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Humboldt Penguin Spheniscus Humboldti Population in Chile: Counts of Moulting Birds, February 1999–2008
Wallace & Araya: Humboldt Penguin population in Chile 107 HUMBOLDT PENGUIN SPHENISCUS HUMBOLDTI POPULATION IN CHILE: COUNTS OF MOULTING BIRDS, FEBRUARY 1999–2008 ROBERTA S. WALLACE1 & BRAULIO ARAYA2 1Milwaukee County Zoo, 10001 W. Blue Mound Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA ([email protected]) 2Calle Lima 193. Villa Alemana, V Región, Chile Received 19 August 2014, accepted 9 December 2014 SUMMARY WALLACE, R.S. & ARAYA, B. 2015. Humboldt Penguin Spheniscus humboldti population in Chile: counts of moulting birds, February 1999–2008. Marine Ornithology 43: 107–112 We conducted annual counts of moulting Humboldt Penguins roosting on the mainland coast and on offshore islands in north and central Chile during 1999–2008. The census area included the known major breeding colonies in Chile, where many penguins moult, as well as other sites. Population size was relatively stable across years, with an average of 33 384 SD 2 372 (range: 28 642–35 284) penguins counted, but the number of penguins found at any individual site could vary widely. Shifting penguin numbers suggest that penguins tend to aggregate to moult where food is abundant. While many of the major breeding sites are afforded some form of protected status, two sites with sizable penguin populations, Tilgo Island and Pájaros-1 Island, have no official protection. These census results provide a basis upon which future population trends can be compared. Key words: penguin, Spheniscus humboldti, census, Chile INTRODUCTION penguin taking less than three weeks to moult (Paredes et al. 2003). Penguins remain on land during moult, and they return to The Humboldt Penguin Spheniscus humboldti is a species endemic sea immediately after moulting (Zavalaga & Paredes 1997). -
Penguin Zoo to You
Penguin Zoo to You Thank you for inviting Omaha’s Henry Doorly ® Trunk Zoo & Aquarium into your classroom. We hope our PENGUINS Educator Trunk is relevant to your course of study and that we have provided a valuable teaching tool for you and your students. In the trunk you will find a variety of items which can be used to enrich your study of science, math, reading, and more. PENGUIN TRUNK CHECK-LIST (1) Penguins: Below the Equator Curriculum Binder (1) Penguins: Below the Equator CD (4)Replica Eggs (1) Container of Penguin Feathers (1) Flight Feathers (21) African Penguin Photos (1) Reading Safari Magazine (17) Mini Laminated Penguins (5) Penguin Identification Bands (15) Penguin Playing Card Sets (7) Life-size Penguins (2) Life-size Penguin Chicks (1) World Map BOOKS VIDEOS Humboldt Tails IMAX- Survival Island Penguin Pete IMAX- Antarctica Patti Pelican and the Gulf Oil Spill March of the Penguins The Little Penguin City Slickers- a Tale of Two A Mother’s Journey African Penguins The Emperor’s Egg SANCCOB- Treasure Oil Spill 2000 The Penguin Family (3 min 30 sec clip) Tacky in Trouble Penguins 1,2,3 The Penguin Baby Penguin © 2012 Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo & Aquarium® 1 Table of Contents Penguin Trunk Check List ......................................................................................1 Acknowledgments .................................................................................................3 Birds of a Feather ..................................................................................................4 Why Do -
1471-2148-10-132.Pdf
Shen et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2010, 10:132 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/132 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access AResearch mitogenomic article perspective on the ancient, rapid radiation in the Galliformes with an emphasis on the Phasianidae Yong-Yi Shen1,2,3, Lu Liang1,2,3, Yan-Bo Sun1,2,3, Bi-Song Yue4, Xiao-Jun Yang1, Robert W Murphy1,5 and Ya- Ping Zhang*1,2 Abstract Background: The Galliformes is a well-known and widely distributed Order in Aves. The phylogenetic relationships of galliform birds, especially the turkeys, grouse, chickens, quails, and pheasants, have been studied intensively, likely because of their close association with humans. Despite extensive studies, convergent morphological evolution and rapid radiation have resulted in conflicting hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships. Many internal nodes have remained ambiguous. Results: We analyzed the complete mitochondrial (mt) genomes from 34 galliform species, including 14 new mt genomes and 20 published mt genomes, and obtained a single, robust tree. Most of the internal branches were relatively short and the terminal branches long suggesting an ancient, rapid radiation. The Megapodiidae formed the sister group to all other galliforms, followed in sequence by the Cracidae, Odontophoridae and Numididae. The remaining clade included the Phasianidae, Tetraonidae and Meleagrididae. The genus Arborophila was the sister group of the remaining taxa followed by Polyplectron. This was followed by two major clades: ((((Gallus, Bambusicola) Francolinus) (Coturnix, Alectoris)) Pavo) and (((((((Chrysolophus, Phasianus) Lophura) Syrmaticus) Perdix) Pucrasia) (Meleagris, Bonasa)) ((Lophophorus, Tetraophasis) Tragopan))). Conclusions: The traditional hypothesis of monophyletic lineages of pheasants, partridges, peafowls and tragopans was not supported in this study. -
Introducing the Emperor of Antarctica
Read the passage. Then answer the question below. Introducing the Emperor of Antarctica A plump five-foot figure, wearing what looks like a tuxedo, walks across a frozen landscape. Suddenly, the figure drops to its belly and paddles its limbs as if swimming. Sound strange? Actually, it is the emperor of Antarctica…the emperor penguin, that is. One could easily argue that the emperor penguin is the king of survival. These amazing creatures live in the harshest climate on earth. Temperatures in Antarctica regularly reach –60°C and blizzards can last for days. But in this frigid world, the emperors swim, play, breed, and raise their chicks. Although emperor penguins are birds, they are unable to take flight. Rather, they do their “flying” in the water. Their flipper-like wings and sleek bodies make them expert swimmers. Emperors are able to dive deeper than any other bird and can stay under water for up to 22 minutes. The emperors are so at home in the water that young penguins enter the water when they are just six months old. Like many birds, the emperor penguins migrate during the winter. This migration, however, is very different. Each year, as winter approaches, the penguins leave the comfort—and food supply—of the ocean to begin a 70-mile journey across the ice. Walking single file, the penguins waddle along for days, flopping to their bellies and pushing themselves along with their flippers when their feet get tired. Along the way, colonies of penguins meet up with other colonies all headed for the same place—the safety of their breeding grounds. -
The Adaptations of Antarctic Dinosaurs "Exploration Is the Physical Expression of the Intellectual Passion
The Adaptations of Antarctic Dinosaurs "Exploration is the physical expression of the Intellectual Passion. And I tell you, if you have the desire for knowledge and the power to give it physical expression, go out and explore. If you are a brave man you will do nothing: if you are fearful you may do much, for none but cowards have need to prove their bravery. Some will tell you that you are mad, and nearly all will say, "What is the use?" For we are a nation of shopkeepers, and no shopkeeper will look at research which does not promise him a financial return within a year. And so you will sledge nearly alone, but those with whom you sledge will not be shopkeepers: that is worth a good deal. If you march your Winter Journeys you will have your reward, so long as all you want is a penguin's egg." —Apsley Cherry-Garrard, "The Worst Journey in the World" Life Long Ago in the Antarctic Long ago during the age of the dinosaurs the basics of life and survival were not so different from today. Life was in great abundance and creatures of all sizes walked, stomped, crept and slunk all over the earth. Although many of the animals have changed and disappeared, the way all animals live have remained the same. They still need to eat, sleep and be safe. They still all strive to find way to raise a family and be happy. This was true even 185 million years ago in the continent we now call Antarctica. -
Climate Change Threatens Penguins
SEPTEMBER 2009 Climate Change Threatens Penguins By: Shaye Wolf Penguins are not just found in •11 of 18 penguin species are Antarctica declining and considered an Penguins—waddling wonders of extinction risk the Southern Hemisphere Although penguins are commonly associated with Antarctica, penguins •Two species are considered Penguins (order Sphenisciformes, are found in a variety of habitats stable. family Spheniscidae) are flightless in the Southern Hemisphere. seabirds found almost entirely in Eighteen different penguin species •The population status of the the Southern Hemisphere. Although inhabit areas from Antarctica to the remaining five is unknown. their wings have become useless for Equator. They can be divided into Studies have linked climate change flight, they have become superbly three groups: to past, ongoing, and projected adapted to swimming and diving. population declines of many For example, Gentoo penguins •Four penguin species breed in Antarctica and/or the Antarctic penguin species. Because penguins can swim up to 35 km per hour— live in different ocean habitats of compared with 9 km per hour for islands: the Emperor, Adélie, Chinstrap, and Gentoo penguin. the Southern Hemisphere, climate the fastest Olympic swimmer. change affects penguins in these Emperor penguins can dive to •Most penguin species breed on regions in different ways. depths of more than 520 m to find islands in the sub-Antarctic waters food—deeper than any other bird. of the Southern Ocean (a.k.a. How is climate change affecting Penguins must return to land or sea Antarctic Ocean), the South Atlantic Antarctic penguins? ice to rear their young, however, Ocean, the South Pacific Ocean, and they are renowned for their The Antarctic continent is warming and the Southern Indian Ocean: as a whole,1 but the Antarctic feats of endurance as parents. -
Looking for Loons
Looking For Loons What would a trip to the northwoods be without the sight of a loon feeding in a quiet back bay or the echo of a tremolo call in the twilight? While visitors to the north can find loons on everything from mailboxes to coffee mugs, t-shirts, and placemats, finding and observing real birds is often more challenging. Here are some tips on how to observe loons while minimizing your impacts on nesting and chick rearing. Loon Calendar - When to View Loons The season for loon observation in the Upper Midwest begins shortly after ice-out, usually in late April or early May. When the loons arrive in spring, their first activities are typically to establish their territories and their pair bonds. Loons are territorial birds, defending an area where they feed, nest and raise their young. Territorial behaviors include aggressive running and splashing, and an upright dance across the water– termed the penguin dance. Male loons defend their territories with the yodel vocalization. Loon pairs enhance their bond using behaviors such as bill dipping, paired swimming, nest building, and copulation. Spring is a fascinating time to observe loons but it is also a critical time in the birds' life cycle. People can easily disturb loons and cause nest abandonment. While loons with a history of nesting on more developed lakes can acclimate to human activities, loons on remote lakes can be very sensitive to human presence. If you are observing loons in the spring, stay 200 feet away when possible and view them with binoculars or a spotting scope. -
A New Home for Penguins a New Front Door to the Zoo
A New Home for Penguins A New Front Door to the Zoo A new, state-of-the-art exhibit draws visitors directly into our mission, educating them about ennis Conner the plight of these enchanting, flightless birds and the actions people can take to save them. D Ryan Hawk AT A GLANCE HABITAT They are the zoo’s natural comedians, a delightful must- natural home. The exhibit also enhances the penguins’ lives Humboldt penguins live along the rugged see animal for visitors of all ages. Yet the penguins’ current with a state-of-the-art biofiltration and rain water harvest- coastline of Peru and Chile exhibit — originally built for seals and sea lions 60 years ing system that dramatically minimizes water loss. Because ago — is well below today’s standards for animal care and Humboldt penguins reside in coastal habitats, the new NUMBER conservation education. penguin exhibit will tell a compelling conservation story Only 10,000-12,000 remain in the wild that resonates with the marine-savvy, Pacific Northwest You can help build a stunning new, naturalistic home OPPORTUNITY specifically designed for penguins, inspiring our guests to community. A new state-of-the art, environmentally take conservation actions on their behalf! With a glass- And, what better way to meet the penguins than through friendly home for breeding endangered Humboldt penguins helps visitors learn wall, underwater viewing is a cornerstone of this signature a new entry to the zoo! Revolutionizing how we welcome how to make choices that keep marine exhibit,COMPLETED allowing guests to see these aquatic acrobats fly and serve our guests, this new “front door” will provide environments healthy while immersing visitors through water at up to 20 m.p.h. -
Grounded Birds in New Zealand
Flightless Grounded Birds in New Zealand An 8th Grade Research Paper By Nathaniel Roth Hilltown Cooperative Charter Public School June 2014 1 More than half of the birds in New Zealand either can’t fly, can only partially fly, or don’t like to fly. (Te Ara) This is a fact. Although only sixteen species in New Zealand are technically flightless, with another sixteen that are extinct (TerraNature), a majority of more than 170 bird species will not fly unless their lives are threatened, or not even then. This is surprising, since birds are usually known for flying. A flightless bird is a bird that cannot fly, such as the wellknown ostrich and emu, not to mention penguins. The two main islands southeast of Australia that make up New Zealand have an unusually diverse population of these birds. I am personally very interested in New Zealand and know a lot about it because my mother was born there, and I still have family there. I was very intrigued by these birds in particular, and how different they are from most of the world’s birds. I asked myself, why New Zealand? What made this tiny little country have so many birds that can’t fly, while in the rest of the world, hardly any live in one place? My research has informed me that the population and diversity of flightless birds here is so large because it has been isolated for so long from other land masses. Almost no mammals, and no land predators, lived there in the millions of years after it split from the Australian continent, so flying birds didn’t have as much of an advantage during this time. -
Playful Penguins by Melissa Michael
Playful Penguins By Melissa Michael www.teachertreasurehunter.blogspot.com •Emperor Penguin •King Penguin •Gentoo Penguin •Macaroni Penguin •Adélie Penguin •Little Penguin Emperor Penguin HABITAT: The emperor penguin lives in the Antarctic. It will spend its entire life in the Antarctic waters and on the ice. They are never on land. FOOD: They mostly eat Antarctic silverfish. They may also eat krill or squid. PREDATORS: Their main enemies are orcas and leopard seals. The chicks are also prey for sea birds. COOL FACTS: *The females lay one large egg and then the males take care of it. The males keep the egg on their feet and cover it with their brooding pouch. The brooding pouch is Credit: Photo by Lin Padgham; Creative Commons license loose skin covered with feathers that can APPEARANCE: The emperor penguin has cover the egg. The males will not eat black feathers on its back. The feathers in anything for the 2 months when they care front are white. They have a black head for the egg. and black beak with an orange stripe. *They are the largest penguin in the world. There are yellow patches on each side of its They are about 44 inches tall. head. The chicks have gray feathers with a *They can dive deeper than any other black and white face patch. bird. © 2013 © 2013 Michael Melissa King Penguin HABITAT: They live on islands of the sub- Antarctic and ice-free ocean waters. They never live on pack ice like their close relative the Emperor penguin. FOOD: They eat small fish and some squid. -
Classroomsecrets.Com
Penguins King Penguin Galapagos Penguin Penguins live in both hot and cold places in the This penguin species is the This penguin is the only Southern Hemisphere, the bottom half of the world, second largest. They have penguin to breed near the below the equator. They have wings but they can orange cheeks and look equator. They feed on not fly, so they use them as flippers. There are 17 similar to Emperor small fish like sardines. different species of penguin. penguins. King penguins do The Galapagos Penguin not make a nest, instead lays its eggs in crevices, All penguins forage for food in the sea. They have the female lays a single egg caves or a burrow to spines in their mouths to stop their prey (fish, squid which the male keeps warm protect them from getting and krill) from swimming away. in a pouch in his belly and too much heat from the balances it on his feet. sun. There are only 1000 Baby penguins are called chicks, born with very fluffy They live around the edges breeding pairs of these feathers and unable to go into the water until they of Antarctica and live on a penguins and so they are have grown their adult feathers. The parents hunt diet of mainly lanternfish at risk of extinction. for food, swallow it down and then bring it back up and squid. to feed to their chicks. Yellow-eyed Penguin Rockhopper Penguin Chinstrap Penguin This type of penguin can be There are three types of Chinstrap penguins have found in New Zealand and Rockhopper Penguin: Northern a black line across their has a band of yellow Rockhopper, Eastern cheeks that looks like a feathers on its head as well Rockhopper and Southern chinstrap. -
Sentinels of the Ocean the Science of the World’S Penguins
A scientific report from The Pew Charitable Trusts April 2015 Sentinels Of the Ocean The science of the world’s penguins Contents 1 Overview 1 Status of penguin populations 1 Penguin biology Species 3 22 The Southern Ocean 24 Threats to penguins Fisheries 24 Increasing forage fisheries 24 Bycatch 24 Mismatch 24 Climate change 25 Habitat degradation and changes in land use 25 Petroleum pollution 25 Guano harvest 26 Erosion and loss of native plants 26 Tourism 26 Predation 26 Invasive predators 26 Native predators 27 Disease and toxins 27 27 Protecting penguins Marine protected areas 27 Ecosystem-based management 29 Ocean zoning 29 Habitat protections on land 30 31 Conclusion 32 References This report was written for Pew by: Pablo García Borboroglu, Ph.D., president, Global Penguin Society P. Dee Boersma, Ph.D., director, Center for Penguins as Ocean Sentinels, University of Washington Caroline Cappello, Center for Penguins as Ocean Sentinels, University of Washington Pew’s environmental initiative Joshua S. Reichert, executive vice president Tom Wathen, vice president Environmental science division Becky Goldburg, Ph.D., director, environmental science Rachel Brittin, officer, communications Polita Glynn, director, Pew Marine Fellows Program Ben Shouse, senior associate Charlotte Hudson, director, Lenfest Ocean Program Anthony Rogers, senior associate Katie Matthews, Ph.D., manager Katy Sater, senior associate Angela Bednarek, Ph.D., manager Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank the many contributors to Penguins: Natural History and Conservation (University of Washington Press, 2013), upon whose scholarship this report is based. Used by permission of the University of Washington Press The environmental science team would like to thank Dee Boersma, Pablo “Popi” Borboroglu, and Caroline Cappello for sharing their knowledge of penguins by writing and preparing this report.