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Table of Contents OLD GAME IN A NEW WORLD: TURKEY AND THE UNITED STATES FROM CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY AYŞE ÖMÜR ATMACA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS MARCH 2011 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. İhsan Dağı (METU, IR) Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık (METU, IR) Prof. Dr. Çağrı Erhan (AU, IR) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lerna Yanık (BU, POLS) Assist. Prof. Dr. Tuba Ünlü Bilgiç (METU, IR) PLAGIARISM I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name : Ayşe Ömür Atmaca Signature : iii ABSTRACT OLD GAME IN A NEW WORLD: TURKEY AND THE UNITED STATES FROM CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE 308 Atmaca, Ayşe Ömür Ph.D., Department of International Relations Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık March 2011, 292 pages The main objective of this dissertation is to analyze Turkish-American relationship from critical perspective. In this study critical geopolitics is used to examine the US policymakers‘ discourses over representations of Turkey. Drawing on the theoretical literature, this dissertation took geopolitics as a deeply ideological concept and analyzed the ways in which US geopolitical discourse has shaped the Turkish-American relationship over time. The study outlined the historical evolution of the concept of the geopolitics since the end of the 19th century in order to reveal the limits of the classical geopolitical understanding, and to provide a theoretical framework against which the modern geopolitical imagination of the US has been formulated. Second, it revealed the ideological roots and the main characteristics of American geopolitical discourse. And third, the study applied critical geopolitics to the case of Turkish-American relations with respect to how the imagined geography of Turkey and the alliance have been shaped by the foreign and security policies of the US. Cold War, post-Cold War and post-September 11 periods are analyzed in separate chapters of this study. It is also argued in this dissertation that Turkey generally fits the geopolitical design of the United States and that these two countries have cooperated on numerous efforts in different parts of the world both during and after the Cold War. However, in this period the iv two allies also experienced several problems that display the limits of US geopolitical discourse. Keywords: US Foreign Policy, Turkish-American Relations, Geopolitical Discourse, Critical Geopolitics v ÖZ YENİ DÜNYADA ESKİ OYUN: ELEŞTİREL BAKIŞLA TÜRK-AMERİKAN İLİŞKİLERİ Atmaca, Ayşe Ömür Doktora, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi : Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Mart 2011, 292 sayfa Bu tezin temel amacı Türk-Amerikan ilişkilerini eleştirel bakışla analiz etmektir. Çalışmada, ABD siyaset yapıcılarının Türkiye‘nin temsili üzerine söylemlerini incelemekte eleştirel jeopolitik kuramı kullanılmaktadır. Kuramsal literatür çerçevesinde bu tez jeopolitiği ideolojik bir kavram olarak ele almakta ve ABD jeopolitik söyleminin zaman içerisinde Türk-Amerikan ilişkilerini etkileme yollarını analiz etmektedir. Bu çalışma klasik jeopolitik anlayışın sınırlarını göstermek amacıyla jeopolitik kavramının 19. yy‘dan itibaren tarihsel gelişimini özetlemekte ve modern ABD jeopolitik tahayyülünün biçimlendirilmesi karşısında kuramsal bir çerçeve cizmektedir. İkinci olarak çalışma Amerikan jeopolitik söyleminin ideolojik kökenlerini ve ana özelliklerini göstermektedir. Üçüncü olarak, çalışma eleştirel jeopoltik kuramını Türk-Amerikan ilişkileri örneğine Türkiye‘nin tahayyül edilmiş coğrafyasının ve ittifakın ABD dış politikası ve güvenlik politikası tarafından nasıl şekillendirildiği hususunda uygulamaktadır. Soğuk Savaş, Soğuk Savaş sonrası ve 11 Eylül sonrası dönemler bu çalışmanın ayrı bölümlerinde incelenmektedir. Bu tezde ayrıca Türkiye‘nin ABD jeopolitik kurgusuna uyduğu ve iki ülkenin Soğuk Savaş ve sonrası dönemlerde dünyanın farkli yerlerinde çeşitli olaylarda işbirliği yaptığı ileri vi sürülmektedir. Ancak bu süreçte iki müttefik ABD jeopolitik söyleminin sınırlarının çizildiği çeşitli sorunlar da yaşamaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: ABD Dış Politikası, Türk-Amerikan İlişkileri, Jeopolitik Söylem, Eleştirel Jeopolitik vii DEDICATION Serkan‘a… Beni dipsiz kuyularda merdivensiz bırakmadığı için… Sinan‘ı bana getirdiği için…. viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Writing this dissertation was a long journey for me. I experienced both most difficult and most beautiful days of my life during this period. While only my name appears on the cover of this dissertation, so many people have contributed to its production. Of course trying to thank everybody is not possible. I owe my indebtedness to all those people who have made this dissertation possible. My deepest gratitude is to my thesis supervisor Meliha Altunışık for her invaluable comments and advices. Her patience and support helped me overcome many crises and finish this dissertation. Not only her valuable academic advices, but also her positive attitudes in general made me feel relaxed in that difficult period. I am sure that without her, completing this dissertation would not have been possible. Teşekkürler hocam… I also want to express my acknowledgements to my thesis committee, Prof. Dr. İhsan Dağı, Prof. Dr. Çağrı Erhan and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lerna Yanık and Assist. Prof. Dr. Tuğba Ünlü for their patience and comments on the thesis. I am gratly indebted to my husband Serkan and my son Sinan. As for my husband Serkan, who has helped me in numerous ways, I find it difficult to express my appreciation. He is my best friend and also an amazing husband and father. We have laughed, cried, traveled, built, settled, planned and discussed our lives. Without his unending love and support, I would be lost. He has shared this long and sleepless journey with me, and its completion is as much his achievement as it is mine. I dedicate this dissertation to him. My dearest miracle, Sinan also deserves special thanks. He is a gift to our life. His joy and bright little smile always kept me in life context. He gives me a new purpose of life, so proud to be his mother. Nothing in a simple paragraph can express the love I have for the two of you. Home is wherever you are. Of course, this work would have not been possible without the love, unconditional support and patience of my family. My dearest parents Sevim-Nihat Bostan, my sister Özlem Pektaş, my brother İlker Bostan and their families have ix been a constant source of love, concern, support and strength all these years. I am completely indebted to them. My parents in-law, Yüksel-Yaşar Atmaca and my dearest grandmother Fatma Atmaca, sister-in law Ayşen İnan and her family, have also supported and encouraged me throughout this way. I appreciate the generosity and understanding of them. My dearest aunts Selver Sisli and Serpil Söyleriz, thank you for their endless emotional support. I am also indebted to Prof. Dr. Benjamin Fordham and Binghamton University Department of Political Science for providing me with an opportunity to spend an academic semester at Binghamton. I should also express my thanks here to Katherine Krebs, the Director of the International Student Office and Oktay Şekercisoy, Coordinator of the Dual Diploma program in Binghamton University for their kindness, friendship and assistance. I am very grateful to the people of METU Department of International Relations whose friendship, tolerance and support have made it more than a temporary place of work for me. Many friends have helped me stay sane through these difficult years. I greatly value their friendship and I deeply appreciate their belief in me. My dearest friend Özlem Tür, thank you for your endless support, encouragement and wonderful friendship in my long journey. My special thanks also go to my dearest roommates Ahu Şenses, Funda Hülagü and Gülriz Şen for tolerating and encouraging me. I will never forget those lunches and our wonderful academic, non-academic, political and ―geyik‖ conversations. During my painful period you girls were lifesavers! I also thank my other roommates Gülşen Şeker and Yasemin Atalay. Thank you for tolerating and helping me. My dearest terrible twins, Dilaver Arıkan Açar and Şadan İnan Rüma, thank you for your continued encouragement and friendship. It was really wonderful to work with you. I also thank Özgehan- Diana Şenyuva, Sait Akşit and Tuğrul Çağrı Öztürk for their support and encouragement. Asu Deniz and Tuba Erkuş, thank you girls for your encouragement, support and most of all your humor. I also thank my colleagues at x the Graduate School of Social Sciences Nezihe Başak Ergin and Esra Can for their help and beautiful smiles. I am also grateful to Zana Çıtak, Başak Kale and all other colleagues at the Department of International Relations. Thank you for creating a very positive atmosphere that makes it easier to withstand the difficulties that sometimes arise. Special thanks go to my dearest friend Jane Jopling for their wonderful friendship and support both in Azerbaijan and in the United States. I am really lucky to know her and work with her. I will never forget her incredible hospitality in NYC when I was really desperate. Of course I also thank Linda Zurbruegg and Bundy team for opening their hearts and sharing our life in Binghamton. Thanks also Sanem-Saygın Salgırlı for their wonderful friendship in those cold and boring days. Azad, Nilay, Gülru and Deniz, thank you guys for being there.
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