SYMBOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY ANTH 4135/6135

Tuesday, Thursday 2:00-3:20 GC 2560 Copyright © 2018 by Bojka Milicic This syllabus cannot be reproduced or posted on the Internet without author’s permission.

Hung Shing Temple, Kau Sai Chau Island, Hong Kong Territory © B. Milicic

Instructor: Bojka Milicic, Ph.D., Associate Professor-Lecturer E-mail: [email protected] Office: Gardner Commons 4558 (Department of Anthropology) Office hours: Tuesday, Thursday 1-2.

This course is accessible to all majors.

Description: Anthropologists and other social and behavioral scientists often debate the interaction between nature and culture. This course argues that the foundation of human culture is based on our capacity to produce symbols. Culture cannot exist without symbols. We will explore the anthropological approach to various facets of symbolism and meaning by looking at both human biological make up and cultural variation. The course provides the basis for an understanding of the unity of the human mind and describes and explains cross-cultural differences. The basic theoretical assumption is that universal cognitive processes organize our perception of the world, while each culture chooses a particular interpretation through its worldview or cosmology. This hypothesis will be tested on ethnographic examples.

We will review classic theories, models, and ethnographies as well as the recent findings, on symbolic communication in anthropology, archaeology, linguistics, and cognitive studies with examples ranging from prehistory to the cotemporary Western culture. We will study the symbolism of colors, food, animals, human body, gender, art, myth, ritual, and politics. We will examine the symbolic meanings in the worldviews of the native Pueblos of the American Southwest, China, India, Mexico, central and South Africa, Iceland, Jewish culture, Polynesia, and mainstream American cultures.

General goals: 1) Global Cultural diversity: Students will be able to identify and understand, symbolic behavior in cultural areas vastly different from the United States.

2) Applying knowledge to Contemporary Global Context: Students will learn how to analyze and interpret culturally constructed systems of meaning. Students will be able to cross-reference and apply knowledge acquired in this class to the wide range of fields such as linguistics, psychology, human biology, history, philosophy, marketing, literature, and art.

3) Intercultural Knowledge – Cultural Self – Awareness: Students will develop a sense of cultural self-awareness through selected ethnographic examples from a number of different cultures. Students will search for patterns that on the one hand reveal human universal, while on the other hand they will examine cultural variations in terms of environmental, historical, economic, and social contexts.

4) Knowledge of Cultural Worldview Framework: The basic theoretical assumption for this course is that universal cognitive processes organize our perception of the world, while each culture chooses a particular interpretation through its worldview. For their research projects students will explore how people in other cultures shape their worldview.

5) Global Perspective Taking: Students will acquire knowledge about basic cognitive tools and processes that humans use in communication. They will explore how these cognitive tools enabled the human species to inhabit the world.

Specific Course objectives: At the end of this course students • will acquire knowledge about basic cognitive tools and processes that humans use in communication. • will acquire knowledge about models, theories, and ethnographies in cultural anthropology as well as important work in the area of physical anthropology and human cognition. • will learn how to integrate knowledge about human universals as outcomes of natural selection with culturally constructed meanings • will be able to analyze and interpret systems of meaning across a wide range of cultures • will learn how to do independent research, construct an argument, analyze data and apply the knowledge acquired in this class in the term research paper. • will be able to cross-reference and apply knowledge acquired in this class across the wide range of fields such as linguistics, psychology, human biology, history, philosophy, marketing and business, literature, and art.

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Texts: Barber, E. W. & Barber, P.T. 2006. When They Severed Earth from Sky: How the Human Mind Shapes Myth. Princeton University Press Ortiz, Alfonso. 1969. The Tewa World. University of Chicago Press. Additional Readings on Canvas

Teaching philosophy and methods:

Teaching is a process of exchanging and engaging thoughts. It is giving and receiving. This class consists of lectures, several films shown in class and strongly encouraged discussions. How to get a good grade in this class: Read this syllabus carefully! Attend class! Try to read the assigned chapters ahead of class! Download presentations in Canvas before exams! Take additional notes in class! Plan your term paper well in advance! Use the class material in your paper! Ask questions and participate in discussions! Talk to me if you have any problems. You can earn extra credit points for regular attendance, interest, and class participation. It is students’ responsibility to ask about notes, exams and other information about missed classes! Students are strongly encouraged to communicate with the instructor and pick up their exams.

Exams and grades Three exams (two in-class midterms and final in-class exam 100 points each).

• Research paper (5-6 pages, 1.5 space, Times 12, 100 points, Word doc). Term paper is a project based on students’ individual interests. You may team up with a group of up to 4 students. All team members get the same grade; one paper/team, upload in Canvas.

• The paper is graded on: 1. Content: well-formulated argument, good examples, application of knowledge gained in this class (70 points.) 2. Style: organization, spelling, concise writing, proper use of references (30 points). The instructor will provide detailed guidelines for writing the paper on our Canvas page.

Papers obtained/copied on the Internet and references to non-scholarly sources from the Internet are not acceptable. Papers written for another class are not acceptable. Plagiarism will result in failing the class.

• Presentation: Students will present their research in class, 20 points.

• Outline: One page paper term paper outline and bibliography (at least 2 scholarly sources) is worth additional 20 points.

• Participation in class brings additional points. Late exams/paper/presentation: If your exam, term paper or presentation is turned in late, 5 points will be subtracted for each day. Exam deadlines can be changed and make-up exams allowed only under special circumstances or granted with a doctor’s note.

• The semester grade is calculated as percentage of 440 possible points or the highest score in class.

Graduate students:

• Three exams, 100 points each (see above!) • In-class presentation of one class readings, 40 points. • In-class presentation of the research paper, 20 • Research paper outline 20 points. • Research paper (6-7 pages, Times 12, 1.5 space, word doc.)100 points.

• Graduate students are expected and strongly encouraged to participate in class! The grade is calculated as a percentage of 460 points

Plagiarism Software Policy: Your professor may elect to use a plagiarism detection service in this course, in which case you will be required to submit your paper to such a service as part of your assignment. GRADE DISTRIBUTION A 100-95% A- 94-90% B+ 89-85% B 84-80% B- 76-80 C+ 71-75, C 70-67% , C- 66-63 D+ 62-59% D 58-54 % D- 53-50 E 49% and below

IMPORTANT DATES: EXAM 1. Tuesday, February 12 EXAM 2. Tuesday, March 26 PAPER OUTLINE DUE: Friday, March 29 (upload on canvas)

TERM PAPER DUE: Saturday, April 27

FINAL EXAM: to be announced according to the U of U final exam schedule

Non-Contract Note.“Note: The syllabus is not a binding legal contract. It may be modified by the instructor when the student is given reasonable notice of the modification. “ Common courtesy: Out of courtesy to students and the instructor please do not walk out and in of the class to make phone calls, etc., unless urgent. Please use your laptops during class only for this class needs. PLEASE TURN OFF YOUR CELL PHONES IN CLASS!Please do not use your laptops in class for the purpose other than this class.

LECTURE TOPICS AND READINGS:

WEEK 1. 1/8, 10. Introduction: What makes us human? Human and animal communication. Definitions: signs, icons, indices, and symbols Reading: Pagel, M. 2017. Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care? BMC Biology 15:64, WEEK 2. 1/15, 17. Your brain on metaphors. Readings: Pinker, S. 2007. The Stuff of Thought. The metaphor metaphor. Ch.9. In: Pinker, S., The stuff of thought. Penguin. Lakoff, G. and M. Johnson 1980. Metaphors we live by. U of Chicago Press: Chpts. 1-4. Marriott Library course reserve web page. Film: All in the mind WEEK 3. 1/22, 24 The human mind and the first symbolic representations in prehistory. The rock art of the San of South Africa. The logic of symbolic classification and social organization. Readings: Read, D. and M. Leaf, 2012. The organizational Rubicon of the Upper Paleolithic. (From: Human Thought and Social Organization: Anthropology on a new plane. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books) Lewis-Williams, D. 2002. The Mind in the Cave: Southern African rock art. (From: The mind in the cave. London: Thames&Hudson.) Marriott Library course reserve web page. Durkheim, E. and Mauss, M. 1963. Primitive classification. London: Cohen and West. Pp. 67-88.

WEEK 4. 1/29, 31. Practicing religion in Hong Kong. The colored world: biology and culture. Readings: Liu, Tik-Sang, 2003. Nameless religion in Hong Kong. (From: China Quarterly). Marriott Library course reserve web page.Film: Temples of Hong Kong (Instructor’s video) Lakoff, G. 1987. Radial categories Ch.6. (From: Women, fire, and dangerous things. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press) Marriott Library course reserve web page. Lakoff, G. 1987. Women, Fire, and dangerous things. Chicago: Chicago University Press. Film: Hong Kong temples STUDENT PRSENTATIONS BEGIN WEEK 5. 2/5, 7. The world in color. Gender: two or more? How the human mind conceptualizes gender. Readings: Milicic, B. 1989. A group model of Ndembu color symbolism. (From: Semiotica) Marriott Library course reserve web page. Nanda, S. 1994.Hijras: An alternative sex and gender role in India. (From: Herdt, G. Third sex, third gender. Zone books.)

FIRST EXAM FEBRUARY 12 WEEK 6. 2/12, 14. The mind and myth making. Readings: Barber E. and P. Barber, 2004.myth. Chps. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 WEEK 7. 2/19, 21 The mind and myth making. Analogy: our brain’s best talent. Myth making principles and cognitive tools. Metaphoric reality Readings: Barber and Barber, Chpts. 6, 7, 8, 9.10 Student presentations WEEK 8. 2/26, 28. The mind and mythmaking: Mnemonics. Hat is in the stars? Readings: Barber and Barber Chps. 11, 12, 14, 15, 16

WEEK 9. 3/5, 7 The Tewa of the American Southwest and their worldview: The myth of origin. Dual organization. Human and supernatural categories. \ Readings: Ortiz, F. The Tewa World (textbook) Chpts. 1, 2, 3 4 Student presentations WEEK 10. 3/10-17 SPRING BREAK

SECOND EXAM: MARCH 26

WEEK 11. 3/19, 21. Tewa ritual cycle. Readings: The Tewa. Chpts. 5, 6. Student presentations WEEK 12. 3/26, 28 Symbolizing animals: the jaguar and Tezcatlipoca. The idea of fish in Iceland. Saunders, J. 1994. Tezcatlipoca: jaguar metaphors and the Aztec mirror of nature. (From: Signifying animals: Human meaning in the natural world. Roy Willis, ed. London and New York). Palsons, G. 1994. The idea of fish: land and sea in the Icelandic world-view. (From: Signifying animals: Human meaning in the natural world. Roy Willis, ed. London and New York: Routledge). Student presentation WEEK 13. 4/2, 4 ymbolizing animals: the pangolin. Dirt is disorder. Food is not only good to eat, but also good to think: food prohibitions in ancient Israel. Classification of clean and unclean. Douglas, M. 1975. Animals in Lele religious symbolism. (From: Implicit meanings: essays in anthropology. London and New York: Routledge). Douglas, M.1966, Purity and Danger: :The rules of Leviticues (From: Purity and Danger: An analysis of concept of pollution and taboo. London and New York: Routledge) Student presentatiosn WEEK 14. 4/9, 11. Food is good to think in India too: food, the caste system, and social distance. The art of tattooing: introduction. Readings: Dumont, L. 1980. Homo Hierarchicus. Chapter 4: Rules concerning contact and food. The caste system and its rules (From: Homo Hierarchicus. Chicago: Chicago University Press) Gell, A. 1993. Ch. Western Polynesia and Fiji, (From: Wrapping in images Oxford: Clarendon Press Student presentation WEEK 15. 4/16, 18. The art of tattooing: Symbolism, myth, social structure, and tattooing as a means of cultural reproduction. Western and Eastern Polynesia .Gell, A. 1993. Outer Eastern Polynesia. (From: Wrapping in images. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Student presentations

WEEK 16. 4/23. The art of Tattooing: Eastern Polynesia continues. Conclusions. .Gell, A. 1993. Outer Eastern Polynesia. (From: Wrapping in images. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

TERM PAPER DUE Saturday, April 27

FINAL EXAM : to be announced according to the U of U final exam schedule