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POLITICAL CULTURE AND POLITICAL CHANGE IN COMMUNIST STATES Also by Archie Brown SOVIET POLITICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE THE SOVIET UNION SINCE THE FALL OF KHRUSHCHEV (co-editor with Michael Kaser) Also by Jack Gray CHINESE COMMUNISM IN CRISIS (with Patrick Cavendish) MODERN CHINA'S SEARCH FOR A POLITICAL FORM (editor) POLITICAL CULTURE AND POLITICAL CHANGE IN COMMUNIST STATES Edited by ARCHIE BROWN and JACK GRAY Second Edition Selection and editorial matter © Archie Brown and Jack Gray 1977, 1979 Chapter I © Archie Brown 1977, 1979 Chapter 2 © Stephen White 1977, 1979 Chapter 3 © David A. Dyker 1977, 1979 Chapter 4© George Kolankiewicz and Ray Taras 1977, 1979 Chapter 5© George Schopflin 1977, 1979 Chapter 6 © Archie Brown and Gordon Wightman 1977, 1979 Chapter 7 ©Jack Gray 1977, 1979 Chapter 8 © Francis Lambert 1977, 1979 Chapter 9 ©Jack Gray 1977 Soft cover reprint of the hardcover 2nd edition 1979 978-0-333-25608-4 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any forln or by any means, without permission First edition 1977 Second edition 1979 Published by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Associated companies in Delhi Dublin Hong KongJohannesburg Lagos Melbourne New York Singapore Tokyo Typeset in Great Britain by WESTERN PRINTING SERVICES LTD Bristol British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Political culture and political change in communist states - 2nd ed. I. Communist countries - Politics and government I. Brown, Archibald Haworth II. Gray, Jack, b.1926 320.9'17 1'7 JC474 ISBN 978-0-333-25609-1 ISBN 978-1-349-16182-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-16182-9 The paperback edition of this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent, in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition. including this condition being imposed in the subsequent purchaser This book is sold subject to the standard conditions of the Net Book Agreement Contents Contributors Vll Preface to the Second Edition Xl Preface to the First Edition xii I Introduction Archie Brown 2 The USSR: Patterns of Autocracy and Industrialism 25 Stephen White 3 Yugoslavia: Unity out of Diversity? 66 David A. Dyker 4 Poland: Socialism for Everyman? 101 George Kolankiewicz and Ray Taras 5 Hungary: An Uneasy Stability 131 George Schopflin 6 Czechoslovakia: Revival and Retreat 159 Archie Brown and Gordon Wightman 7 China: Communism and Confucianism 197 Jack Gray 8 Cuba: Communist State or Personal Dictatorship? 23 I Francis Lambert 9 Conclusions 253 Jack Gray Index 273 Contributors ARCHIE BROWN, who was born in Annan, Scotland, in 1938, is a Fellow of St Antony's College and Lecturer in Soviet Institutions at the University of Oxford. After studying as an undergraduate and graduate student at the London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), he was a lecturer in politics for seven years at Glasgow University before moving to Oxford in 1971. He has spent fifteen months at Moscow and Leningrad Universities in the course of three cultural exchange visits to the Soviet Union, and has visited Czechoslovakia four times since 1965. Archie Brown is the author of Soviet Politics and Political Science (London, 1974, and New York, 1976), co-editor (with Michael Kaser) and part-author of The Soviet Union since the Fall of Khrushchev (London, 1975, and New York, 1976; 2nd ed. 1978), and co-author (with Gordon Wightman) of The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (London, forthcoming). He has also published numerous articles on politics and intellectual history in academic journals and symposia. DAVID A. DYKER was born in Aberdeen in 1944. After studying Political Economy and History as an undergraduate at Glasgow Uni­ versity, he took the postgraduate Diploma of the Institute of Soviet and East European Studies at Glasgow .. He spent the 1967-68 academic year on an exchange scholarship at the Institute of National Economy in Tashkent (USSR) and he has made two study visits to Yugoslavia. Since 1968 he has taught at the University of Sussex where he is a lecturer in economics in the School of European Studies. He is the author of The Soviet Economy (London and New York, 1976) and of a number of articles in academic journals. JACK GRAY, who was born in Glasgow in 1926, has been Senior Lecturer in Far Eastern History at the University of Glasgow since 1964. After graduating from Glasgow University in 1951, he spent two years as a postgraduate student at the School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London). From 1953 to 1956 he lectured on history at the University of Hong Kong and from 1956 to 1964 he was successively Lecturer in Far East History and Lecturer in Politics (China) at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London. viii Contributors He made study visits to China in 1955 and 1975. From 1963 to 1968 he was Chairman of the Chatham House Working Group on 'China and the World'. Jack Gray is the co-author (with Patrick Cavendish) of Chinese Communism in Crisis: Maoism and the Cultural Revolution (London and New York, 1968), editor of and contributor to Modern China's Search for a Political Form (London, 1969) and author of Mao Tse-tung in Power: Theory and Practice since 1949 (Chicago, forthcoming). He has also contributed numerous articles on Chinese politics and modern history to scholarly journals and books. GEORGE KOLANKIEWICZ, who was born in Trani, Italy, in 1946, is a sociology graduate of Leeds University and at present Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Essex. Previously he held a research fellowship at Essex and a lectureship at University College, Swansea. He co-edited (with David Lane) and contributed to Social Groups in Polish Society (London and New York, 1973). He has made a number of study visits to Poland and is currently working on a study of social stratification in Polish society with particular reference to the working class and the intelligentsia. FRANCIS LAMBERT was born in Penrith, Cumbria, in 1942. After studying history as an undergraduate (and open scholar) at New College, Oxford, he continued his postgraduate studies in Oxford and was awarded a doctorate for his thesis on the Cuban question in Spanish Restoration politics. Between 1966 and 1968 he was Junior Research Fellow in Politics at the Institute of Latin-American Studies of the University of London, and since 1968 has been a lecturer in history at the Institute of Latin-American Studies of the University of Glasgow. He is the author of several articles on Latin American politics in scholarly journals. GEORGE SCHOPFLIN was born in Budapest in 1939. From 1957 to 1962 he studied at Glasgow University, where he graduated with M.A. and LL.B degrees. After pursuing his studies at the College of Europe in Bruges, he joined the Royal Institute of International Affairs in London, moving to work at the Central Research Unit of the BBC External Services in 1967. During 1973-74, he was Hayter Fellow at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (University of Lon­ don). At the time of writing his chapter he was Research Officer with the BBC External Services and is currently Lecturer in East European Political Institutions at the University of London. Since becoming a British citizen, he has been a regular visitor to Hungary. He is the editor of The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe: a handbook (London, 1970) and has contributed a number of articles to scholarly journals and symposia. Contributors lX RAY TARAS was born in Montreal in 1946. After studying at the Univenities of Montreal, Sussex and Essex, he carried out research in Poland during the 1970-71 academic year before taking up a lecture­ ship in politics at Lanchester Polytechnic (Coventry). He is the author of several articles on Polish politics, including chapters in David Lane and George Kolankiewicz (eds), Social Groups in Polish Society (London and New York, 1973), and J. Schapiro and P. Potichnyj (eds), Change and Adaptation in Soviet and East European Politics (New York, 1976). STEPHEN WHITE was born in Dublin in 1945. After graduating from Trinity College Dublin, in 1968, he was a postgraduate student at the Institute of Soviet and East European Studies of Glasgow Univer­ sity, where he took his doctorate. He has made regular study visits to the Soviet Union and spent the 1970-71 academic year at Moscow University on a cultural exchange scholarship. Since 1971 he has been a lecturer in politics at Glasgow University. He is the author of a number of scholarly articles in the fields of political science and modern history and of Political Culture and Soviet Politics (London, forthcoming) and Britain and Bolshevik Russia: A Study in the Politics of Diplomacy, 1920-1924 (London, forthcoming). GORDON WIGHTMAN, who was born in Edinburgh in 1943, is a lecturer in politics at the University of Liverpool. After graduating from Glasgow University in 1966 he was successively a postgraduate student in the Institute of Soviet and East European Studies and a research assistant and temporary lecturer in the Department of Politics at Glasgow, before moving to Liverpool University in 1972. He spent eighteen months in Czechoslovakia between September 1967 and April 1969 and made a number of shorter visits between 1963 and 1970 . He has written on the changing composition of the Czechoslovak Communist Party and is co-author (with Archie Brown) of The Com­ munist Party of Czechoslovakia (London, forthcoming). Preface to the Second Edition It is gratifying that the lively interest which this book has provoked has enabled it to go into a second (and paperback) edition.

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