,0 di Pulau Puhawang Besar cm. Ukuran tubuh kupu-kupu ini beranekara- Selama rentang waktu penelitian di sepanjang gam mulai dari yang kecil sampai besar. jalur pengamatan di Pulau Puhawang Besar, Kupu-kupu Nymphalidae yang teramati seba- Ciri khas famili Nymphalidae yang membeda- nyak 59 individu, tergolong dari 11 spesies dan kannya dengan famili lainnya adalah dalam hal 6 subfamili ( Tabel 1). pasangan tungkai depan yang tereduksi dan mengecil berbentuk seperti sikat dan terlipat Tabel 1. Pengelompokan spesies Nymphali- pada tubuh pada waktu hinggap sehingga famili dae berdasarkan subfamili Nym-phalidae sering disebut dengan kupu-kupu ber-kaki sikat atau the brush footed (Mastrigt Subfamili Spesies dan Rosariyanto, 2005 ; Peggi dan Amir, 2006). Biblidinae Ariadne ariadne Penelitian keanekaragaman kupu-kupu di dua Danainae Danaus melanipus pulau kecil Teluk Lampung yang pernah dila- Heliconiinae Cupha erymanthis kukan yaitu di Pulau Tegal dan Tanjung Putus Limenitidinae Neptis hylas (Larasati, 2003). Selain itu terdapat pula pulau- Nymphalinae Junonia almana pulau kecil yang terdapat di perairan Teluk Junonia atlites Lampung, diantaranya adalah Pulau Puhawang Euthalia monina Besar dan Pulau Puhawang Kecil. Akan tetapi Hypolimnas bolina ada pulau-pulau kecil di perairan Teluk Lam- Satyrinae Elymnias hypermnestra pung belum diteliti keanekaragaman dan keme- Orsotriaena medus limpahan kupu-kupunya. Ypthima baldus Jumlah spesies dan kemelimpahan kupu-kupu BAHAN dan METODE Nymphalidae yang ditemukan dari hasil pene- litian lebih sedikit dibandingkan jumlah spesies Penelitian ini telah dilaksanakan di Pulau Pu- kupu-kupu Nymphalidae yang ditemukan pada hawang Besar, Teluk Lampung dari bulan A- tiga daratan utama Provinsi Lampung. Di Pulau gustus-September 2013. Dalam penelitian ini Puhawang Besar keanekaragaman kupu-kupu dilakukan survei keanekaragaman dan keme- Nymphalidae lebih sedikit dibandingkan tempat limpahan kupu-kupu Nymphalidae dengan yang lain di Provinsi Lampung. Di Taman Nasi- menggunakan metode jelajah dengan mene- onal Way Kambas ditemukan 32 spesies kupu- lusuri rute jalan setapak. Dalam kegiatan ini kupu Nymphalidae (Novita, 2006). Menurut dilakukan pencatatan spesies dan jumlah ma- Noprihatini (2007) tercatat 34 spesies kupu- sing-masing individu spesies kupu-kupu Nym- kupu Nymphalidae yang ditemukan di daerah phalidae yang terlihat di jalur jelajah atau pe- Canguk Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan. ngamatan yaitu sejauh 5 m di kiri dan kanan ja- Keanekaragaman kupu-kupu Nymphalidae di lur dalam lembar kerja. kawasan Waduk Batutegi, tercatat sebanyak 34 spesies (Handawa, 2007). Keanekaragaman Dalam kegiatan survei ini kupu-kupu yang spesies kupu-kupu Nymphalidae di suatu pulau belum dikenali ditangkap dengan menggunakan tergantung pada luas pulau tersebut. Berda- jaring kupu-kupu. Kupu-kupu yang telah ditang- sarkan Teori Biogeografi pulau-pulau yang be- kap ditekan pada bagian thoraks sampai kupu- sar dan dekat dengan daratan utama memiliki kupu lemas kemudian dimasukkan dalam am- jumlah spesies kupu-kupu yang lebih banyak plop spesimen. dibandingkan pulau-pulau yang kecil dan jauh dari daratan utama (Sumarto dan Siahaan, Spesimen dibawa ke laboratorium dan disuntik 2012). Pulau Puhawang besar memiliki luas alkohol 70% kemudian kupu-kupu direntangkan 694 ha. Pulau ini lebih kecil dari tiga daratan di gabus styrofoam. Selanjutnya spesimen ku- utama (Taman Nasional Way Kambas, Canguk pu-kupu diinkubasi pada suhu 40o C selama se- Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan, dan minggu. Kemudian spesimen kupu-kupu diiden- kawasan Waduk Batutegi) Provinsi Lampung. tifikasi menggunakan acuan (Novita, 2006 ; Soekardi, 2007; Handawa, 2007; Noprihatini, Perbedaaan jumlah spesies kupu-kupu 2007; Wibowo, 2009) dan masing-masing spe- Nymphalidae yang ditemukan pada beberapa sies kupu-kupu Nymphalidae discan untuk agar tempat juga diduga karena adanya perbedaan diperoleh gambar. keanekaragaman tumbuhan sebagai tumbuhan inang dan tumbuhan penghasil nektar. Keane- karagaman tumbuhan inang pada suatu habitat berpengaruh terhadap keberadaan kupu-kupu 43 / Biologi Eksperimen dan Keanekaragaman Hayati Kurniawati Achmad (Widhiono, 2004). Tumbuhan inang yang courtia rukam (rukam). Tumbuhan ini ditemu- terdapat di Pulau Puhawang Besar diantaranya kan dalam jumlah yang sedikit dan tidak dite- Asystasia intrusa, Imperata cylindrica (ilalang), mukan pada setiap tempat di sepanjang jalur Cocos nucifera (kelapa), dan Flacourtia rukam jelajah. Selain itu juga, sedikitnya jumlah kedua (rukam). Sedangkan tumbuhan penghasil nek- spesies tersebut pada saat penelitian kemung- tar Asystasia intrusa, Lantana camara (puye- kinan disebabkan karena kedua spesies terse- ngan), Stachytarpheta indica (jarong), Agera- but masih berada pada fase yang tidak aktif tum conyzoides (bandotan), Hibiscus rosa-si- misalnya masih dalam fase telur, larva, atau nensis (kembang sepatu), Bougenvillea spec- pupa. tabilis (bugenvil), dan Ixora paludosa (bunga soka). Tumbuhan penghasil nektar tersebut se- Tabel 2. Kemelimpahan relatif kupu-kupu bagian besar merupakan tanaman pakan imago Nymphalidae di Pulau Puhawang Nymphalidae. Selain itu, faktor yang mempe- Besar ngaruhi perbedaan jumlah spesies kupu-kupu Nymphalidae yang ditemukan adalah faktor fisik No Spesies Jumlah KR (%) seperti suhu. Suhu pada saat dilakukan peneli- 1 Ariadne ariadne 2 3,39 tian berkisar antara 32-37 0C. Perbedaan kera- gaman kupu-kupu sangat berkaitan dengan fak- 2 Cupha erymanthis 1 1,69 tor lingkungan, diantaranya suhu, curah hujan, 3 Danaus melanipus
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