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MEMOIRE DE FIN D'etude SUR LA MORPHOMETRIE DU KOANA Avec

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MEMOIRE DE FIN D'etude SUR LA MORPHOMETRIE DU KOANA Avec UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO ECOLE SUPERIEURE DES SCIENCES AGRONOMIQUES DEPARTEMENT ELEVAGE ************************* Mémoire de fin d’études pour l’obtention du diplôme de Master en Sciences Agronomiques et Environnementales - Ingénieur Agronome Mention : Sciences Animales Etude des poissons d’accompagnement de la pêche crevettière industrielle de la côte Ouest de Madagascar, Cas du « Koana » ( Nemipterus randalli : Russel, 1986) Présenté par : RABENIRINA Tahina Hariniaina Charles Soutenu le 12 Juin 2015 Président du jury : Docteur RABEARIMISA Rivo Nirina Tuteurs : Docteur RAFOMANANA Georges Docteur HANTANIRINA Herisoa Isabelle Examinateurs : Professeur RAKOTOZANDRINY Jean de Neupomuscène Docteur RANDRIAMIARISOA Docteur RANDRIARILALA Fanomezantsoa Promotion : KINGATSA 2009-2014 REMERCIEMENTREMERCIEMENTSSSS Je tiens avant toute chose remercié le SEIGNEUR tout puissant pour sa bénédiction, son aide et son soutien pour la réalisation de ce mémoire. L’accomplissement de ce travail n’a aussi pu être réalisé sans l’aide d’un bon nombre de personnes à qui, j’adresse mes sincères et vifs remerciements, en particulier : Monsieur RABEARIMISA Rivo Nirina, Maître de conférences, PhD en alimentation animale, Chef du Département Elevage de l’Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques (ESSA), de nous avoir fait honneur de présider cette soutenance de mémoire de fin d’étude. Monsieur RAFOMANANA Georges, Docteur en Sciences Halieutiques, Directeur de Recherche Associé, Chercheur-Enseignant au Département Elevage de l’Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques (ESSA), tuteur de ce travail, pour ses nombreuses instructions, nécessaires pour la réalisation de cette étude ; Madame HANTANIRINA Herisoa Isabelle, Docteur en Sciences Agronomiques, Maître de conférences, Chercheur-Enseignant au Département Elevage de l’ESSA, Encadreur pédagogique de ce présent mémoire, pour les orientations et les conseils lors de la réalisation des traitements statistiques des données et des précises instructions dans la rédaction de ce mémoire ; Monsieur RAKOTOZANDRINY Jean de Neupomuscène, Professeur titulaire à l’Université d’Antananarivo, Directeur Scientifique de la Formation Doctorale de l’ESSA, Chercheur -Enseignant, de nous avoir fait honneur d’examiner ce mémoire ; Monsieur RANDRIAMIARISOA, Docteur en Sciences Agronomiques, Ex-Directeur du PNRC. Chercheur-Enseignant du Département Elevage de l’ESSA, Examinateur de ce mémoire, de nous avoir montré l’importance et le choix de ce thème ; Monsieur RANDRIARILALA Fanomezantsoa, PhD en Sciences Biologiques Marines Appliquées, Enseignant au Département Elevage à l’ESSA, Enseignant au laboratoire de Recherche en science cognitive-Ecole Doctorale-ESPA, Examinateur de ce travail, d’avoir apporté les remarques nécessaires sur ce mémoire. Monsieur QUINOT Christian, Directeur de la société SOPROMER, d’avoir accepté la réalisation des collectes des données au sein de son entreprise. a SOMMAIRE REMERCIEMENTS LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS LISTE DE CARTE LISTE DES TABLEAUX LISTE DES FIGURES LISTE DES ANNEXES GLOSSAIRE INTRODUCTION I. ETUDES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES 1.1. Morphométrie 1.2. Rappel des études réalisées sur le N. randalli 1.3. Pêche crevettière et importance des bycatch à Madagascar 1.4. Présentation de la société SOPROMER II. MATERIELS ET METHODES 2.1. Matériels 2.2. Méthodes III. RESULTATS 3.1. Caractéristiques générales de la population 3.2. Caractéristiques biométriques 3.3. Adaptation au milieu IV. DISCUSSIONS 4.1. Caractéristiques générales de N. randalli 4.2. Reconstitution des cohortes par la méthode des maximums successifs 4.3. Synthèse des données morphométriques 4.4. Relations taille-poids 4.5. Caractéristiques biométriques 4.6. Adaptation au milieu CONCLUSION REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES ANNEXES b LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS % : pourcent ° C : degré Celsius µmol : micromole ‰ : pour mille ACP : Analyse en Composantes Principales ANOVA : Analyse de la variance Ar : Ariary C : coefficient de conversion c : constante CDPHM : Centre de Distribution des Produits Halieutiques de Mahajanga cm : centimètre CM : moyenne des carrés COS : Certificats d’Origine et de Salubrité CV : Coefficient de Variation ddl : degré de liberté DPRH : Direction de la Pêche et des Ressources Halieutiques FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations FISAT: FAO–ICLARM Stock Assessment Tool g : gramme ICLARM : International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management kg : kilogramme mL : millilitre mm : millimètre MPRH: Ministère de la Pêche et des Ressources Halieutiques OEPA : Observatoire Economique de la Pêche et de l’Aquaculture P : Poids PU : Prix Unitaire SCE : somme des carrés SOPROMER : SOciété de PROduction de produits de MER t : tonne TV : Tout Venant c LISTE DE CARTE Carte n° 1 : Répartition géographique de N.randalli ................................................................. 8 LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau n° 1 : Valeurs nutritionnelles des espèces de « Koana » ............................................ 10 Tableau n° 2 : Quantité de « Koana » débarquée au sein de la société SOPROMER ............ 11 Tableau n° 3 : Classification morphologique des poissons ...................................................... 24 Tableau n° 4 : Synthèse méthodologique ................................................................................. 27 Tableau n° 5 : Caractéristiques générales de la population de N. randalli (n=544) ................ 28 Tableau n° 6 : Matrice de corrélation des paramètres morphométriques ................................. 30 Tableau n° 7 : Caractéristiques morphométriques des groupes de poissons ............................ 33 Tableau n° 8 : Classification de N. randalli suivant leurs formes ............................................ 35 Tableau n° 9 : Indices biométriques suivant les groupes typologiques .................................... 36 Tableau n° 10 : Equations allométriques suivant les indices biométriques ............................. 37 Tableau n° 11 : Facteurs de conditions relatives par cohorte et par modèle d’équation de relation taille-poids ................................................................................................................... 38 Tableau n° 12 : Comparaison des prises de pêche de N. randalli ............................................ 40 Tableau n° 13 : Comparaison des paramètres de la relation taille-poids ................................. 46 LISTE DES FIGURES Figure n° 1 : Nemipterus randalli (Russell, 1986) ..................................................................... 6 Figure n° 2 : Mensuration réalisée sur un spécimen de N. randalli ......................................... 17 Figure n° 3 : Analyse modale de distribution des fréquences de la longueur standard ............ 31 Figure n° 4 : Représentation des variables, des individus et des trois cohortes par l'ACP ...... 32 Figure n° 5 : Proportions des groupes de N. randalli ............................................................... 34 d LISTE DES ANNEXES Annexe n° 1 : Liste des poissons du genre Nemipterus de la famille des Nemiptéridae ............ i Annexe n° 2 : Liste des proies principales de N. randalli .......................................................... v Annexe n° 3 : Classification commerciale de quelques poissons d'accompagnement commercialisés par la société SOPROMER ............................................................................. vi Annexe n° 4 : Circuit de traitements des produits de pêche de la société SOPROMER ......... vii Annexe n° 5 : Localisation des différentes zones de pêches crevettières .............................. viii Annexe n° 6 : Clichés des matériels utilisés pour les mensurations des poissons .................... ix Annexe n° 7 : Modèle de fiche de collecte de données préétablie ............................................ ix Annexe n° 8 : Courbe représentant le poids en fonction des paramètres morphométriques après traitement préliminaire des données ................................................................................. x Annexe n° 9 : Méthode des maximums successifs .................................................................... x Annexe n° 10 : Différentes morphologies du corps d'un poisson ............................................. xi Annexe n° 11 : Groupes obtenus par la méthode des maximums successifs ........................... xii Annexe n° 12 : Contribution des axes factoriels de l'Analyse en Composantes Principales ... xii Annexe n° 13 : Corrélation des variables morphométriques avec F1 et F2 ............................. xii Annexe n° 14 : Cercle de corrélation entre les variables morphométriques ........................... xiii Annexe n° 15 : ANOVA des paramètres morphométriques suivant les groupes de poisson . xiii Annexe n° 16 : Représentations graphiques des courbes de croissance de N. randalli .......... xvi Annexe n° 17 : Test de comparaison de b à la valeur théorique 3 par le test de Student ........ xvi Annexe n° 18 : ANOVA des indices biométriques suivant les groupes de poissons.............. xvi Annexe n° 19 : ANOVA des valeurs de Kn par cohorte et par rapport aux deux modèles d’équations de croissance ...................................................................................................... xviii Annexe n° 20 : ANOVA des facteurs de conditions relatives Kn (C=1,1) suivant les groupes de poissons ............................................................................................................................ xviii e GLOSSAIRE Âge critique
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