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Archivos Do Museu Nacional Do Rio De Janeiro ISSN 0365-4508 Nunquam aliud natura, aliud sapienta dicit Juvenal, 14, 321 In silvis academi quoerere rerum, Quamquam Socraticis madet sermonibus Ladisl. Netto, ex Hor RIO DE JANEIRO Outubro/Dezembro 2004 Arquivos do Museu Nacional Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Reitor Aloísio Teixeira Museu Nacional Diretor Sérgio Alex K. Azevedo Editores Pro Tempore Miguel Algel Monné Barrios Ulisses Caramaschi Editores de Área Alexander Wilhelm Armin Kellner Cátia Antunes de Mello Patiu Ciro Alexandre Ávila Débora de Oliveira Pires Gabriel Luiz Figueira Mejdalani Isabel Cristina Alves Dias João Alves de Oliveira Marcelo Araújo de Carvalho Maria Dulce Barcellos Gaspar de Oliveira Marília Lopes da Costa Facó Soares Rita Scheel Ybert Vânia Gonçalves Lourenço Esteves Normalização Vera de Figueiredo Barbosa Diagramação e Arte-final Lia Ribeiro Conselho Editorial André Pierre Prous-Poirier Maria Carlota Amaral Paixão Rosa Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro David G. Reid Maria Helena Paiva Henriques The Natural History Museum - Reino Unido Universidade de Coimbra - Portugal David John Nicholas Hind Maria Marta Cigliano Royal Botanic Gardens - Reino Unido Universidad Nacional La Plata - Argentina Fábio Lang da Silveira Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues Universidade de São Paulo Universidade de São Paulo François M. Catzeflis Miriam Lemle Institut des Sciences de VÉvolution - França Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Gustavo Gabriel Politis Paulo A. D. DeBlasis Universidad Nacional dei Centro - Argentina Universidade de São Paulo John G. Maisey Philippe Taquet Americam Museun of Natural Flistory - EUA Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle - França Jorge Carlos Delia Favera Rosana Moreira da Rocha Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Universidade Federal do Paraná J. Van Remsen Suzanne K. Fish Louisiana State University - EUA University of Arizona - EUA Maria Antonieta da Conceição Rodrigues W. Ronald Heyer Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Smithsonian Institution - EUA ARQUIVOS DO MUSEU NACIONAL VOLUME 62 NÚMERO 4 OUTUBRO/DEZEMBRO 2004 RIO DE JANEIRO Arq. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro v. 62 n.4 p.341-572 out./dez.2004 ISSN 0365-4508 Arquivos do Museu Nacional, mais antigo periódico Arquivos do Museu Nacional, the oldest Brazilian scientific científico do Brasil (1876), é uma publicação trimestral publication (1876), is issued every three months (March, (março, junho, setembro e dezembro), com tiragem de June, September and December). It is edited by Museu 1000 exemplares, editada pelo Museu Nacional/ Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, with a Universidade Federal do Rio de janeiro. Tem por circulation of 1000 copies. Its purpose is the edition of finalidade publicar artigos científicos inéditos nas áreas unpublished scientific articles in the areas of Anthropology, de Antropologia, Arqueologia, Botânica, Geologia, Archaeology, Botany, Geology, Paleontology and Zoology. Paleontologia e Zoologia. Está indexado nas seguintes It is indexed in the following bases of bibliographical data: bases de dados bibliográficos: Biological Abstracts, ISI - Biological Abstracts, ISI - Thomson Scientific, Ulrich's Thomson Scientific, Ulrich'5 International Periodicals International Periodicals Directory, Zoological Record, Directory, Zoological Record, NISC Colorado e Periódica. NISC Colorado and Periódica. As normas para preparação dos manuscritos encontram- Instructions for the preparation of the manuscripts are se disponíveis em cada número dos Arquivos e em available in each edition of the publication and at htttp://acd.ufrj.br/~museuhp/publ.htm. Os artigos http://acd.ufrj.br/~museuhp/publ.htm. The articles são avaliados por, pelo menos, dois especialistas na área are reviewed, at least, by two specialists in the area envolvida e que, eventualmente, pertencem ao Conselho that may, eventually, belong to the Editorial Board. Editorial. O conteúdo dos artigos é de responsabilidade The authors are totally responsible for the content of exclusiva do(s) respectivo(s) autor(es). the texts. Os manuscritos deverão ser encaminhados para Museu The manuscripts should be sent to Museu Nacional/ Nacional/UFRj, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, UFRJ, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, 20940-040, 20940-040, Rio de janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Financiamento CNPq Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico © 2004 - Museu Nacional/UFRJ Arquivos do Museu Nacional - vol.l (1876) - Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional. Trimestral Até o v.59, 2001, periodicidade irregular ISSN 0365-4508 1. Ciências Naturais - Periódicos. I. Museu Nacional (Brasil). CDD 500.1 TmnrronnnjfnnnrTi nnniiituiíiüífflnnni Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, v.62, n.4, p.343-356, out./dez.2004 ISSN 0365-4508 TEORIA E MÉTODOS EM ANTRACOLOGIA. 2 - TÉCNICAS DE CAMPO E DE LABORATÓRIO 1 (Com 4 figuras) RITA SCHEEL-YBERT 2 RESUMO: Este artigo dá continuação a uma série de textos sobre a metodologia antracológica adaptada às regiões tropicais. São apresentadas as técnicas de trabalho de campo e de laboratório, em particular o modo de depósito dos carvões de origem arqueológica, amostragem antracológica, concentração do material, constituição de coleções de referência, utilização de bancos de dados antracológicos, determinação dos carvões e dimensão dos fragmentos identificados, assim como uma discussão sobre amostras flotadas, considerando os fragmentos que bóiam e o refugo de peneira. Palavras-chave: antracologia, carvão, banco de dados, microscopia, flotação. ABSTRACT: Theory and methods in anthracology. 2 - Field and laboratory techniques. This paper presents a suite to a series of articles on the anthracological methodology in the tropics. We discuss here the techniques of field and laboratory work, especially the way archaeological charcoal is deposited, anthracological sampling, concentration of the material, constitution of reference collections, use of charcoal data-bases, charcoal determination, and dimension of charcoal pieces that can be identified, as well as a discussion on the flotation technique. Key words: anthracology, archaeological charcoal, data-base, microscopy, flotation. INTRODUÇÃO parte dos trabalhos foi realizada em regiões mediterrâneas e temperadas da Europa (CHABAL, A identificação de espécies a partir de material 1988, 1997; HEINZ, 1990; BADAL-GARCIA & carbonizado é bastante antiga (HEER, 1866; HEINZ, 1991; THÉRY-PARISOT, 2001) e, em menor PREJAWA, 1896; BREUIL, 1903), mas o método grau, nos Estados Unidos (SMART & HOFFMAN, utilizado na época, a confecção e análise de lâminas 1988). Uma grande parte dos princípios finas, era lento e difícil, e as pesquisas não podiam estabelecidos por estes autores pode ser aplicada almejar à reconstituição paleoambiental. A aos estudos de antracologia tropical, mas a utilização da microscopia de luz refletida definição de procedimentos metodológicos (WESTERN, 1963; VERNET, 1973) possibilitou a adaptados aos trópicos é muito importante, devido multiplicação das análises antracológicas, às especificidades de seus diversos ambientes. facilitando o estudo dos carvões e propiciando o A antracologia é uma disciplina relativamente nova desenvolvimento de abordagens paleoecológicas e no Brasil (SCHEEL, GASPAR & YBERT, 1996a, paleoetnológicas, além de ensejar a realização de 1996b; SCHEEL-YBERT, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001; pesquisas metodológicas. SCHEEL-YBERT et al, 2003), onde a necessidade Este desenvolvimento levou os pesquisadores a de adaptação da metodologia de coleta de campo aprimorar também os métodos de amostragem no se fez sentir desde os primeiros trabalhos. Até hoje, campo, assim como a aprofundar uma série de ainda é raro que os arqueólogos brasileiros coletem questionamentos teóricos sobre a pertinência e a os carvões de modo sistemático, pois este material validade dos estudos antracológicos (cf. SCHEEL- costuma ser considerado exclusivamente como YBERT, 2004). Ainda que a preocupação com a uma possível fonte de datações radiocronológicas. análise metodológica tenha se desenvolvido muito Esta atitude, aliás, não é restrita à arqueologia entre os antracólogos nas últimas décadas, a maior brasileira, e foi observada também em Portugal 1 Submetido em 10 de fevereiro de 2004. Aceito em 22 de novembro de 2004. Apoio financeiro: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq - PROFIX n° 540207/01-2) e da Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ - E-26/152.430/02: Projeto “Soberanos da Costa”, coordenado por M.D.Gaspar) 2 Museu Nacional/UFRJ, Departamento de Antropologia. Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, 20940-040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]. 344 R. SCHEEL-YBERT (FIGUEIRAL, 1994) e na Itália (FIORENTINO, 1995), especial mas que podem ser reconhecidos no campo por exemplo. a partir de critérios arqueológicos. As estruturas Este artigo tem como objetivo ressaltar a contendo carvões concentrados sempre devem ser importância da coleta sistemática dos carvões e coletadas separadamente, pois seu estudo oferece apresentar aos arqueólogos e futuros antracólogos importantes informações paleoetnológicas. brasileiros uma metodologia adaptada. Em regiões temperadas, considera-se que as interpretações paleoecológicas devem ser baseadas TÉCNICAS DE CAMPO exclusivamente nos fragmentos de carvões dispersos. Não só estes fragmentos recobrem um 1. Modo de depósito dos carvões período de atividades mais longo, mas principalmente porque se considera que o estudo A metodologia de amostragem antracológica
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