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The Syria Crisis, Displacement and Protection Issue 47 September 2014 The Syria crisis, displacement and protection FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION ONLY Forced Migration Review issue 47 • www.fmreview.org/syria 3 From the editors 32 If Israel accepted Syrian refugees and IDPs in the Golan Heights 4 Foreword: the inheritance of loss Crystal Plotner Nigel Fisher 35 Gender, conscription and protection, 6 Development and protection challenges of the and the war in Syria Syrian refugee crisis Rochelle Davis, Abbie Taylor and Emma Murphy Roger Zetter and Héloïse Ruaudel 39 The impact of displacement on disabled, injured 11 The refugee crisis in Lebanon and Jordan: and older Syrian refugees the need for economic development spending Marcus Skinner Omar Dahi 41 The vulnerability of Palestinian refugees 14 Syrians contributing to Kurdish economic growth from Syria Anubha Sood and Louisa Seferis Leah Morrison 17 The role of host communities in north Lebanon 42 The mental health of Syrian refugee children Helen Mackreath and adolescents Leah James, Annie Sovcik, Ferdinand Garoff and 19 Refugee activists’ involvement in relief effort Reem Abbasi in Lebanon Frances Topham Smallwood 44 The inside story: internal displacement in Syria Erin Mooney 21 Coping strategies among self-settled Syrians in Lebanon 46 How the crisis is altering women’s roles in Syria Cathrine Thorleifsson Zerene Haddad 48 Mobility as a solution 22 Limited legal status for refugees from Syria Lucas Oesch in Lebanon Dalia Aranki and Olivia Kalis Thanks 26 Refugee by association This issue has been published with the assistance of Blanche Tax the Regional Development and Protection Programme, 27 Protection challenges of mobility a three-year regional initiative for Lebanon, Jordan and Melissa Phillips and Kathrine Starup Iraq, led by Denmark and with contributions from the EU, Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands, UK and the Czech 30 A duty and a burden on Jordan Republic. Saleh Al-Kilani The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility 32 For beneficiary-led protection programming of Forced Migration Review and can in no way be taken to in Jordan reflect the views of the contributing donors. Sinead McGrath Forthcoming issues of FMR Front cover: Palestine refugees in Yarmouk www.fmreview.org/forthcoming Camp wait for food aid, January 2014. Behind them can be seen the destruction Faith-based organisations and from bombing in the region. UNRWA responses to displacement Due out November 2014 Yarmouk Camp is a 2.1 sq km district (No longer accepting submissions.) of the city of Damascus, populated by www.fmreview.org/faith Palestine refugees. Once home to over 160,000 Palestinians, Yarmouk was Climate change, disasters overwhelmed by fighting in December and displacement 2012; a siege began in July 2013 and Due out May 2015. now only about 18,000 Palestine refugees Deadline for articles: remain, deprived of food and medicine, 12th January 2015. their clinics and schools closed, their For more information see streets and buildings damaged, their www.fmreview.org/climatechange- access to the outside world largely cut off. disasters Over 50% of Palestine refugees in Syria are estimated to have been displaced Dayton +20: twenty years on from within Syria or to neighbouring countries. the Dayton Agreement in the Balkans Due out October 2015. Why are some faces pixellated? For more information see See www.fmreview.org/photo-policy www.fmreview.org/balkans Forced Migration Review (FMR) provides a forum for the regular From the editors exchange of practical experience, he numbers of displaced people in Syria make this the largest IDP information and ideas between crisis in the world, with possibly also the largest number of people who researchers, refugees and internally T displaced people, and those who are ‘trapped’. In addition, the number of refugees from Syria continues work with them. It is published in to increase – Syrian refugees themselves, Iraqi and Palestine refugees, English, Arabic, Spanish and French and others. by the Refugee Studies Centre of the Oxford Department of International Nigel Fisher, former UN Regional Humanitarian Coordinator for the Syria Development, University of Oxford. crisis, says in his introductory article: “Let us … not forget that displacement Staff is the manifestation of the ugly fact of impunity that rides rampant in Syria. Marion Couldrey & If ever an armed conflict were characterised by the absence of proportionality Maurice Herson (Editors) and distinction, Syria’s civil war must be so characterised.” Nina E Weaver (Finance and Promotion Assistant) The official status, physical conditions and social reception of the refugees Sharon Ellis (Assistant) have not been uniform either across geography or across time so far and Forced Migration Review will no doubt continue to shift. With no obvious sign that the crisis inside Refugee Studies Centre Syria will die down in a manner or time that is predictable, the international Oxford Department of International community has an opportunity to set up, starting from now, an effective Development, University of Oxford, response to what will clearly become protracted displacement. While the 3 Mansfield Road, conditions in neighbouring countries and responses further afield will Oxford OX1 3TB, UK continue to evolve, a pattern of needs, lacks and problems has already [email protected] emerged. The authors of articles in this issue offer observations that could be of value in increasing the level of protection for the displaced and in Skype: fmreview shaping assistance to both the displaced and the countries and communities Tel: +44 (0)1865 281700 that are ‘hosting’ them. www.fmreview.org We are very grateful to Kathrine Starup of the Danish Refugee Council and to Disclaimer Dawn Chatty of the Refugee Studies Centre for their assistance and input as Opinions in FMR do not necessarily special advisors on this issue. reflect the views of the Editors, the Refugee Studies Centre or the The full issue and all the individual articles are online in html, pdf and audio University of Oxford. formats at www.fmreview.org/syria. It will be available in print and online Copyright in English, Arabic, French and Spanish. An expanded contents listing for the Any FMR print or online material may issue is available at www.fmreview.org/syria/FMR47listing.pdf. be freely reproduced, provided that acknowledgement is given to ‘Forced Please help disseminate this issue as widely as possible by circulating to Migration Review www.fmreview.org ’. networks, posting links, mentioning it on Twitter and Facebook and adding See website for more details. it to resources lists. Please email us at [email protected] if you would like print copies. Details of our forthcoming issues – on Faith-based responses to displacement, Climate change, and the Balkans – can be found at ISSN 1460-9819 www.fmreview.org/forthcoming. To be notified about new and forthcoming FMR issues, join us on Facebook Designed by Art24 or Twitter or sign up for our email alerts at www.fmreview.org/request/alerts. www.art-24.co.uk With our best wishes Printed by Fine Print (Services) Ltd Marion Couldrey and Maurice Herson www.fineprint.co.uk Editors, Forced Migration Review 4 The Syria crisis, displacement and protection FMR 47 September 2014 Foreword: the inheritance of loss Nigel Fisher As the civil war in Syria drags on, the scale of displacement continues to increase. While the crisis may be prolonged, refugees and IDPs need support now for their protection, their recovery, and both their immediate and their long-term prospects. The civil war in Syria has displaced vast suffered and continue to suffer, through numbers of Syrians from their homes and recurring flash-backs, through current communities. By August 2014, some 6.45 rejection or continued family separation. million were estimated to be displaced Counselling is required, on a massive within Syria and more than 2.9 million exiled scale; but the road to recovery is also one of as refugees beyond Syria’s borders, the great attempting to restore some kind of normalcy. majority of them hosted by neighbouring countries. In effect, half of Syria’s population What is normalcy? For many who have is uprooted, impoverished, many trapped in undergone conflict-induced trauma, it ‘hard-to-reach’ areas – and these numbers is – beyond the grieving – the chance are most likely under-estimates. Is there an to help others, to focus on the needs of international outcry? Are there expressions others, rather than on one’s own dark of anger or of solidarity? Well, yes, by human thoughts; it is the opportunity to earn rights organisations, by UNRWA, by UN a living and be able to make decisions Relief Coordinator Valerie Amos before about the future. Over many decades of the Security Council, and in the media of working with and for displaced people neighbouring countries. But in general? on several continents, I have found If anything, Syria is slipping off the front consistency in their hopes. When asked pages – not only dislodged by Gaza and what they want, they do not ask for physical Iraq but pushed aside by indifference. comforts, for shelter, food or medical care (of course, these basics are all essential ‘Displaced’. Such an innocuous word. But and should in no way be discounted) – with its now-commonplace usage, accomp- they usually ask for two things: a job, anied by mind-numbing and ever-increasing and education for their children. numbers, have we become inured to the human drama behind the devastating facts A job, which brings with it the dignity of of displacement in Syria today? Tucked earning one’s own money and the dignity away behind that rather bland term are, of being able to choose how to spend that for millions, repeated stories of family money; an education for their children separation; the loss of children, parents, because an education brings hope for the friends, homes, entire neighbourhoods; future.
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