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The Uranium-Vanadium Deposits of the Uravan Mineral Belt and Adjacent Areas, Colorado and Utah William L

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The Uranium-Vanadium Deposits of the Uravan Mineral Belt and Adjacent Areas, Colorado and Utah William L New Mexico Geological Society Downloaded from: http://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/32 The uranium-vanadium deposits of the Uravan Mineral Belt and adjacent areas, Colorado and Utah William L. Chenoweth, 1981, pp. 165-170 in: Western Slope (Western Colorado), Epis, R. C.; Callender, J. F.; [eds.], New Mexico Geological Society 32nd Annual Fall Field Conference Guidebook, 337 p. This is one of many related papers that were included in the 1981 NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebook. Annual NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebooks Every fall since 1950, the New Mexico Geological Society (NMGS) has held an annual Fall Field Conference that explores some region of New Mexico (or surrounding states). Always well attended, these conferences provide a guidebook to participants. Besides detailed road logs, the guidebooks contain many well written, edited, and peer-reviewed geoscience papers. These books have set the national standard for geologic guidebooks and are an essential geologic reference for anyone working in or around New Mexico. Free Downloads NMGS has decided to make peer-reviewed papers from our Fall Field Conference guidebooks available for free download. Non-members will have access to guidebook papers two years after publication. Members have access to all papers. This is in keeping with our mission of promoting interest, research, and cooperation regarding geology in New Mexico. However, guidebook sales represent a significant proportion of our operating budget. Therefore, only research papers are available for download. Road logs, mini-papers, maps, stratigraphic charts, and other selected content are available only in the printed guidebooks. Copyright Information Publications of the New Mexico Geological Society, printed and electronic, are protected by the copyright laws of the United States. No material from the NMGS website, or printed and electronic publications, may be reprinted or redistributed without NMGS permission. Contact us for permission to reprint portions of any of our publications. One printed copy of any materials from the NMGS website or our print and electronic publications may be made for individual use without our permission. Teachers and students may make unlimited copies for educational use. Any other use of these materials requires explicit permission. This page is intentionally left blank to maintain order of facing pages. New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 32nd Field Conference, Western Slope Colorado, 1981 165 THE URANIUM-VANADIUM DEPOSITS OF THE URAVAN MINERAL BELT AND ADJACENT AREAS, COLORADO AND UTAH WILLIAM L. CHENOWETH U.S. Department of Energy Grand Junction, Colorado 81502 INTRODUCTION This paper is intended to present a brief overview of the geologic The Salt Wash Member of the Morrison Formation of Jurassic age setting of the deposits, to review the geologic investigations, and contains economic deposits of uranium and vanadium minerals in to summarize the development of the mining industry in the area. western Colorado, southeastern Utah, northeastern Arizona, and northwestern New Mexico. These deposits have accounted for GEOLOGIC SETTING nearly 13 percent of the United States' uranium production. The The Uravan mineral belt, as defined by the U.S. Geological most productive deposits are in a relatively small area in south- Survey (USGS) in 1952, is an elongate area in southwestern Colo- western Colorado that is referred to as the Uravan mineral belt. In- rado wherein uranium-vanadium deposits in the Salt Wash Mem- cluded with the Uravan mineral belt in this overview are the ber of the Morrison Formation "generally have closer spacing, following adjacent areas: Thompson, Moab, La Sal, and Dry Valley larger size, and higher grade than those in adjacent areas and the (fig. 1). region as a whole" (Fischer and Hilpert, 1952, p. 3). The belt in- 166 CHENOWETH cludes the Gateway, Uravan, Bull Canyon, Gypsum Valley, and themselves, but contain high-grade pods of ore within larger Slick Rock districts (fig. 1). mines (Thamm and others, 1981, p. 47). The Salt Wash Member consists of interbedded fluvial sandstone and floodplain-type mudstone units. The sandstone beds crop out Within an ore body, uranium and vanadium minerals coat sand in three to eight cliffs or "rims" with the mudstone units forming grains, fill interstices, and replace organic material, feldspar, slopes. The uppermost sandstone, or rim, contains the majority of calcite, and quartz. In unoxidized ore bodies, the principal the ore deposits, but deposits do occur in the lower sandstones. A uranium minerals are uraninite and coffinite. The main uranium few deposits occur in coarse conglomeratic sandstones in the minerals in oxidized ores are tyuyamunite, metatyuyamunite, and lower part of the overlying Brushy Basin Member. Records of the carnotite. Although the oxidized ores are called carnotite deposits, Grand Junction Office of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) the mineral carnotite is not as abundant as tyuyamunite (S. R. show that production has been derived from nearly 1,200 individ- Austin, personal communication, 1978). Vanadium clays, con- ual properties within the area. sisting largely of chlorite and/or hydromica, are the main vanadium Individual deposits or groups of deposits are localized within minerals in both oxidized and unoxidized ores and deposits. Mon- reduced permeable, carbonaceous Salt Wash sandstones. Many of troseite is present in the unoxidized ores and corvusite is common the deposits in the Uravan area are within well-defined, sandstone- in the partly oxidized deposits. The oxidation of vanadium forms a filled paleostream channels which are several hundred meters series of vanadate minerals which include: tyuyamunite, meta- wide and up to a few kilometers long. The tabular ore bodies tyuyam unite, carnotite, hewettite, metahewettite, pascoite, typically are elongated parallel to sedimentary trends, and are concordant with the bedding. The ore averages about 1.2 m thick, rauvite, rossite, metarossite, fervanite, and hummerite. The min- but in a few places ore thicknesses approaching 9 m have been eralogy of the Salt Wash ores is summarized by Weeks and others mined. Individual ore bodies may be connected by weakly miner- (1959). Generally the amount of vanadium exceeds the uranium in alized rock, but generally the boundary of ore and barren rock is ratios ranging from 3:1 to 10:1. Ores mined in the area have abrupt. Figure 2, a plan view of the Deremo Mine in the Slick Rock averaged 5:1. Within the Uravan mineral belt, the vanadium in- area, illustrates the typically erratic distribution of ore bodies and creases southward from Gateway (3:1) to Slick Rock (8:1). These the relatively small size of individual stopes. The mineralized area ratios are based on uranium production since 1947 and include at the Deremo was defined by surface holes drilled on 61-m both oxidized and unoxidized ores. With a few local exceptions, centers, but most of the ore has been found by mining and close- both oxidized and unoxidized ores are in radioactive equilibrium. spaced underground drilling (Thamm and others, 1981, p. 36). GEOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS Ore bodies ranging from a few tons to large masses containing Geologic investigations of the uranium-vanadium deposits of more than one million tonnes of ore tend to be clustered within southwestern Colorado and southeastern Utah began about 1900 elongated favorable areas a few kilometers long by several hun- and have continued to the present. As a result, an extremely large dred meters wide. Average production from these elongated number of reports have been written on the area. The majority of favorable areas has ranged from a few hundred thousand tonnes these reports are the results of studies by the USGS and the U.S. of ore to a few million tonnes of ore. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) during the uranium boom of the Although most of the mineralized zones in the Salt Wash are 1950s. Nelson-Moore and others (1978) have compiled a bibliog- tabular and concordant with bedding, the ore in some deposits raphy of uranium reports in Colorado, which includes some re- abruptly crosses bedding in smooth curves to form rolls. The rolls ports in the adjacent parts of Utah. in plan view are generally narrow, not more than a few meters During World War II, the Union Mines Development Corpora- wide, sinuous, and decidedly elongated parallel to local sedimen- tion, contractor to the Army Corps of Engineers, systematically tary structures, major channels, or axes of greatest permeability. studied the deposits as part of a general uranium resource Most rolls are C- or S-shaped in cross section, but various other apprais- al of the Colorado Plateau. This work resulted in a series of shapes have been reported. The term "roll" was originally used by miners to describe district reports complete with mine maps and detailed descriptions of mineralization that cuts sharply across bedding features, and was in- dividuals deposits. These reports were open-filed by the AEC adopted by Fischer (1942). This use predated the discovery of the in the 1950s and 1960s. roll-type deposits in Wyoming, and its application to Salt Wash Subsequent district studies include: Thompson (Stokes, 1952), La deposits is more descriptive than generic. Sal Creek (Carter and Gualtieri, 1965), and Slick Rock (Shawe and Some small, high-grade ore bodies consist of fossil logs and pod- others, 1959). like accumulations of carbonaceous material replaced with ura- One of the earliest regional summaries was written by Coffin nium and vanadium minerals. Fossil logs may be as large as 15 m (1921) during the radium era. Included with this report was a long and 1 m in diameter. reconnaissance geologic map of the carnotite region of south- Sedimentary features exert a strong control on the shape and dis- western Colorado. In 1958, Wood and Lekas (1958) published a tribution of the Salt Wash deposits. On a broad scale, clusters or brief summary of the uranium geology and economics of the Ura- trends of deposits are associated with major sedimentary channels van mineral belt.
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