Lecture 9 Jan 22 2015 Coccidia.Pdf
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Coccidiosis in Large and Small Ruminants
Coccidiosis in Large and Small Ruminants a, b Sarah Tammy Nicole Keeton, PhD, MS *, Christine B. Navarre, DVM, MS KEYWORDS Coccidia Coccidiosis Diarrhea Ruminants Cattle Sheep Goats Ionophores KEY POINTS Coccidiosis is an important parasitic disease of ruminant livestock caused by the proto- zoan parasite of the genus Eimeria. Calves between 6 and 12 months of age and lambs and kids between 1 and 6 months of age are most susceptible. Subclinical disease is characterized by poor growth. Clinical disease is most commonly characterized by diarrhea. Control of coccidiosis is based on sound management, the use of preventive medications, and treatment of clinical cases as necessary. INTRODUCTION: NATURE OF THE PROBLEM Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease of vertebrate animals, including domestic ruminants.1 It is economically significant, with losses from both clinical and subclinical disease. Coccidiosis is caused by the protozoan parasite of the genus Eimeria. Eimeria are host specific, meaning that an Eimeria species that infect goats does not infect sheep or cattle and vice versa. Certain species of Eimeria are nonpathogenic and do not cause disease. The pathogenic species and sites of infection are listed in Table 1. Mixed infections with multiple pathogenic and nonpathogenic species is common. LIFE CYCLE Proper treatment and control of coccidiosis requires an understanding of the complex life cycle and transmission of Eimeria spp (Fig. 1). The life cycle can be divided into Disclosure: The authors have nothing to disclose. a Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; b LSU AgCenter, School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University, 111 Dalrymple Bldg, 110 LSU Union Square, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-0106, USA * Corresponding author. -
Development of a Canine Coccidiosis Model and the Anticoccidial Effects of a New Chemotherapeutic Agent
DEVELOPMENT OF A CANINE COCCIDIOSIS MODEL AND THE ANTICOCCIDIAL EFFECTS OF A NEW CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENT Sheila Mitchell Dissertation submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences David S. Lindsay Anne M. Zajac Nammalwar Sriranganathan Sharon G. Witonsky Byron L. Blagburn April 11, 2008 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: Apicomplexa, coccidia, canine, animal model, monozoic cyst, cell culture, Toxoplasma gondii, treatment DEVELOPMENT OF A CANINE COCCIDIOSIS MODEL AND THE ANTICOCCIDIAL EFFECTS OF A NEW CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENT Sheila Mitchell ABSTRACT Coccidia are obligate intracellular parasites belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa. Many coccidia are of medical and veterinary importance such as Cystoisospora species and Toxoplasma gondii. The need to discover new anticoccidial therapies has increased due to development of resistance by the parasite or toxicity issues in the patient. The goals of this work were to develop a model for canine coccidiosis while proving that Cystoisospora canis is a true primary pathogen in dogs and to determine the efficacy of a new anticoccidial agent. A canine coccidiosis model would be useful in evaluating new anticoccidial treatments. Oral infections with 5 X 104 (n=2) and 1 X 105 (n=20) sporulated C. canis oocysts were attempted in 22 purpose bred beagle puppies. Clinical signs associated with disease were observed in all dogs. Bacterial and viral pathogens were ruled out by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and bacterial growth assays. Development of C. canis in cell culture was also evaluated. The efficacy of ponazuril, a new anticoccidial drug, was examined in T. -
(Alveolata) As Inferred from Hsp90 and Actin Phylogenies1
J. Phycol. 40, 341–350 (2004) r 2004 Phycological Society of America DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03129.x EARLY EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF DINOFLAGELLATES AND APICOMPLEXANS (ALVEOLATA) AS INFERRED FROM HSP90 AND ACTIN PHYLOGENIES1 Brian S. Leander2 and Patrick J. Keeling Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Program in Evolutionary Biology, Departments of Botany and Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Three extremely diverse groups of unicellular The Alveolata is one of the most biologically diverse eukaryotes comprise the Alveolata: ciliates, dino- supergroups of eukaryotic microorganisms, consisting flagellates, and apicomplexans. The vast phenotypic of ciliates, dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and several distances between the three groups along with the minor lineages. Although molecular phylogenies un- enigmatic distribution of plastids and the economic equivocally support the monophyly of alveolates, and medical importance of several representative members of the group share only a few derived species (e.g. Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Perkinsus, and morphological features, such as distinctive patterns of Pfiesteria) have stimulated a great deal of specula- cortical vesicles (syn. alveoli or amphiesmal vesicles) tion on the early evolutionary history of alveolates. subtending the plasma membrane and presumptive A robust phylogenetic framework for alveolate pinocytotic structures, called ‘‘micropores’’ (Cavalier- diversity will provide the context necessary for Smith 1993, Siddall et al. 1997, Patterson -
Feline—Aerosol Transmission
Feline—Aerosol Transmission foreign animal disease zoonotic disease Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) Aspergillus spp. Bordetella bronchiseptica Calicivirus (FCV) Canine Parvovirus 2 Chlamydophila felis Coccidioides immitis Cryptococcus neoformans Feline Distemper (Feline Panleukopenia, Feline Parvovirus) Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (FRV) Glanders (Burkholderia mallei) Hendra Virus Histoplasma capsulatum Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei) Nipah Virus Plague (Yersinia pestis) Pneumocystis carinii Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii) Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium spp.) www.cfsph.iastate.edu Feline—Oral Transmission foreign animal disease zoonotic disease Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) Babesia spp. Botulism (Clostridium botulinum) Campylobacter jejuni Canine Parvovirus 2 Coccidiosis (Isospora spp.) Cryptosporidium parvum Escherichia coli (E. coli) Feline Coronavirus (FCoV) Feline Distemper (Feline Panleukopenia, Feline Parvovirus) Feline Immunodefi ciency Virus (FIV) Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) Giardia spp. Glanders (Burkholderia mallei) Helicobacter pylori Hookworms (Ancylostoma spp.) Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.) Listeria monocytogenes Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei) Pseudorabies Roundworms (Toxocara spp.) Salmonella spp. Strongyles (Strongyloides spp.) Tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum, Echinococcus spp.) Toxoplasma gondii Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium spp.) Tularemia (Francisella tularensis) Whipworms (Trichuris campanula) www.cfsph.iastate.edu -
Microbial Growth
7 Microbial Growth 1 7.1 Reproductive strategies 1. Describe binary fission as observed in bacteria and archaea 2. Compare the three reproductive strategies used by bacteria other than binary fission 2 Reproductive Strategies • The reproductive strategies of eukaryotic microbes – asexual and sexual, haploid or diploid • Bacteria and Archaea – haploid only, asexual - binary fission, budding, filamentous – all must replicate and segregate the genome prior to division 3 4 7.2 Bacterial cell cycle 1. Summarize the two major events in a typical bacterial cell cycle 2. State the functions of cytoskeletal proteins in a typical bacterial cell cycle and in determining cell shape 5 Bacterial Cell Cycle • Cell cycle is sequence of events from formation of new cell through the next cell division – most bacteria divide by binary fission • Two pathways function during cycle – DNA replication and partition – cytokinesis 6 Chromosome Replication and Partitioning - 1 • Most bacterial chromosomes are circular • Single origin of replication – site at which replication begins • Terminus – site at which replication is terminated, located opposite of the origin • Replisome – group of proteins needed for DNA synthesis • DNA replication proceeds in both directions from the origin • Origins move to opposite ends of the cell 7 8 Chromosome Partitioning • Replisome pushes, or condensation of, daughter chromosomes to opposite ends • MreB (murein cluster B) – an actin homolog, plays role in determination of cell shape as spiral inside cell periphery, and chromosome -
Chromochloris Zofingiensis (Chlorophyceae) Divides By
biology Article Chromochloris zofingiensis (Chlorophyceae) Divides by Consecutive Multiple Fission Cell-Cycle under Batch and Continuous Cultivation Idan Koren, Sammy Boussiba , Inna Khozin-Goldberg and Aliza Zarka * Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boker Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel; [email protected] (I.K.); [email protected] (S.B.); [email protected] (I.K.-G.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: Microalgae are plant-like micro-organisms naturally found in fresh and marine water environments, inhabiting a vast range of ecosystems. They capture light energy through photosynthesis and convert low energy inorganic compounds (carbon dioxide and water) into high energy complex organic compounds, such as carbohydrates and fats. Chromochloris zofingiensis is a unicellular microalga currently under intensive research, due to its ability to produce high value pharmaceutical and nutritional pigments. Understanding its growth characteristics is crucial for the establishment of an efficient commercial production of those pigments from this alga. Thus, we have developed a method to stain the nucleus of the alga which enabled us to follow the division pattern under commonly used cultivation methods. We found that C. zofingiensis cells conduct consecutive Citation: Koren, I.; Boussiba, S.; DNA synthesis and divisions of the nucleus to produce 8 or 16 nuclei before it divides into 8 or Khozin-Goldberg, I.; Zarka, A. 16 daughter cells, respectively. Under high light illumination, the whole process lasts several days, Chromochloris zofingiensis through which cells grow during the light period and divide during the dark period. -
Sexual Development in Plasmodium Parasites: Knowing When It’S Time to Commit
REVIEWS VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES Sexual development in Plasmodium parasites: knowing when it’s time to commit Gabrielle A. Josling1 and Manuel Llinás1–4 Abstract | Malaria is a devastating infectious disease that is caused by blood-borne apicomplexan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. These pathogens have a complex lifecycle, which includes development in the anopheline mosquito vector and in the liver and red blood cells of mammalian hosts, a process which takes days to weeks, depending on the Plasmodium species. Productive transmission between the mammalian host and the mosquito requires transitioning between asexual and sexual forms of the parasite. Blood- stage parasites replicate cyclically and are mostly asexual, although a small fraction of these convert into male and female sexual forms (gametocytes) in each reproductive cycle. Despite many years of investigation, the molecular processes that elicit sexual differentiation have remained largely unknown. In this Review, we highlight several important recent discoveries that have identified epigenetic factors and specific transcriptional regulators of gametocyte commitment and development, providing crucial insights into this obligate cellular differentiation process. Trophozoite Malaria affects almost 200 million people worldwide and viewed under the microscope, it resembles a flat disc. 1 A highly metabolically active and causes 584,000 deaths annually ; thus, developing a After the ring stage, the parasite rounds up as it enters the asexual form of the malaria better understanding of the mechanisms that drive the trophozoite stage, in which it is far more metabolically parasite that forms during development of the transmissible form of the malaria active and expresses surface antigens for cytoadhesion. the intra‑erythrocytic developmental cycle following parasite is a matter of urgency. -
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Second- and Third-Generation Merozoites of Eimeria Necatrix
Su et al. Parasites & Vectors (2017) 10:388 DOI 10.1186/s13071-017-2325-z RESEARCH Open Access Comparative transcriptome analysis of second- and third-generation merozoites of Eimeria necatrix Shijie Su1,2,3, Zhaofeng Hou1,2,3, Dandan Liu1,2,3, Chuanli Jia1,2,3, Lele Wang1,2,3, Jinjun Xu1,2,3 and Jianping Tao1,2,3* Abstract Background: Eimeria is a common genus of apicomplexan parasites that infect diverse vertebrates, most notably poultry, causing serious disease and economic losses. Eimeria species have complex life-cycles consisting of three developmental stages. However, the molecular basis of the Eimeria reproductive mode switch remains an enigma. Methods: Total RNA extracted from second- (MZ-2) and third-generation merozoites (MZ-3) of Eimeria necatrix was subjected to transcriptome analysis using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) followed by qRT-PCR validation. Results: A total of 6977 and 6901 unigenes were obtained from MZ-2 and MZ-3, respectively. Approximately 2053 genes were differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between MZ-2 and MZ-3. Compared with MZ-2, 837 genes were upregulated and 1216 genes were downregulated in MZ-3. Approximately 95 genes in MZ-2 and 48 genes in MZ-3 were further identified to have stage-specific expression. Gene ontology category and KEGG analysis suggested that 216 upregulated genes in MZ-2 were annotated by 70 GO assignments, 242 upregulated genes were associated with 188 signal pathways, while 321 upregulated genes in MZ-3 were annotated by 56 GO assignments, 322 upregulated genes were associated with 168 signal pathways. The molecular functions of upregulated genes in MZ-2 were mainly enriched for protein degradation and amino acid metabolism. -
Zoonotic Diseases Associated with Free-Roaming Cats R
Zoonoses and Public Health REVIEW ARTICLE Zoonotic Diseases Associated with Free-Roaming Cats R. W. Gerhold1 and D. A. Jessup2 1 Center for Wildlife Health, Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA 2 California Department of Fish and Game (retired), Santa Cruz, CA, USA Impacts • Free-roaming cats are an important source of zoonotic diseases including rabies, Toxoplasma gondii, cutaneous larval migrans, tularemia and plague. • Free-roaming cats account for the most cases of human rabies exposure among domestic animals and account for approximately 1/3 of rabies post- exposure prophylaxis treatments in humans in the United States. • Trap–neuter–release (TNR) programmes may lead to increased naı¨ve populations of cats that can serve as a source of zoonotic diseases. Keywords: Summary Cutaneous larval migrans; free-roaming cats; rabies; toxoplasmosis; zoonoses Free-roaming cat populations have been identified as a significant public health threat and are a source for several zoonotic diseases including rabies, Correspondence: toxoplasmosis, cutaneous larval migrans because of various nematode parasites, R. Gerhold. Center for Wildlife Health, plague, tularemia and murine typhus. Several of these diseases are reported to Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and cause mortality in humans and can cause other important health issues includ- Fisheries, The University of Tennessee, ing abortion, blindness, pruritic skin rashes and other various symptoms. A Knoxville, TN 37996-4563, USA. Tel.: 865 974 0465; Fax: 865-974-0465; E-mail: recent case of rabies in a young girl from California that likely was transmitted [email protected] by a free-roaming cat underscores that free-roaming cats can be a source of zoonotic diseases. -
Scope Specification of Coccidiosis in the Poultry on Researchers
International Journal of Avian & Wildlife Biology Review Article Open Access Scope specification of coccidiosis in the poultry on researchers Abstract Volume 5 Issue 2 - 2020 The poultry is important in Socio economy of the worlds. Poultry gave us many valuable Mushtak Mohamoud Cisman, Zainab Abdi products such meat and egg that important in nutritional value and health status. The poultry defined small scale keeping for many rural and livelihood in their household income.They Ahmed, Hoodo Ali Mohamoud, Abdulrazak prefer to keep in different condition such as free range extensive, backyard, semi intensive Tahir Awale, Hamze Suleiman H Nour and intensive in their chickens because the poultry provide the household income for the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hargeisa University, Hargeisa, Somaliland sale of live birds and eggs. According to consumption of poultry provide valuable source of protein in the diet. The farmer prefers for raising poultry in their rapid growth and Correspondence: Hamze Suleiman H Nour, Faculty of their daily product. As many diseases challenged in the production and productivity as Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary well the health status of poultry like other livestock disease. Also, there is gastrointestinal Medicine, Hargeisa University, Hargeisa, College of Veterinary parasites that endemic in many countries of the world. These parasitic diseases of poultry Science, Department Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle include coccidiosis. The coccidia Eimeria. This Eimeria live and replicate intestinal mucosa University, Mekelle Ethiopia. Ministry of Livestock and Fishier then caused damage. This Eimeria cause destructive absorption of the intestine leading Development, Hargeisa Somaliland, Tel +252634756262, dehydration and blood loss, and cause immune suppression and cause infection with other Email opportunistic bacterial infections. -
A Novel Rhoptry Protein As Candidate Vaccine Against Eimeria Tenella Infection
Article A Novel Rhoptry Protein as Candidate Vaccine against Eimeria tenella Infection Xingju Song 1,2, Xu Yang 1,2, Taotao Zhang 1,2, Jing Liu 1,2 and Qun Liu 1,2,* 1 National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; [email protected] (X.S.); [email protected] (X.Y.); [email protected] (T.Z.); [email protected] (J.L.) 2 Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 25 July 2020; Accepted: 10 August 2020; Published: 12 August 2020 Abstract: Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) is a highly pathogenic and prevalent species of Eimeria that infects chickens, and it causes a considerable disease burden worldwide. The secreted proteins and surface antigens of E. tenella at the sporozoite stage play an essential role in the host–parasite interaction, which involves attachment and invasion, and these interactions are considered vaccine candidates based on the strategy of cutting off the invasion pathway to interrupt infection. We selected two highly expressed surface antigens (SAGs; Et-SAG13 and Et-SAG) and two highly expressed secreted antigens (rhoptry kinases Eten5-A, Et-ROPK-Eten5-A and dense granule 12, Et-GRA12) at the sporozoite stage. Et-ROPK-Eten5-A and Et-GRA12 were two unexplored proteins. Et-ROPK-Eten5-A was an E. tenella-specific rhoptry (ROP) protein and distributed in the apical pole of sporozoites and merozoites. Et-GRA12 was scattered in granular form at the sporozoite stage. -
Cell Life Cycle and Reproduction the Cell Cycle (Cell-Division Cycle), Is a Series of Events That Take Place in a Cell Leading to Its Division and Duplication
Cell Life Cycle and Reproduction The cell cycle (cell-division cycle), is a series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication. The main phases of the cell cycle are interphase, nuclear division, and cytokinesis. Cell division produces two daughter cells. In cells without a nucleus (prokaryotic), the cell cycle occurs via binary fission. Interphase Gap1(G1)- Cells increase in size. The G1checkpointcontrol mechanism ensures that everything is ready for DNA synthesis. Synthesis(S)- DNA replication occurs during this phase. DNA Replication The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself. Semiconservative Replication The process in which the DNA molecule uncoils and separates into two strands. Each original strand becomes a template on which a new strand is constructed, resulting in two DNA molecules identical to the original DNA molecule. Gap 2(G2)- The cell continues to grow. The G2checkpointcontrol mechanism ensures that everything is ready to enter the M (mitosis) phase and divide. Mitotic(M) refers to the division of the nucleus. Cell growth stops at this stage and cellular energy is focused on the orderly division into daughter cells. A checkpoint in the middle of mitosis (Metaphase Checkpoint) ensures that the cell is ready to complete cell division. The final event is cytokinesis, in which the cytoplasm divides and the single parent cell splits into two daughter cells. Reproduction Cellular reproduction is a process by which cells duplicate their contents and then divide to yield multiple cells with similar, if not duplicate, contents. Mitosis Mitosis- nuclear division resulting in the production of two somatic cells having the same genetic complement (genetically identical) as the original cell.