DOCSLIB.ORG

Whole Brain Emulation a Roadmap

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Whole Brain Emulation a Roadmap Whole Brain Emulation A Roadmap (2008) Technical Report #2008‐3 Anders Sandberg* Nick Bostrom Future of Humanity Institute Faculty of Philosophy & James Martin 21st Century School Oxford University CITE: Sandberg, A. & Bostrom, N. (2008): Whole Brain Emulation: A Roadmap, Technical Report #2008‐3, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford University URL: www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/reports/2008‐3.pdf (*) Corresponding author: [email protected] In memoriam: Bruce H. McCormick (1930 – 2007) 2 Contents Whole Brain Emulation............................................................................................................................1 A Roadmap ................................................................................................................................................1 In memoriam: Bruce H. McCormick (1930 – 2007)...........................................................................2 Contents..................................................................................................................................................3 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................5 Thanks to............................................................................................................................................6 The concept of brain emulation..........................................................................................................7 Emulation and simulation...............................................................................................................7 Little need for whole‐system understanding...............................................................................8 Levels of emulation and success criteria.....................................................................................10 Scale separation...............................................................................................................................12 Simulation scales.............................................................................................................................13 WBE assumptions...........................................................................................................................15 Roadmap ..............................................................................................................................................16 Requirements...................................................................................................................................16 Linkages............................................................................................................................................19 Roadmap ..........................................................................................................................................20 Technology drivers.........................................................................................................................23 Uncertainties and alternatives......................................................................................................24 Alternative pathways.....................................................................................................................27 Related technologies and spin‐offs..............................................................................................28 Issues.....................................................................................................................................................30 Emulation systems..........................................................................................................................30 Complications and exotica ............................................................................................................31 Summary ..........................................................................................................................................39 Scanning ...............................................................................................................................................40 Embedding, fixation and staining techniques ...........................................................................52 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................53 Image processing and scan interpretation......................................................................................55 Geometric adjustment....................................................................................................................55 Noise removal .................................................................................................................................56 Data interpolation...........................................................................................................................56 Cell tracing.......................................................................................................................................57 Synapse identification....................................................................................................................59 Identification of cell types .............................................................................................................60 Estimation of parameters for emulation.....................................................................................61 Connectivity identification............................................................................................................62 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................63 Neural simulation...............................................................................................................................64 How much neuron detail is needed?...........................................................................................64 Neural models.................................................................................................................................66 Simulators ........................................................................................................................................70 Parallel simulation..........................................................................................................................70 Current large‐scale simulations....................................................................................................71 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................72 Body simulation ..................................................................................................................................74 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................75 Environment simulation....................................................................................................................76 3 Vision ................................................................................................................................................76 Hearing.............................................................................................................................................77 Smell and Taste ...............................................................................................................................77 Haptics..............................................................................................................................................77 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................78 Computer requirements ....................................................................................................................79 Conclusions......................................................................................................................................81 Validation.............................................................................................................................................82 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................83 Appendix A: Estimates of the computational capacity/demands of the human brain ..........84 Appendix B: Computer Performance Development ....................................................................86 Processing Power............................................................................................................................86 Memory ............................................................................................................................................95 Disc drives........................................................................................................................................97 Future................................................................................................................................................98 Appendix C: Large‐scale neural network simulations...............................................................101
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Against Transhumanism the Delusion of Technological Transcendence
    Edition 1.0 Against Transhumanism The delusion of technological transcendence Richard A.L. Jones Preface About the author Richard Jones has written extensively on both the technical aspects of nanotechnology and its social and ethical implications; his book “Soft Machines: nanotechnology and life” is published by OUP. He has a first degree and PhD in physics from the University of Cam- bridge; after postdoctoral work at Cornell University he has held positions as Lecturer in Physics at Cambridge University and Profes- sor of Physics at Sheffield. His work as an experimental physicist concentrates on the properties of biological and synthetic macro- molecules at interfaces; he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2006 and was awarded the Institute of Physics’s Tabor Medal for Nanoscience in 2009. His blog, on nanotechnology and science policy, can be found at Soft Machines. About this ebook This short work brings together some pieces that have previously appeared on my blog Soft Machines (chapters 2,4 and 5). Chapter 3 is adapted from an early draft of a piece that, in a much revised form, appeared in a special issue of the magazine IEEE Spectrum de- voted to the Singularity, under the title “Rupturing the Nanotech Rapture”. Version 1.0, 15 January 2016 The cover picture is The Ascension, by Benjamin West (1801). Source: Wikimedia Commons ii Transhumanism, technological change, and the Singularity 1 Rapid technological progress – progress that is obvious by setting off a runaway climate change event, that it will be no on the scale of an individual lifetime - is something we take longer compatible with civilization.
    [Show full text]
  • SFRA Newsletter 259/260
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Digital Collection - Science Fiction & Fantasy Digital Collection - Science Fiction & Fantasy Publications 12-1-2002 SFRA ewN sletter 259/260 Science Fiction Research Association Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/scifistud_pub Part of the Fiction Commons Scholar Commons Citation Science Fiction Research Association, "SFRA eN wsletter 259/260 " (2002). Digital Collection - Science Fiction & Fantasy Publications. Paper 76. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/scifistud_pub/76 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Digital Collection - Science Fiction & Fantasy at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Digital Collection - Science Fiction & Fantasy Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. #2Sfl60 SepUlec.JOOJ Coeditors: Chrlis.line "alins Shelley Rodrliao Nonfiction Reviews: Ed "eNnliah. fiction Reviews: PhliUp Snyder I .....HIS ISSUE: The SFRAReview (ISSN 1068- 395X) is published six times a year Notes from the Editors by the Science Fiction Research Christine Mains 2 Association (SFRA) and distributed to SFRA members. Individual issues are not for sale. For information about SFRA Business the SFRA and its benefits, see the New Officers 2 description at the back of this issue. President's Message 2 For a membership application, con­ tact SFRA Treasurer Dave Mead or Business Meeting 4 get one from the SFRA website: Secretary's Report 1 <www.sfraorg>. 2002 Award Speeches 8 SUBMISSIONS The SFRAReview editors encourage Inverviews submissions, including essays, review John Gregory Betancourt 21 essays that cover several related texts, Michael Stanton 24 and interviews. Please send submis­ 30 sions or queries to both coeditors.
    [Show full text]
  • A High-Stringency Blueprint of the Human Proteome
    Providence St. Joseph Health Providence St. Joseph Health Digital Commons Articles, Abstracts, and Reports 10-16-2020 A high-stringency blueprint of the human proteome. Subash Adhikari Edouard C Nice Eric W Deutsch Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA. Lydie Lane Gilbert S Omenn See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.psjhealth.org/publications Part of the Genetics and Genomics Commons Recommended Citation Adhikari, Subash; Nice, Edouard C; Deutsch, Eric W; Lane, Lydie; Omenn, Gilbert S; Pennington, Stephen R; Paik, Young-Ki; Overall, Christopher M; Corrales, Fernando J; Cristea, Ileana M; Van Eyk, Jennifer E; Uhlén, Mathias; Lindskog, Cecilia; Chan, Daniel W; Bairoch, Amos; Waddington, James C; Justice, Joshua L; LaBaer, Joshua; Rodriguez, Henry; He, Fuchu; Kostrzewa, Markus; Ping, Peipei; Gundry, Rebekah L; Stewart, Peter; Srivastava, Sanjeeva; Srivastava, Sudhir; Nogueira, Fabio C S; Domont, Gilberto B; Vandenbrouck, Yves; Lam, Maggie P Y; Wennersten, Sara; Vizcaino, Juan Antonio; Wilkins, Marc; Schwenk, Jochen M; Lundberg, Emma; Bandeira, Nuno; Marko-Varga, Gyorgy; Weintraub, Susan T; Pineau, Charles; Kusebauch, Ulrike; Moritz, Robert L; Ahn, Seong Beom; Palmblad, Magnus; Snyder, Michael P; Aebersold, Ruedi; and Baker, Mark S, "A high-stringency blueprint of the human proteome." (2020). Articles, Abstracts, and Reports. 3832. https://digitalcommons.psjhealth.org/publications/3832 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Providence St. Joseph Health
    [Show full text]
  • An Evolutionary Heuristic for Human Enhancement
    18 TheWisdomofNature: An Evolutionary Heuristic for Human Enhancement Nick Bostrom and Anders Sandberg∗ Abstract Human beings are a marvel of evolved complexity. Such systems can be difficult to enhance. When we manipulate complex evolved systems, which are poorly understood, our interventions often fail or backfire. It can appear as if there is a ‘‘wisdom of nature’’ which we ignore at our peril. Sometimes the belief in nature’s wisdom—and corresponding doubts about the prudence of tampering with nature, especially human nature—manifest as diffusely moral objections against enhancement. Such objections may be expressed as intuitions about the superiority of the natural or the troublesomeness of hubris, or as an evaluative bias in favor of the status quo. This chapter explores the extent to which such prudence-derived anti-enhancement sentiments are justified. We develop a heuristic, inspired by the field of evolutionary medicine, for identifying promising human enhancement interventions. The heuristic incorporates the grains of truth contained in ‘‘nature knows best’’ attitudes while providing criteria for the special cases where we have reason to believe that it is feasible for us to improve on nature. 1.Introduction 1.1. The wisdom of nature, and the special problem of enhancement We marvel at the complexity of the human organism, how its various parts have evolved to solve intricate problems: the eye to collect and pre-process ∗ Oxford Future of Humanity Institute, Faculty of Philosophy and James Martin 21st Century School, Oxford University. Forthcoming in Enhancing Humans, ed. Julian Savulescu and Nick Bostrom (Oxford: Oxford University Press) 376 visual information, the immune system to fight infection and cancer, the lungs to oxygenate the blood.
    [Show full text]
  • Mind-Crafting: Anticipatory Critique of Transhumanist Mind-Uploading in German High Modernist Novels Nathan Jensen Bates a Disse
    Mind-Crafting: Anticipatory Critique of Transhumanist Mind-Uploading in German High Modernist Novels Nathan Jensen Bates A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2018 Reading Committee: Richard Block, Chair Sabine Wilke Ellwood Wiggins Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Germanics ©Copyright 2018 Nathan Jensen Bates University of Washington Abstract Mind-Crafting: Anticipatory Critique of Transhumanist Mind-Uploading in German High Modernist Novels Nathan Jensen Bates Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Richard Block Germanics This dissertation explores the question of how German modernist novels anticipate and critique the transhumanist theory of mind-uploading in an attempt to avert binary thinking. German modernist novels simulate the mind and expose the indistinct limits of that simulation. Simulation is understood in this study as defined by Jean Baudrillard in Simulacra and Simulation. The novels discussed in this work include Thomas Mann’s Der Zauberberg; Hermann Broch’s Die Schlafwandler; Alfred Döblin’s Berlin Alexanderplatz: Die Geschichte von Franz Biberkopf; and, in the conclusion, Irmgard Keun’s Das Kunstseidene Mädchen is offered as a field of future inquiry. These primary sources disclose at least three aspects of the mind that are resistant to discrete articulation; that is, the uploading or extraction of the mind into a foreign context. A fourth is proposed, but only provisionally, in the conclusion of this work. The aspects resistant to uploading are defined and discussed as situatedness, plurality, and adaptability to ambiguity. Each of these aspects relates to one of the three steps of mind- uploading summarized in Nick Bostrom’s treatment of the subject.
    [Show full text]
  • Technological Singularity
    TECHNOLOGICAL SINGULARITY BY VERNOR VINGE The original version of this article was presented at the VISION-21 Symposium sponsored by NASA Lewis Research Center and the Ohio Aerospace Institute, March 30-31, 1993. It appeared in the winter 1993 Whole Earth Review --Vernor Vinge Except for these annotations (and the correction of a few typographical errors), I have tried not to make any changes in this reprinting of the 1993 WER essay. --Vernor Vinge, January 2003 1. What Is The Singularity? The acceleration of technological progress has been the central feature of this century. We are on the edge of change comparable to the rise of human life on Earth. The precise cause of this change is the imminent creation by technology of entities with greater-than-human intelligence. Science may achieve this breakthrough by several means (and this is another reason for having confidence that the event will occur): * Computers that are awake and superhumanly intelligent may be developed. (To date, there has been much controversy as to whether we can create human equivalence in a machine. But if the answer is yes, then there is little doubt that more intelligent beings can be constructed shortly thereafter.) * Large computer networks (and their associated users) may wake up as superhumanly intelligent entities. * Computer/human interfaces may become so intimate that users may reasonably be considered superhumanly intelligent. * Biological science may provide means to improve natural human intellect. The first three possibilities depend on improvements in computer hardware. Actually, the fourth possibility also depends on improvements in computer hardware, although in an indirect way.
    [Show full text]
  • N38wr [Read Now] Oceanic (English Edition) Online
    n38wr [Read now] Oceanic (English Edition) Online [n38wr.ebook] Oceanic (English Edition) Pdf Free Par Greg Egan audiobook | *ebooks | Download PDF | ePub | DOC Download Now Free Download Here Download eBook Détails sur le produit Rang parmi les ventes : #280493 dans eBooksPublié le: 2009-09-24Sorti le: 2009-09- 24Format: Ebook Kindle | File size: 50.Mb Par Greg Egan : Oceanic (English Edition) before purchasing it in order to gage whether or not it would be worth my time, and all praised Oceanic (English Edition): Commentaires clientsCommentaires clients les plus utiles0 internautes sur 0 ont trouvé ce commentaire utile. Sci-Fi genre to explore human psychologyPar jmbfrIt may not be usual for Mr. Egan, but this book is less about hard science- fiction than the exploration of the human psychology and emotions.I was surprised by Oceanic but it turned out to express much of my inner thoughts about religion and faith.0 internautes sur 0 ont trouvé ce commentaire utile. De la SF moderne!Par ALEXANDREDe la SF moderne, qui part de l'état connu de la science et qui extrapole.C'est puissant, riche, philosophique, très bien écrit...Un auteur à découvrir! Présentation de l'éditeurCollected together here for the first time are twelve stories by the incomparable Greg Egan, one of the most exciting writers of science fiction working today.In these dozen glimpses into the future Egan continues to explore the essence of what it is to be human, and the nature of what - and who - we are, in stories that range from parables of contemporary human conflict
    [Show full text]
  • Prepare for the Singularity
    Prepare for the Singularity The definition of man's uniqueness has always formed the kernel of his cosmological and ethical systems. With Copernicus and Galileo, he ceased to be the species located at the center of the universe, attended by sun and stars. With Darwin, he ceased to be the species created and specially endowed by God with soul and reason. With Freud, he ceased to be the species whose behavior was—potentially—governable by rational mind. As we begin to produce mechanisms that think and learn, he has ceased to be the species uniquely capable of complex, intelligent manipulation of his environment. I am confident that man will, as he has in the past, find a new way of describing his place in the universe—a way that will satisfy his needs for dignity and for purpose. But it will be a way as different from the present one as was the Copernican from the Ptolemaic. —Herbert Simon Whether you think Herb is the successor to Copernicus, Galileo, Darwin, and Freud, and whatever you think about the Singularity, you must admit that technology is moving at a fast, accelerating pace, perhaps challenging humans’ pre-eminence as the vessels of intelligence. As Computer Science drives artificial intelligence forward, we should understand its impact. Figure 1.Kurzweil’s Projection Hans Moravec first suggested that intelligent robots would inherit humanity’s intelligence and carry it forward. Many people now talk about it seriously, e.g. the Singularity Summits. Academics like theoretical physicist David Deutsch and philosopher David Chalmers, have written about it.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    Index affordances 241–2 apps 11, 27–33, 244–5 afterlife 194, 227, 261 Ariely, Dan 28 Agar, Nicholas 15, 162, 313 Aristotle 154, 255 Age of Spiritual Machines, The 47, 54 Arkin, Ronald 64 AGI (Artificial General Intelligence) Armstrong, Stuart 12, 311 61–86, 98–9, 245, 266–7, Arp, Hans/Jean 240–2, 246 298, 311 artificial realities, see virtual reality AGI Nanny 84, 311 Asimov, Isaac 45, 268, 274 aging 61, 207, 222, 225, 259, 315 avatars 73, 76, 201, 244–5, 248–9 AI (artificial intelligence) 3, 9, 12, 22, 30, 35–6, 38–44, 46–58, 72, 91, Banks, Iain M. 235 95, 99, 102, 114–15, 119, 146–7, Barabási, Albert-László 311 150, 153, 157, 198, 284, 305, Barrat, James 22 311, 315 Berger, T.W. 92 non-determinism problem 95–7 Bernal,J.D.264–5 predictions of 46–58, 311 biological naturalism 124–5, 128, 312 altruism 8 biological theories of consciousness 14, Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud 40–1 104–5, 121–6, 194, 312 Andreadis, Athena 223 Blackford, Russell 16–21, 318 androids 44, 131, 194, 197, 235, 244, Blade Runner 21 265, 268–70, 272–5, 315 Block, Ned 117, 265 animal experimentationCOPYRIGHTED 24, 279–81, Blue Brain MATERIAL Project 2, 180, 194, 196 286–8, 292 Bodington, James 16, 316 animal rights 281–2, 285–8, 316 body, attitudes to 4–5, 222–9, 314–15 Anissimov, Michael 12, 311 “Body by Design” 244, 246 Intelligence Unbound: The Future of Uploaded and Machine Minds, First Edition. Edited by Russell Blackford and Damien Broderick.
    [Show full text]
  • The Transhumanist Reader Is an Important, Provocative Compendium Critically Exploring the History, Philosophy, and Ethics of Transhumanism
    TH “We are in the process of upgrading the human species, so we might as well do it E Classical and Contemporary with deliberation and foresight. A good first step is this book, which collects the smartest thinking available concerning the inevitable conflicts, challenges and opportunities arising as we re-invent ourselves. It’s a core text for anyone making TRA Essays on the Science, the future.” —Kevin Kelly, Senior Maverick for Wired Technology, and Philosophy “Transhumanism has moved from a fringe concern to a mainstream academic movement with real intellectual credibility. This is a great taster of some of the best N of the Human Future emerging work. In the last 10 years, transhumanism has spread not as a religion but as a creative rational endeavor.” SHU —Julian Savulescu, Uehiro Chair in Practical Ethics, University of Oxford “The Transhumanist Reader is an important, provocative compendium critically exploring the history, philosophy, and ethics of transhumanism. The contributors anticipate crucial biopolitical, ecological and planetary implications of a radically technologically enhanced population.” M —Edward Keller, Director, Center for Transformative Media, Parsons The New School for Design A “This important book contains essays by many of the top thinkers in the field of transhumanism. It’s a must-read for anyone interested in the future of humankind.” N —Sonia Arrison, Best-selling author of 100 Plus: How The Coming Age of Longevity Will Change Everything IS The rapid pace of emerging technologies is playing an increasingly important role in T overcoming fundamental human limitations. The Transhumanist Reader presents the first authoritative and comprehensive survey of the origins and current state of transhumanist Re thinking regarding technology’s impact on the future of humanity.
    [Show full text]
  • Spike-Based Bayesian-Hebbian Learning in Cortical and Subcortical Microcircuits
    Spike-Based Bayesian-Hebbian Learning in Cortical and Subcortical Microcircuits PHILIP J. TULLY Doctoral Thesis Stockholm, Sweden 2017 TRITA-CSC-A-2017:11 ISSN 1653-5723 KTH School of Computer Science and Communication ISRN-KTH/CSC/A-17/11-SE SE-100 44 Stockholm ISBN 978-91-7729-351-4 SWEDEN Akademisk avhandling som med tillstånd av Kungl Tekniska högskolan framläg- ges till offentlig granskning för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen i datalogi tisdagen den 9 maj 2017 klockan 13.00 i F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Kungl Tekniska högskolan, Valhallavägen 79, Stockholm. © Philip J. Tully, May 2017 Tryck: Universitetsservice US AB iii Abstract Cortical and subcortical microcircuits are continuously modified throughout life. Despite ongoing changes these networks stubbornly maintain their functions, which persist although destabilizing synaptic and nonsynaptic mechanisms should osten- sibly propel them towards runaway excitation or quiescence. What dynamical phe- nomena exist to act together to balance such learning with information processing? What types of activity patterns do they underpin, and how do these patterns relate to our perceptual experiences? What enables learning and memory operations to occur despite such massive and constant neural reorganization? Progress towards answering many of these questions can be pursued through large- scale neuronal simulations. Inspiring some of the most seminal neuroscience exper- iments, theoretical models provide insights that demystify experimental measure- ments and even inform new experiments. In this thesis, a Hebbian learning rule for spiking neurons inspired by statistical inference is introduced. The spike-based version of the Bayesian Confidence Propagation Neural Network (BCPNN) learning rule involves changes in both synaptic strengths and intrinsic neuronal currents.
    [Show full text]
  • Denys I. Bondar
    Updated on July 15, 2020 Denys I. Bondar Assistant Professor, Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Tulane University, 2001 Percival Stern Hall, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA 70118 office: 4031 Percival Stern Hall e-mail: [email protected] phone: +1 (504) 862 8701 web: Google Scholar, Research Gate, ORCiD Education Ph. D. in Physics 01/2007{12/2010 Department of Physics and Astronomy, • University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Ph. D. thesis [arXiv:1012.5334]: supervisor: Misha Yu. Ivanov; co-supervisor: Wing-Ki Liu M. Sc. and B. Sc. in Physics with Honors 09/2001{06/2006 • Uzhgorod National University, Uzhgorod, Ukraine B. Sc. in Computer Science 09/2001{06/2006 • Transcarpathian State University, Uzhgorod, Ukraine Awards, Grants, and Scholarships Young Faculty Award DARPA 2019{2021 Army Research Office (ARO) grant W911NF-19-1-0377 2019{2021 Defense University Research Instrumentation Program (DURIP) 2018 Humboldt Research Fellowship for Experienced Researchers 2017-2020 Air Force Young Investigator Research Program 2016-2019 Los Alamos Director's Fellowship (declined) 2013 President's Graduate Scholarship (University of Waterloo) 2010 Ontario Graduate Scholarship 2010 International Doctoral Student Awards (University of Waterloo) 2007-2010 Award of Recognition at the All-Ukrainian Contest of Students' Scientific Works 2006 Current Research Interests • Quantum technology • Optics including quantum, ultrafast, nonlinear, and incoherent • Optical communication and sensing • Nonequilibrium quantum statistical mechanics 1 • Many-body
    [Show full text]