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POLITICAL CULTURE AND POLITICAL CHANGE IN COMMUNIST STATES Also by

SOVIET POLITICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE THE SOVIET UNION SINCE THE FALL OF KHRUSHCHEV (co-editor with Michael Kaser)

Also by Jack Gray

CHINESE COMMUNISM IN CRISIS (with Patrick Cavendish) MODERN CHINA'S SEARCH FOR A POLITICAL FORM (editor) POLITICAL CULTURE AND POLITICAL CHANGE IN COMMUNIST STATES

Edited by ARCHIE BROWN and JACK GRAY

Second Edition Selection and editorial matter © Archie Brown and Jack Gray 1977, 1979 Chapter I © Archie Brown 1977, 1979 Chapter 2 © Stephen White 1977, 1979 Chapter 3 © David A. Dyker 1977, 1979 Chapter 4© George Kolankiewicz and Ray Taras 1977, 1979 Chapter 5© George Schopflin 1977, 1979 Chapter 6 © Archie Brown and Gordon Wightman 1977, 1979 Chapter 7 ©Jack Gray 1977, 1979 Chapter 8 © Francis Lambert 1977, 1979 Chapter 9 ©Jack Gray 1977 Soft cover reprint of the hardcover 2nd edition 1979 978-0-333-25608-4 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any forln or by any means, without permission

First edition 1977 Second edition 1979

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Political culture and political change in communist states - 2nd ed. I. Communist countries - Politics and government I. Brown, Archibald Haworth II. Gray, Jack, b.1926 320.9'17 1'7 JC474 ISBN 978-0-333-25609-1 ISBN 978-1-349-16182-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-16182-9

The paperback edition of this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent, in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition. including this condition being imposed in the subsequent purchaser

This book is sold subject to the standard conditions of the Net Book Agreement Contents

Contributors Vll

Preface to the Second Edition Xl

Preface to the First Edition xii

I Introduction Archie Brown

2 The USSR: Patterns of Autocracy and Industrialism 25 Stephen White

3 Yugoslavia: Unity out of Diversity? 66 David A. Dyker

4 : Socialism for Everyman? 101 George Kolankiewicz and Ray Taras

5 Hungary: An Uneasy Stability 131 George Schopflin

6 Czechoslovakia: Revival and Retreat 159 Archie Brown and Gordon Wightman

7 China: Communism and Confucianism 197 Jack Gray

8 Cuba: Communist State or Personal Dictatorship? 23 I Francis Lambert

9 Conclusions 253 Jack Gray

Index 273 Contributors

ARCHIE BROWN, who was born in Annan, , in 1938, is a Fellow of St Antony's College and Lecturer in Soviet Institutions at the . After studying as an undergraduate and graduate student at the London School of Economics and Political Science (), he was a lecturer in politics for seven years at University before moving to Oxford in 1971. He has spent fifteen months at Moscow and Leningrad Universities in the course of three cultural exchange visits to the Soviet Union, and has visited Czechoslovakia four times since 1965. Archie Brown is the author of Soviet Politics and Political Science (London, 1974, and New York, 1976), co-editor (with Michael Kaser) and part-author of The Soviet Union since the Fall of Khrushchev (London, 1975, and New York, 1976; 2nd ed. 1978), and co-author (with Gordon Wightman) of The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (London, forthcoming). He has also published numerous articles on politics and intellectual history in academic journals and symposia.

DAVID A. DYKER was born in Aberdeen in 1944. After studying Political Economy and History as an undergraduate at Glasgow Uni• versity, he took the postgraduate Diploma of the Institute of Soviet and East European Studies at Glasgow .. He spent the 1967-68 academic year on an exchange scholarship at the Institute of National Economy in Tashkent (USSR) and he has made two study visits to Yugoslavia. Since 1968 he has taught at the where he is a lecturer in economics in the School of European Studies. He is the author of The Soviet Economy (London and New York, 1976) and of a number of articles in academic journals.

JACK GRAY, who was born in Glasgow in 1926, has been Senior Lecturer in Far Eastern History at the University of Glasgow since 1964. After graduating from Glasgow University in 1951, he spent two years as a postgraduate student at the School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London). From 1953 to 1956 he lectured on history at the and from 1956 to 1964 he was successively Lecturer in Far East History and Lecturer in Politics (China) at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London. viii Contributors

He made study visits to China in 1955 and 1975. From 1963 to 1968 he was Chairman of the Chatham House Working Group on 'China and the World'. Jack Gray is the co-author (with Patrick Cavendish) of Chinese Communism in Crisis: Maoism and the Cultural Revolution (London and New York, 1968), editor of and contributor to Modern China's Search for a Political Form (London, 1969) and author of Mao Tse-tung in Power: Theory and Practice since 1949 (Chicago, forthcoming). He has also contributed numerous articles on Chinese politics and modern history to scholarly journals and books.

GEORGE KOLANKIEWICZ, who was born in Trani, , in 1946, is a sociology graduate of Leeds University and at present Lecturer in Sociology at the . Previously he held a research fellowship at Essex and a lectureship at University College, Swansea. He co-edited (with David Lane) and contributed to Social Groups in Polish Society (London and New York, 1973). He has made a number of study visits to Poland and is currently working on a study of social stratification in Polish society with particular reference to the working class and the intelligentsia.

FRANCIS LAMBERT was born in Penrith, Cumbria, in 1942. After studying history as an undergraduate (and open scholar) at New College, Oxford, he continued his postgraduate studies in Oxford and was awarded a doctorate for his thesis on the Cuban question in Spanish Restoration politics. Between 1966 and 1968 he was Junior Research Fellow in Politics at the Institute of -American Studies of the University of London, and since 1968 has been a lecturer in history at the Institute of Latin-American Studies of the University of Glasgow. He is the author of several articles on Latin American politics in scholarly journals.

GEORGE SCHOPFLIN was born in Budapest in 1939. From 1957 to 1962 he studied at Glasgow University, where he graduated with M.A. and LL.B degrees. After pursuing his studies at the College of Europe in Bruges, he joined the Royal Institute of International Affairs in London, moving to work at the Central Research Unit of the BBC External Services in 1967. During 1973-74, he was Hayter Fellow at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (University of Lon• don). At the time of writing his chapter he was Research Officer with the BBC External Services and is currently Lecturer in East European Political Institutions at the University of London. Since becoming a British citizen, he has been a regular visitor to Hungary. He is the editor of The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe: a handbook (London, 1970) and has contributed a number of articles to scholarly journals and symposia. Contributors lX

RAY TARAS was born in Montreal in 1946. After studying at the Univenities of Montreal, Sussex and Essex, he carried out research in Poland during the 1970-71 academic year before taking up a lecture• ship in politics at Lanchester Polytechnic (Coventry). He is the author of several articles on Polish politics, including chapters in David Lane and George Kolankiewicz (eds), Social Groups in Polish Society (London and New York, 1973), and J. Schapiro and P. Potichnyj (eds), Change and Adaptation in Soviet and East European Politics (New York, 1976).

STEPHEN WHITE was born in Dublin in 1945. After graduating from Trinity College Dublin, in 1968, he was a postgraduate student at the Institute of Soviet and East European Studies of Glasgow Univer• sity, where he took his doctorate. He has made regular study visits to the Soviet Union and spent the 1970-71 academic year at Moscow University on a cultural exchange scholarship. Since 1971 he has been a lecturer in politics at Glasgow University. He is the author of a number of scholarly articles in the fields of political science and modern history and of Political Culture and Soviet Politics (London, forthcoming) and Britain and Bolshevik Russia: A Study in the Politics of Diplomacy, 1920-1924 (London, forthcoming). GORDON WIGHTMAN, who was born in in 1943, is a lecturer in politics at the . After graduating from Glasgow University in 1966 he was successively a postgraduate student in the Institute of Soviet and East European Studies and a research assistant and temporary lecturer in the Department of Politics at Glasgow, before moving to Liverpool University in 1972. He spent eighteen months in Czechoslovakia between September 1967 and April 1969 and made a number of shorter visits between 1963 and 1970 . He has written on the changing composition of the Czechoslovak Communist Party and is co-author (with Archie Brown) of The Com• munist Party of Czechoslovakia (London, forthcoming). Preface to the Second Edition It is gratifying that the lively interest which this book has provoked has enabled it to go into a second (and paperback) edition. This has provided the editors and authors with an opportunity to correct some minor errors, to update a number of the bibliographical references, and to take account of certain political events which have occurred since the first edition went to press. We have been fortunate in that our reviewers have not only been generous in their appraisal of such virtues as the volume may possess, but thoughtful and constructive in their suggestions of ways in which the study of political cultures of Communist societies might be further developed. We have not, however, undertaken a radical extension of the existing chapters to cover relatively neglected aspects since it seemed desirable to keep the book at its present compact length. Happily, though, there are a number of signs of rapidly growing interest among Communist politics specialists in the analysis of the content, acquisition, and modes of transmission of political culture in its various forms. One of the contributors to the present volume, Stephen White, will shortly publish the first book to be devoted specifically to the study of Soviet political culture. Other authors (in several different countries) are at work on studies of the political cultures of a variety of Communist societies, including some which do not find a place in the present volume. Within a few years there should be a formidable body of literature devoted to that political cultural dimension of Communist politics which for too long was neglected. A.H.B. OxfoTd and Glasgow, 1978 J.G. Preface to the First Edition

The idea of a collaborative work on 'political culture and political change' in a variety of Communist states was first discussed by the editors of this book in 1969 when they were colleagues at Glasgow University, and between then and 1971 when Archie Brown moved to Oxford a number of discussions took place within a small group of scholars interested in the study of comparative communism. By 1972 most of the contributors to the present volume had agreed to join the inter-disciplinary working group and the project of Political Culture and Political Change in Communist States was formulated in detail. The present volume could not, however, have been produced without the 'financial support which enabled the authors (who teach in various British universities) to come together for co-ordinating meetings. Formal working group sessions were held in St Antony's College, Oxford, in September 1974 and in Glasgow University in May 1975, and they were followed by a final conference at St Antony's in December 1975 at which the authors had the opportunity to present their chapters (by this time in second or third draft) to an exceptionally well-informed and constructively critical audience and to benefit from much stimulating discussion. For making these meetings and the con• ference possible the editors and other authors are greatly indebted to the Nuffield Foundation. It was their decision in 1973 to support the project financially which turned aspiration into reality. The grant was made to Archie Brown and he and Jack Gray jointly co-ordinated the project and served as co-chairmen of the 1975 conference. At this conference, particularly important contributions were made by those who acted as official discussants of the various papers and who, apart from their remarks at formal sessions, in a number of cases gave the individual authors the benefit of their further extensive comments. While the discussants cannot in any way be held responsible for the views espoused in the authors' final drafts which are presented in the chapters which follow, the contributors are conscious of the benefit they derived from this criticism. The following scholars were the dis• cussants: Professor Rudolf L. Tokes, University of Connecticut (Chapter I); Dr T. H. Rigby, Australian National University, Canberra (Chapter 2); Dr Stevan Pavlowitch, University of Southampton (Chapter 3); Dr Maria Hirszowicz, (Chapter 4); Professor I van Szelenyi, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide (Chapter 5); Preface to the First Edition Xlll

Dr Vladimir V. Kusin, University of Glasgow (Chapter 6); Dr John Gardner, . (Chapter 7); Professor Alistair Hennessy, (Chapter 8); and Professor Hugh Seton-Watson, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London (Chapter 9). The other participants who helped to make the conference so ex• tremely valuable (and who in several cases offered additional written comments on particular chapters) were: Professor Wlodzimierz Brus, St Antony's College, Oxford; Miss April Carter, Somerville College, Oxford; Dr Mark Elvin, St Antony's College; Professor S. E. Finer, All Souls College, Oxford; Dr J. Goldberg, Hebrew University of J eru• salem; Professor Ghi!a Ionescu, University of Manchester; Mr Michael Kaser, St Antony's College; Dr Dennis Kavanagh, University of Man• chester; Dr David Lane, Emmanuel College, Cambridge; Dr Steven Lukes, Balliol College, Oxford; Professor Alexander Matejko, Univer• sity of Alberta, Edmonton; Mr John Miller, La Trobe University, Melbourne; Mr Richard Newnham, St Antony's College; Dr Frank Parkin, Magdalen College, Oxford; Dr Alex Pravda, University of Reading; Dr Z. A. Pelczynski, Pembroke College, Oxford; Dr Harold Shukman, St Antony's College; Miss Patricia Thomas, Assistant Director, Nuffield Foundation; and Mr Michael Waller, UniversitY of Manchester. Since political culture is a concept which cuts across disciplinary boundaries, the decision to gather together an inter-disciplinary team of authors was a deliberate one. To the editors and contributors it appears that there have been great advantages in having the disciplines of history, sociology and economics as well as political science (the core discipline so far as this particular study is concerned) represented in the working group. Within the group a high level of agreement in principle on a particular common approach to the study of political cultures of Communist societies was achieved. That it was not always possible to apply this as fully in practice as we would have wished can only to a limited degree be related to differences in disciplinary background and of personal emphasis among the individual authors. It is, to a greater extent, the result of variations from one Communist society to another in the range and type of data which are accessible to the outside in• vestigator. From the beginning it was abundantly clear that certain types of source would bulk larger in some studies than in others. What, as it seems to us, remains important is the effort which the various authors have made to address themselves to an agreed set of questions within a common framework of analysis. It should be stressed that we are fully aware that this book is not a comprehensive analysis of political change within Communist states. No account which concentrated mainly upon political culture and XIV Preface to the First Edition paid, of necessity, little attention to other approaches to the study of Communist politics could hope to be that. We are aware, too, of how much remains to be done even in the sphere of study of Communist political cultures. The limitations imposed by writing about such a broad theme as that of the political culture of a society at chapter length obviously mean that many problems cannot receive detailed attention. We hope, however, that we have at least done enough to show how important is the political culture dimension if a fuller under• standing of continuity and change within Communist states is to be achieved.

Oxford and Glasgow, 1976 ARCHIE BROWN JACK GRAY