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Transforming Perceptions of Mysticism in the Early Modern Period. (2016) Directed by Dr FOWLER, KATHLEEN D., Ph.D. The Anatomy of Joy: Transforming Perceptions of Mysticism in the Early Modern Period. (2016) Directed by Dr. Christopher Hodgkins. 317 pp. In Early Modern England, Christian mysticism was often associated with religious “enthusiasm” and was, therefore, discouraged by the Church of England. Those with a temperament which drew them to this intuitive and affective approach to spirituality often found themselves misunderstood and persecuted. Accusations against them ranged from heresy and superstition to perversion and madness. Despite this climate of fear and suspicion, mysticism did not die out. Protestants, as well as Catholics, still claimed to experience mystical phenomena and strove to understand the source and meaning of these experiences. Because of the lack of an over- arching tradition of mystical teachings in the Church of England, Protestant mystics developed their own individuated explanations and interpretations of these phenomena. Examining the lives of individual mystics in their historical contexts and through the lens of their own writings provides a way to analyze how contemporary pressures from religion, politics, epistemology, and science affected their approaches to understanding their experiences. This study examines the lives and writings of a variety of Early Modern English mystics. After the initial review of the literature and methods in Chapters 1 and 2, Chapter 3 focuses on the mystagogical texts of the recusants Benet of Canfield and Augustine Baker, examining how their Protestant education and their law training influenced the writing of these vernacular manuals and the effects of the popularity of these works. Chapter 4 examines ecstatic imagery in the poetry of Robert Southwell and Richard Crashaw. Both authors use their depictions of this type of mystical experience to create liminal spaces through which they invite readers to seek spiritual transformation. Chapter 5 then analyzes the autobiographical writings of the religious radicals John Bunyan, George Fox, and Jane Ward Lead with an emphasis on the overlapping elements of their experiences, their individuated responses, and the influence of those responses on others both locally and nationally. The final chapter discusses how the nature mystics Henry Vaughan and Thomas Traherne used contemporary popular sciences in an attempt to legitimize mysticism in an era of growing emphasis on empiricism and rational thought. In each of these chapters, we see how the selected authors’ responses to various mystical phenomena, as recorded in their writings, affected not only their own lives, but the lives of others within their faith communities and throughout the nation at large. Examining these responses reveals how their individuated approaches to understanding and interpreting mystical phenomena, in turn, influenced their contributions to English literature, religion, and society. THE ANATOMY OF JOY: TRANSFORMING PERCEPTIONS OF MYSTICISM IN THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD by Kathleen D. Fowler A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate School at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Greensboro 2016 Approved by Dr. Christopher Hodgkins_____________ Committee Chair © 2016 Kathleen D. Fowler For my mom, June A. Fowler and my brother, Donald S. Fowler—thanks for believing in me. ii APPROVAL PAGE This dissertation written by KATHLEEN D. FOWLER has been approved by the following committee of the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Committee Chair Dr. Christopher Hodgkins______________ Committee Members Dr. Amy Vines_______________________ Dr. Walter Beale______________________ 2 March 2016________________ Date of Acceptance by Committee 2 March 2016______________ Date of Final Oral Examination iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank all of the people who helped me in the writing of this dissertation. Dr. Christopher Hodgkins chaired my dissertation committee. His help and guidance has been invaluable. So has the advice of my committee members Dr. Amy Vines and Dr. Walter H. Beale. In fact, it was Dr. Vines who first introduced me to the medieval mystics in her Medieval Woman’s Literature course. I will always be grateful for that introduction to the genre of Christian mysticism. Thanks also to Alyson Frazier for helping me keep up with all the paperwork and advising appointments. Dr. Irvin Resnick and the National Endowment for the Humanities gave me the opportunity to study for five weeks in Oxford, reading at the Bodleian Library while living in a little cottage in Yarnton. That cottage was part of the old Spenser manor which belonged to the Oxford Institute for Jewish Studies at that time. What a wonderful experience, studying the medieval Jewish experience in the morning, reading in the Bodleian in the afternoon, and strolling the old Spenser estate in the evenings. Thank you so very much for that chance of a lifetime. The Folger Shakespeare Library and the Folger Institute deserve my sincerest gratitude. Their friendly and ever-helpful librarians and staff have made it possible for me to research to my heart’s content, and they deserve much praise for their vast collection which provides scholars with invaluable resources. Reading those resources in the library’s beautifully atmospheric Tudor-style Reading Room has been a pleasure, as have the afternoon Teas. iv Dr. William Owen, Dr. Steven Zwicker, Dr. Derek Hirst, and my colleagues in the Folger Institute’s Researching the Archive Seminar have been of great assistance in helping me examine different methodologies, research the various kinds of resources available in the library, and revise my work. My thanks go to the following people for their comments on Chapter 2: Dr. Steven Zwicker, Andrew Carlson (Rutgers University), Laura C. De Furio (University of Alabama), Justin Kuhn (Ohio State University), Alexander Lash (Columbia University), Tamar LeRoy ((University of Maryland), Arthur “Alex” MacConochie (Boston University), Scott O’Neil (University of Rochester), Kate Ozment (Texas A & M University), Amina H. Tajbhai (Fordham University), Lisa Tagliaferri (The City University of New York), and Sarah Wisdom (Rutgers University). My colleagues at Surry Community College also deserve a warm thanks for their support. The Chair of the English Department Dr. Darin Cozzens has been very willing to arrange my classes to accommodate my evening studies. I really appreciate his listening ear and sage advice. Vice President Jami Woods and Dean Connie Wolfe have been very supportive and encouraging throughout this whole process, allowing me the professional development days needed for my studies in Oxford and at the Folger, and aiding with my travel expenses to England and Washington, DC. Thank you very much. My fellow English Instructor, Greg Heitschmidt has been very generous with his time, proofreading Chapter 1 and allowing me to use his Chicago Manual of Style . The English Department Office Assistants, Emily Wood and Rebecca Browder have done a lot of “gopher” work for me as I juggled a heavy teaching load with my doctoral studies. Their assistance has been invaluable. v Professor Emeritus Dr. William C. Wolfe has served as my accountability partner during the entire time I have spent on my doctoral studies. His weekly calls to check on my progress helped to keep me on track and reminded me to concentrate on the step before me rather than stressing over the whole journey. Dr. Wolfe was also generous enough to share his extensive library with me, as was Dr. Thomas McGowen. Closer to home, I am very grateful for the emotional support provided by my mother June A. Fowler and my brother Donald S. Fowler. They encouraged me in my studies, provided a sounding board for my concerns, and gave out hugs as needed. Thanks guys. Finally, I would like to thank my Lord, who used this study to teach me what I needed to know (Proverbs 3:5-6). Ad maiorem Dei gloriam. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 1 II. MYSTICISM IN AN ERA OF CHANGES .................................................................. 13 Defining Mysticism and Related Terms ............................................................... 16 Current Trends in Religious Psychology and Social Anthropology .................... 25 Theory of Spiritual Types .................................................................................... 34 Changing England................................................................................................ 40 Changing Mysticism ............................................................................................ 42 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 63 III. APPROACHING THE DIVINE: THE MYSTAGOGICAL MANUALS OF BENET OF CANFIELD AND AUGUSTINE BAKER ........................................... 66 Benet Canfield (1562/3-1611) ............................................................................. 73 Augustine Baker (1575-1641).............................................................................. 89 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 108 IV. HEARTS AFLAME: THE FIRE OF DIVINE LOVE IN THE WORKS OF ROBERT SOUTHWELL AND RICHARD CRASHAW ....................................
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