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Aging out of the Foster Care System

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Aging out of the Foster Care System Finding a Family for a Lifetime Aging Out of the Foster Care System BY JENNIFER KEITH FERGUSON, J.D. Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Everyone needs the support and love of a family, regardless of age. Throughout our lives, we depend on our families in both good times and bad. They help us through the bad times such as illness or loss of a job, and they help us celebrate the good times such as birthdays and graduations. Unfortunately, over 200 Arkansas children left foster care last year without ever finding that support. These children turned 18 and “aged out” of the child welfare system. The state is no longer responsible for their care. At this point, they have to tackle life on their own. While many of these children have learned to be resourceful, they do not have the support of a family to teach them skills and help with the transition to adulthood. Research shows that children who age out of the system without a permanent family are more likely to experience a myriad of problems such as pregnancy and parenthood at an early age, homelessness, lack of a high school education, unem- ployment, criminal involvement, and mental health issues.1 January 2008 Very few of us are ready to tackle the world at the age of 18, in fact, census data show that a majority of young adults continue to live with their parents.2 Last year over 200 Our families provide not only emotional support, but financial support as we children aged out of continue with our education, or work in low paying entry level jobs that do not pay enough for groceries, rent, medical care, and other basic needs. For the Arkansas foster foster children age 14 to 17, the Division of Children and Family Services care system without offers the Independent Living Program that provides some of this support in the form of resources for basic life skills training. A limited amount of after- a permanent family. care services are available to children who have reached 18, including assis- tance with finding a place to live. There is also limited funding available for help with college or vocational school tuition, or a GED program. Unfortunately, there is not enough money for all who apply to continue their education. In this report, we provide a series of recommendations that include providing more funding for education and the following: Ensure that no child ages out of the system without permanent relationships with supportive adults. Enhance life skills training to make sure all areas of the state can provide comprehensive training to prepare these children for adulthood. Make sure all children receive a basic-life skills initial assessment and re-assessment every six months. Expand Medicaid, as allowed by federal law, to include former foster children through their 21st birthday so that they have access to health care. Make sure that all children are involved in all aspects of their planning. All children deserve a family for a lifetime. It is up to all of us to encourage policymakers and state officials to do more for these children. 2 INTRODUCTION Tina and Tracy are sisters who entered the Arkansas foster care system when they were 12 and 13. Their mother was in an abusive relationship and could not care for them, and their father and stepmother did not want the girls living with them anymore. The girls were abandoned and placed in the Division of Children and Family Services’ (DCFS) custody. After being in shelters and foster homes, they were placed in the foster home of the Smith family, where they remained until they turned 18. Tina and Tracy consider the Smiths their family and have always intro- duced the Smiths as their mom and dad. It is the ongoing relationships both between the sisters, and with the Smiths, that are of impor- tance. Although Tracy, the older sister, has had a more difficult time after turning 18, both girls have benefited from the strong ties they have maintained with each other and those that they have formed with their foster parents. Tina continues to receive financial assistance through the child welfare system and is able to live in an apartment and attend a community college while working part-time. Tracy married early, but the girls Representing just have maintained close contact with each other and live in the same neighborhood. Tina continues to have a very close relationship with the Smiths and sees them one-fifth of the several times a week. Even though the Smiths have younger biological children to child population in care for, they have been able to help prepare the sisters for adulthood, and provide ongoing support after they turned 18. Arkansas, African- Like Tina and Tracy, every child who leaves the foster care system at 18 should American kids have permanent family connections. These connections can be with close or accounted for over extended family members such as sisters, brothers, grandparents, aunt, uncles, cousins, or they can be with other supportive adults such as foster parents, teach- one-third of the ers, or coaches who can serve as mentors. They should also be taught basic life child population skills such as how to cook meals, wash clothes, open a bank account, and pay bills. Unfortunately, many children who age out of the foster care system at 18 who aged out of the do not have these essential family or supportive adult connections or skills. foster care system. This issue brief will examine the demographics of the children who aged out of the Arkansas child welfare system last year, and discuss the services that are available to them before and after age 18. It will also suggest ways to help these children as they transition to adulthood. Our hope is that every child in the foster care system can have the necessary preparation for adulthood and find a permanent family before leaving the child welfare system. Like our own children, these children deserve a family for a lifetime. Aging Out of the Foster Care System – Where We Are Now The annual number of Arkansas children aging out of the foster care system without a perma- nent family has grown slightly over the last five state fiscal years (July – June) from 180 to 216. Even though this number represents a very small portion of the number of children in foster care in any given year, these numbers add up over time and these are the children who are most at risk. The statewide average for the length of stay in foster care for these children was three years and five months. African American children were overrepresented in the percentage of children who age out of the foster care system at 1 in 3. Thirty-five percent of the 216 children were African Americans, and according to the latest census data, African American children (0 – 18) represent 21 percent of the overall population.3 ARKANSAS ADVOCATES FOR CHILDREN AND FAMILIES 3 When a child is removed from his or her family and enters the foster care system, a goal is established for the case by DCFS. Depending on the circumstances of the child and family, this goal may include reunification with the birth family, guardianship or permanent custody, adop- tion, or another planned permanent living arrangement that includes independent living ser- vices and a plan for supervision and nurturing the child will receive. This last goal is obviously intended for older children in the system, and it means that DCFS is no longer trying to reunify them with their current families or find adoptive families. While it is important to prepare them for adulthood, DCFS should continue to try to find adoptive families for these children if they cannot be reunified. Unfortunately, only 57 of the 216 children who aged out of the foster care system had their caregivers’ rights terminated, which is the first legal step that must be taken for them to even be eligible for adoption. Independent Living To prepare these foster children for adulthood, DCFS, like all states, has the Independent Living Program, which provides basic life skills training. To be eligible, the foster teen must be 14 years of age or older. The number of children participating in the Independent Living Pro- gram has grown from 683 to 1,001 over the last five Federal Fiscal Years (October – September). In order to participate, the child’s DCFS family service worker must perform an initial assess- ment for basic life skills and refer the teen for such services. According to DCFS policy, foster teens already in the system should be provided an initial assessment for basic life skills levels when they reach age 14. If a teen enters foster care after age 14, he or she should be assessed within 30 days after entry. All teens ages 16 to 17 should be reassessed at 6 month intervals after the initial assessment to determine acquisition of transitional life skills. In Federal Fiscal Year 2007, 903 assessments were completed, but it is not known how many children were actually assessed since teens between ages 16 and 17 should be reassessed each six months. In Arkansas, children can leave foster care at the age of 18 or they have the option of remaining in care until 21, if they have a viable plan for education or treatment. In addition, if a child leaves foster care at the age of 18, he or she can return to the court’s jurisdiction to receive independent living services. Below is the number of children, grouped by age from 14 to 21, who participated in the Youths participating in the 277 Independent Living Program (28%) in 2007 (by age) 254 145 228 (25%) (14%) (23%) 57 40 (6%) (4%) Age 21+ 19 18 17 16 14-15 4 Independent Living Program in Federal Fiscal Year 2007.
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