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Zootaxa, Revision of Oriental Phasmatodea ZOOTAXA 1906 Revision of Oriental Phasmatodea: The tribe Pharnaciini Günther, 1953, including the description of the world's longest insect, and a survey of the family Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 with keys to the subfamilies and tribes (Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae": Phasmatidae) FRANK H. HENNEMANN & OSKAR V. CONLE Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand Frank H. Hennemann & Oskar V. Conle Revision of Oriental Phasmatodea: The tribe Pharnaciini Günther, 1953, including the description of the world's longest insect, and a survey of the family Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 with keys to the subfami- lies and tribes (Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae": Phasmatidae) (Zootaxa 1906) 316 pp.; 30 cm. 15 Oct. 2008 ISBN 978-1-86977-271-0 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-86977-272-7 (Online edition) FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2008 BY Magnolia Press P.O. Box 41-383 Auckland 1346 New Zealand e-mail: [email protected] http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ © 2008 Magnolia Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted or disseminated, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher, to whom all requests to reproduce copyright material should be directed in writing. This authorization does not extend to any other kind of copying, by any means, in any form, and for any purpose other than private research use. ISSN 1175-5326 (Print edition) ISSN 1175-5334 (Online edition) 2 · Zootaxa 1906 © 2008 Magnolia Press HENNEMANN & CONLE Zootaxa 1906: 1–316 (2008) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2008 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Revision of Oriental Phasmatodea: The tribe Pharnaciini Günther, 1953, including the description of the world’s longest insect, and a survey of the family Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 with keys to the subfamilies and tribes* (Phasmatodea: “Anareolatae”: Phasmatidae) FRANK H. HENNEMANN¹ & OSKAR V. CONLE² ¹ Kirchdell 24, 67661 KL-Hohenecken, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] ² Goldbachweg 24, 87538 Bolsterlang, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.Phasmatodea.com Table of contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................................... 5 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................... 8 2 Material & methods .......................................................................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................................................... 9 3 Basic background ........................................................................................................................................................... 11 3.1 The present classification ..................................................................................................................................... 11 3.2 Characters and evolutionary trends ...................................................................................................................... 12 3.3 Ootaxonomy ......................................................................................................................................................... 16 4 Family Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 S. STR. (= Lanceocercata Bradler, 2001) .................................................................. 17 4.1 The Phasmatidae and Phasmatinae sensu Bradley & Galil, 1977 ........................................................................ 20 4.2 Keys to the subfamilies and tribes of Phasmatidae s. str. .................................................................................... 24 4.3 Phasmatinae Gray, 1835 ....................................................................................................................................... 26 4.3.1 Phasmatini Gray, 1835 ............................................................................................................................... 28 4.3.2 Acanthomimini Günther, 1953 .................................................................................................................. 32 4.3.3 Acanthoxylini Bradley & Galil, 1977 ........................................................................................................ 35 4.4 Tropidoderinae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 ....................................................................................................... 37 4.4.1 Tropidoderini Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 ............................................................................................... 39 4.4.2 Monandropterini Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 .......................................................................................... 43 4.4.3 Gigantophasmatini trib. nov. ...................................................................................................................... 44 4.5 Extatosomatinae Clark-Sellick, 1997 stat. nov. ................................................................................................... 46 4.6 Problematic taxa ................................................................................................................................................... 48 4.6.1 Subfamily Pachymorphinae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 ......................................................................... 48 4.6.2 Subfamily Xeroderinae Günther, 1953 ...................................................................................................... 52 4.7 Tribes excluded from the family Phasmatidae s. str. ............................................................................................ 53 4.7.1 Achriopterini Günther, 1953 ...................................................................................................................... 54 4.7.2 Stephanacridini Günther, 1953 .................................................................................................................. 54 5 Subfamily Clitumninae Brunner V. Wattenwyl, 1893 .................................................................................................... 62 5.1 Pharnaciini Günther, 1953 .................................................................................................................................... 66 5.2 Clitumnini Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 .............................................................................................................. 67 5.3 Medaurini trib. nov. .............................................................................................................................................. 72 * Dedicated to the authors’ parents Gisela & Hans-Peter Hennemann and Xenia & Matthäus Conle Accepted by B. Mantovani: 29 Jul. 2008; published: 15 Oct. 2008 3 5.4 Subfamily Lonchodinae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 ......................................................................................... 73 5.4.1 Lonchodini Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 ........................................................................................................... 75 5.4.2 Neohiraseini trib. nov. ............................................................................................................................... 78 5.5 Keys to the tribes of Clitumninae and Lonchodinae ............................................................................................ 79 6 Revision of the tribe Pharnaciini Günther, 1953 ............................................................................................................ 80 6.1 Genus Baculonistria gen. nov. ............................................................................................................................. 85 6.2 Genus Pharnacia Stål, 1877 ................................................................................................................................ 95 6.3 Genus Phobaeticus Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907............................................................................................... 129 6.4 Genus Phryganistria Stål, 1875 ......................................................................................................................... 199 6.5 Genus Tirachoidea Brunner v. Wattenwyl , 1893 stat. rev. ................................................................................ 218 7 Species incertus sedis ................................................................................................................................................... 252 8 Discussion of Pharnaciini Günther, 1953 ..................................................................................................................... 252 8.1 Biogeography ..................................................................................................................................................... 257 8.2 Habitats & ecology ............................................................................................................................................. 261 9 Taxonomic summary .................................................................................................................................................... 262 9.1 New taxa and new names ..................................................................................................................................
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