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Partially Ordered Systems Springer Partially Ordered Systems Editor in Chief: L. Lam San Jose State University San Jose, California, USA Editorial Board: E. Guyon D. Langevin Ecole Normale Superieure Laboratoire de Physique ENS Paris, France Paris, France H.E. Stanley Boston University Boston, Massachusetts, USA Advisory Board: J. Charvolin W. Helfrich Institut Laue-Langevin Freie Universitat Grenoble, France Berlin, Germany P.A. Lee J.D. Litster Massachusetts Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA D.R. Nelson M. Schadt Harvard University ROLIC Research Ltd Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Allschwil, Switzerland Springer New York Berlin Heidelberg Barcelona Heinz-Siegfried Kitzerow Christian Bahr Editors Chirality in Liquid Crystals Foreword by Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar With 326 Illustrations Heinz-Siegfried Kitzerow Christian Bahr Department of Chemistry Institute of Physical Chemistry University of Paderborn University of Marburg Warburger Strasse 100 Hans-Meerwein-Strasse D-33098 Paderborn D-35032 Marburg Germany Germany [email protected] [email protected] Editorial Board: Lui Lam Dominique Langevin Department of Physics Laboratoire de Physique des Solides San Jose State College Batiment 510 One Washington Square Universite Paris Sud San Jose, CA 95192 F-91405 Orsay USA France Etienne M. Guyon H. Eugene Stanley E cole Normale SupeÂrieure Center For Polymer Studies 45 Rue D'Ulm Physics Department F-75005 Paris Boston University France Boston, MA 02215 USA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Chirality in liquid crystals / editors, Heinz-Siegfried Kitzerow, Christian Bahr. p. cm. Ð (Partially ordered systems) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN0-387-98679-0 (hard cover : alk. paper) 1. Liquid crystals. 2. Chirality. I. Kitzerow, Heinz-Siegfried. II. Bahr, Christian. III. Series. QD923.C55 2001 5410.04229Ðdc21 99-052790 Printed on acid free paper. ( 2001 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 1010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analy- sis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especially identi®ed, is not to be taken as a sign that such names as under- stood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Production managed by Michael Koy; manufacturing supervised by Jerome Basma. Typeset by Asco Typesetters, Hong Kong. Printed and bound by Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group, York, PA. Printed in the United States of America. 987654321 ISBN0-387-98679-0 SPIN10700911 Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg A member of BertelsmannSpringer ScienceBusiness Media GmbH This book is dedicated to Prof. Gerd Heppke with respect and kind regards. Foreword It is indeed a pleasure for me to write the foreword for this volume brought out in honor of Prof. Gerd Heppke to felicitate him on his reaching sixty years of age. It comprises a collection of papers by friends and admirers on the broad theme of chirality in liquid crystals, which is an area of current interest and one in which Prof. Heppke himself has made signi®cant contributions. A Berliner by birth, Prof. Heppke has been associated with the Technical University Berlin for over thirty-®ve years in various capacities. After his Ph.D. and Habilitation, he became, successively, Assistant Professor (1972), Professor of Physical Chemistry (1982), Chairman of the University Research Area ``Liquid Crystals and Their Electrooptic Applications'' (1981±86), and Vice-Chairman of the Special Research Area ``Anisotropic Fluids,'' sup- ported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (1987±98). During this period he played a vital role in laying the foundation for a strong interdis- ciplinary thrust area involving some twenty research projects from di¨erent laboratories. Prof. Heppke is an editor of the journal Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals and is a nonexecutive director of the International Liquid Crystal Society. His research interests cover diverse aspects of liquid crystal science, as can be judged from his many publications (nearly two hundred) on the subject. The range of his contributions include: the polymorphic forms of smectic phases and the topology of their phase diagrams, critical and multicritical points, reentrant nematics, guest-host e¨ect, dual frequency addressable mixtures, optical storage e¨ects, determination of the screw sense of choles- terics, electric ®eld e¨ects in blue phases, chiral dopants with extremely high helical twisting power, ferroelectrics with very high spontaneous polariza- tion, antiferroelectric phases, electroclinic e¨ect, electromechanical e¨ect, electrooptic e¨ect in nematic discotics, selective re¯exion and blue phases in chiral discotics, ferroelectric columnar phases, banana shaped molecules, etc. He has organized several international conferences on liquid crystals and edited their proceedings. As a teacher and research guide, he has been the supervisor of numerous diploma and Ph.D. research students, several of whom have been recipients of awards and prizes for their excellent work vii viii Foreword (for example, one of his students, Dr. Christian Bahr, received the Glenn H. Brown Award for the synthesis and study of ferroelectric compounds exhibiting very high spontaneous polarization). Apart from his own personal research interests, one of Prof. Heppke's major achievements has been the part he has played in initiating inter- national exchange between his team at the Technical University Berlin and other liquid crystal groups throughout the world. Over the years, the TU group has had active collaboration and scienti®c exchange with the Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, India; the Universite Paris-Sud at Orsay; the Universite Montpellier II; the Massachussetts Institute of Technology; the University of Jammu, India; the Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC; the University of Hawaii, USA; the University of Goteborg, Sweden; the University of Hull, UK; and research centers at Moscow, Tbilisi, and other places. It would be no exaggeration to say that all those who partici- pated in this program were without exception very much impressed by the kindness and hospitality extended to them by Prof. Heppke and his co- workers, and they also found the visits to be extremely useful scienti®cally. Finally, it remains for me to express on behalf of all the contributors to this volume, colleagues and friends, our warmest greetings to Gerd Heppke on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday and to wish him many more fruitful and active years ahead. Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar Centre for Liquid Crystal Research Bangalore, India Preface The existence or nonexistence of mirror symmetry plays an important role in nature. The lack of mirror symmetry, called chirality, can be found in sys- tems of all length scales, from elementary particles to macroscopic systems. Due to the collective behavior of the molecules in liquid crystals, molecular chirality has a particularly remarkable in¯uence on the macroscopic physical properties of these systems. Probably, even the ®rst observations of thermo- tropic liquid crystals by Planer (1861) and Reinitzer (1888) were due to the conspicuous selective re¯ection of the helical structure that occurs in chiral liquid crystals. Many physical properties of liquid crystals depend on chir- ality, e.g., certain linear and nonlinear optical properties, the occurrence of ferro-, ferri-, antiferro- and piezo-electric behavior, the electroclinic e¨ect, and even the appearance of new phases. In addition, the majority of optical applications of liquid crystals is due to chiral structures, namely the ther- mochromic e¨ect of cholesteric liquid crystals, the rotation of the plane of polarization in twisted nematic liquid crystal displays, and the ferroelectric and antiferroelectric switching of smectic liquid crystals. The intention of this book is to give an overview of the main aspects of chirality in liquid crystals, and to point out some of the open questions of current research. A complete description of this important subject within one volume is hardly possible. Thus, we have asked some experts to give a review of their ®eld of interest rather than collecting all aspects in a lexical manner. We hope that the following chapters give a representative impression of the interesting questions that are being investigated in the ®eld of chiral liquid crystals, even if some pieces are missing. We thank all authors who contributed to this book for their pleasant cooperation, and are very grateful to Prof. Chandrasekhar for his kindness in writing the foreword. Thomas von Foerster, Jeannette Mallozzi, Michael Koy, Keisha Franklin, Jerome Basma, and Springer-Verlag deserve our thanks for their valuable collaboration in publishing this volume. Gratefully, we appreciate the support by our colleagues who have agreed to the repro- duction of previously published data, and would like to thank all those who did not hesitate to send us photographs and diagrams for the purpose ix x Preface of reproduction.
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