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UNDYING GLORY: PRESERVATION of MEMORY in GREEK ATHLETICS, WAR MEMORIALS, and FUNERAL ORATIONS JOSHUA D. HAINY a THESIS Presented

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UNDYING GLORY: PRESERVATION of MEMORY in GREEK ATHLETICS, WAR MEMORIALS, and FUNERAL ORATIONS JOSHUA D. HAINY a THESIS Presented UNDYING GLORY: PRESERVATION OF MEMORY IN GREEK ATHLETICS, WAR MEMORIALS, AND FUNERAL ORATIONS by JOSHUA D. HAINY A THESIS Presented to the Department ofClassics and the Graduate School ofthe University ofOregon in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree of Master ofArts June 2010 11 "Undying Glory: Preservation ofMemory in Greek Athletics, War Memorials, and Funeral Orations," a thesis prepared by Joshua D. Hainy in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the Master ofArts degree in the Department ofClassics. This thesis has been approved and accepted by: eExamining Committee __Cl-rl ~_=--L..-/.,.....:=-t2._0_/0_· _ Date u-=-= ) Committee in Charge: Dr. Mary Jaeger, Chair Dr. Christopher Eckerman Accepted by: Dean ofthe Graduate School 111 An Abstract ofthe Thesis of Joshua D. Rainy for the degree of Master ofArts in the Department of Classics to be taken June 2010 Title: UNDYING GLORY: PRESERVATION OF MEMORY IN GREEK ATHLETICS, WAR MEMORIALS, AND FUNERAL ORATIONS Approved: ------=-- '''-p:----------- Ancient Greek acts of commemoration aimed to preserve the memory ofan event or an individual. By examining the commemoration ofathletic victory, military success, and death in battle, with reliance upon theories ofmemory, this study examines how each form ofcommemoration offered immortality. A vital aspect was the way they joined word and material reminder. Athletes could maintain their glory by erecting statues or commissioning epinician odes, which often relied on image and words. The physical and ideological reconfiguration ofthe plain ofMarathon linked the battle's memory to a location. Pericles' oration offered eternal praise to both the war dead and Athens, an Athens crafted as a monument by Pericles to remain for future generations. In different and complimentary ways, all ofthese forms ofcommemoration preserved the glory ofa deed or an individual for posterity. IV CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: Joshua D. Hainy PLACE OF BIRTH: Wessington Springs, South Dakota GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon University of St. Thomas Minnesota State University, Mankato DEGREES AWARDED: Master ofArts in Classics, 2010, University ofOregon Bachelor ofArts in Art History and Classical Civilization, 2008 University of St. Thomas Bachelor ofArts in History, 2002, Minnesota State University, Mankato AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Classical Reception Pastoral Poetry PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Latin Instructor, Classics Department, University ofOregon, 2009-2010 Graduate Teaching Fellowship, Classics Department, University of Oregon, 2008-2010 GRANTS, AWARDS AND HONORS: Mary Towley Swanson Outstanding Research and Scholarship Award, University of St. Thomas, 2007 v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my appreciation to Dr. Mary Jaeger and Dr. Christopher Eckerman for their guidance and suggestions on this project and much gratitude to my parents. VI TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION: MEMORIES 1 II. STATUE A1\TD SONG........................................................................................ 11 III. MEMORIES OF MARATHON 37 IV. ATHENS: MONUMENT OF LOGO]............................................................... 65 V. CONCLUSION: LEST WE FORGET................................................................ 90 BIBLIOGRAPHY 93 1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION: MEMORIES Tov ' OAUJl1tlOVilcav avayvol'tE. JlOl ,ApXEO''tpa'tou 1t0100, 1tOel cj>pEVOC; EJlclC; yE.yp01t'tot... (Pindar Olympian 10.1-3) Read to me the Olympic victor, the son ofArchestratus, where it has been written onmymm. d... 1 I begin this study ofthe immortality granted through Greek acts of commemoration with lines from Pindar because, injust a few lines, the poet lays a useful framework for a discussion ofmemory. The epinician poet asks the name ofthe victor to be read to him in order to remember it; Pindar needs a reminder in order to start his ode for Hagesidamus and his victory.2 Regardless ofthe person whom Pindar asks to do this, we learn that Pindar needs external stimuli for recollecting the name and the memory attached to it. This request seems peculiar since Pindar states that the name is already 1 Translations are my own unless otherwise noted. 2 Unlike Homer, who uses the Muse to remember, as Vernant 1969, 55 notes, Pindar needs the name in order to begin recalling the victor. Pindar does address the Muse, but only in the capacity to ward offblame for breaking a promise and wronging Hagesidmus, the subject ofthe poem to whom Pindar owes a sweet song (YAUle\> yap mhq'> Jl€AO~ ocjletArov E1tlA€Aa8" ro Mota' •aAM aU Kat 8uyciTIlP I'Mci8eta ~lO~, op8~ Xept IEpuKe't'ov ",euO€rov IEvmav aAl't'Oc;eVOv, 3-6). Gildersleeve 1899 has the verb, <ivciyvO>'t'€, suggesting "a humorous search in the poet's ledger" (214). Verdenius 1988 comments that Gildersleeve's translation is not quite right. Instead, "the imperative is used 'absolutely' and has rhetorical force" (55) and offers the interpretation that "the poet asks for a simple report...ofthe place where the victor's name is recorded" (55). 2 written on his mind.3 While a memory exists in one's mind, a physical manifestation ofit, whether aural or visual, helps in the recalling ofthe memory. From this poem, we learn that a particular place keeps Hagesidamus' name, as the verb yeypu1t'tat suggests.4 The localizing ofthe name helps root the memory ofHagesidamus and his achievement to a physical place. The encomium ofHagesidamus depends on Pindar's remembrance ofthe victor, and once this happens, the poet can work to preserve the victory. With the help of Hagesidamus' name, Pindar hopes to take a preexisting memory and ensure its survival. Thus, Pindar makes his work an aide-memoire for his listeners. Without the efforts of Pindar, the memory ofHagesidamus is in danger ofbeing forgotten. Acts of commemoration assist in the preservation ofmemory. Not every memory is considered important to preserve. In fact, the memories that stand the greater chance oflasting are those determined important by a society.5 Thus, commemorated events are not randomly selected, but ones deemed worthy ofmemory.6 Athletic victory, an avenue for the display ofGreek male excellence, provided the winner a chance to demonstrate his possession ofkey societal values. At Olympia, Hagesidamus won the boy's boxing event, a victory which Pindar was hired to commemorate. 3 More correctly, the narrator ofthe poem has the memory of the victor in his cjlpiJv. We learn in the fmal lines ofthe poem that the narrator was present at Hagesidamus' victory at Olympia (100-101). 4 Verdenius 1988 states that with the verb, "Pindar is thinking ofa ledger, and especially a register of debts" (55). This places the name on a tangible object, a place where Pindar can look to recall the name of Hagesdamus. 5 Assman and Czaplicka 1995, 130. "No memory can preserve the past" (130); only that which the society determines important remains. Nora 1989, 19 notes that there must be a desire to remember, therefore not everything can be remembered. 6 Pindar would have been commissioned to write his poems, but the victor made a conscious choice to hire Pindar to preserve the important event. ---------------- 3 Hagesidamus had gained glory through his victory and could preserve the memory ofthe achievement since he exhibited values ofphysical and athletic excellence important to his society. The memories in Pindar's poems are a result ofa deliberate choice to preserve an event through commemoration. The formation and survival ofthe victor's memory lies in this process ofcommemoration. This puts the event in a position to be one that others in the society should consider important, since there needs to be social support in order for a memory to last.? Preserving a memory is a selective and constructed process; certain groups determine the things worth remembering and how that memory should be presented. Only those aspects that reflect a group's conceptions ofthe memory are used in its formation, for any event outside ofthe perimeters ofthe approved memory will not be a part ofit.8 The event is shaped into a memory often not ofwhat truly happened, but what should have happened, according to those forming the memory. What matters is that the memory connects the past to the present in a manner reflecting the aims ofthe preservers ofthe memory who offer it up for acceptance.9 Locations or physical objects help to sustain the memory. As Pierre Nora notes, "Memory takes root in the concrete, in spaces, gestures, images, and objects."l0 This study wi11look at the different physical objects to which memory has been attached. Greek acts ofcommemoration, either for individuals or events, connect a memory to a 7 Tuan 1991,689. 8 Nora 1989, 8. 9 Lowenthal 1975, 11-12,28; Finley 1965,299. 10 Nora 1989,9. 4 location and form what Nora terms a lieu de memoire.ll Although words are not rooted in a particular location, they are still important in the commemoration process, both because their written form is a physical manifestation ofa memory, and because they help maintain other forms ofcommemoration.12 Since memories are gained through society, they persist in what Maurice Halbwachs refers to as collective memory.13 Throughout this study, I shall be referring to this term, but what exactly does it mean, and what does it have to do with understanding the commemorative process? Societies commemorate only those things that they decide are worth remembering, so any act ofpublic commemoration expresses the memories of a group ofpeople. Each individual
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