Report on Forest Research 1965 and 1966
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Forestry Commission ARCHIVE FORESTRY COMMISSION REPORT ON FOREST RESEARCH for the year ended March 1965 LONDON HER MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE 1966 ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON FOREST RESEARCH Membership as at 31st March 1965 Chairman T h e E a r l W a l d e g r a v e , t .d ., d .l . Chairman of the Forestry Commission. Members M r. F . C . B a w d e n , f .r .s . Director, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts. M r . J. B r y a n Director, Forest Products Research Laboratory, Ministry of Technology, Princes Risborough, Bucks. Professor M. V. L a u r ie , o .b .e . Professor of Forestry, University of Oxford. Professor E. C. M o b b s , o .b .e . Professor of Forestry, University College of North Wales, Bangor. Dr. A. B. S t e w a r t , c .b .e . Director, Macaulay Institute for Soil Research, Aberdeen. M r. A . R . W a n n o p , o .b .e . Director, Hill Farming Research Organisation, Edinburgh. Professor P. F. W a r e in g Professor of Botany, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. Secretary M r. T . D . H. M o r r is Forest Research Station, Forestry Commission, Alice Holt Lodge, Wrecclesham, Farnham, Surrey (Bentley 2255). iii (93792) A 2 CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION by J. R. Thom, Director of Research xiii REVIEW OF THE YEAR’S WORK, by R. F. Wood, Conservator, Research Directorate 1 P A R T I REPORTS ON WORK CARRIED OUT BY FORESTRY COMMISSION RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT STAFF f o r e s t t r e e se e d by G. M. Buszewicz 9 Service ..... 9 Seed Procurement ... 9 Seed Supply .... 9 Seed Extraction ... 10 Seed Storage .... 11 Seed Testing .... 11 Research .... 12 n u r s e r y investigations by J. R. Aldhous and J. Atterson . 14 Factors Influencing the Yield of Seedlings . 14 Date of Sowing by J. R. Aldhous .... 14 Irrigation by J. Atterson ...... 14 Watering after Sowing by J. Atterson .... 14 Seed Pre-treatment by J. Atterson .... 15 Nutrition ......... 15 Long-term Fertility Trials by J. Atterson . 15 Slow-acting Inorganic Fertilizers by J. Atterson . 15 Fertilizer Scorch on Transplants by J. R. Aldhous . 15 Weed Control in the Nursery .... 16 Weed Control in Seedbeds by J. R. Aldhous . 16 Transplants ...... 16 Spacing in Transplant Lines by J. R. Aldhous 16 Storage and Handling of Nursery Plants 17 Cold Storage of Seedlings by J. R. Aldhous 17 Miscellaneous ..... 17 Nursery Stocktaking by J. Atterson . 17 Nursery Demonstrations by J. Atterson 19 silvicultural investigations by R. M. G. Semple, R. Lines, W. O. Binns, et al .......... 20 Afforestation of Difficult Sites ....... 20 Plantations at High Elevation in the North by S. A. Neustein . 20 Plantations at High Elevations in Wales by A. I. Fraser . 20 Northern and Western Isles of Scotland by S. A. Neustein . 21 ‘Hard Heaths’—Millbuie Forest by D. W. Henman . 21 v Page Amelioration of Forest Sites 21 (1) Nutrition 21 (a) Forest Nutrition in Scotland and Northern England 21 Manuring of Young Crops by J. Atterson 21 Pole-stage Manuring ...... 23 Foliar Analysis ....... 24 (b) Forest Nutrition in South and Central England and Wales . 25 Manuring of Pole-stage Crops by W. O. Binns and A. E. Coates 25 Potassium Deficiencies on Peat by W. O. Binns . 26 Intensive Manuring and Weedkillers Applied at Planting Time by W. O. Binns and J. R. Aldhous ..... 28 (2) Cultivation ........ 28 Cultivation of Heathland—Inshriach Forest by D. W. Henman 28 Cultivation of Heathland—Teindland Forest by D. W. Henman 28 (3) Drainage .......... 29 Drainage of Deep Peat—Clocaenog Forest by A. I. Fraser . 29 Drainage of Deep Peat—Flanders Moss, Loch Ard Forest by D. W. Henman .......... 29 Drainage of Peat—Inchnacardoch Forest by D. W. Henman. 30 Drainage of Heavy Clay Soils—Orlestone Forest, Kent by A. I. Fraser ........... 30 Drainage of Heavy Clay Soils—Kershope Forest, Cumberland by D. W. Henman ......... 30 Drainage of Heavy Clay Soils—Rosedale, Allerston Forest, North Yorkshire by D. W. Henman ....... 30 Drain Erosion Studies—Kielder Forest, Northumberland by D. W. Henman .......... 30 Drain-forming Machinery by D. W. Henman .... 31 Natural Regeneration and Seed Supply . 31 Seed Trapping—Douglas fir by A. I. Fraser . 31 Seed Trapping—Sitka spruce by D. W. Henman . 31 Artificial Regeneration . .3 1 Underplanting of Japanese Larch by A. I. Fraser and S. A. Neustein 31 Cultivation of Felled Pine Areas in Scotland by S. A. Neustein . 32 Brash Disposal by S. A. Neustein ...... 32 Regeneration of Scots Pine at Thetford Chase by A. I. Fraser . 33 Spruce in the Borders—Size of Felling Area by S. A. Neustein . 33 Direct Sowing of Sitka spruce by S. A. Neustein .... 33 Species Trials .......... 33 (a) Trials in Scotland and Northern England by R. Lines, S. A. Neustein, D. W. Henman and J. Atterson .... 33 Western hemlock ......... 33 Picea x lutzii ...... 33 Sycamore .......... 34 Nothofagus .......... 34 Eucalyptus .......... 34 (b) Trials in Southern England and Wales by A. F. Mitchell . 34 vi Page Long-term Mixtures by R. Lines and M. Nimmo 35 Gisburn Forest: Conifer/Hardwood . 35 Douglas Fir/Western Hemlock . 36 Sitka Spruce/Western Hemlock Mixtures 37 Provenance by R. Lines and A. F. Mitchell . 38 Scots Pine ...... 38 Pin us nigra ...... 39 Lodgepole Pine ..... 39 Pinus banlcsiana ..... 41 Douglas Fir ..... 41 Sitka Spruce.. 41 Norway Spruce ..... 42 Abies alba ...... 42 Abies grandis ..... 43 Abies procera ..... 43 Sequoia sempervirens .... 43 Weed Control in the Forest ....... 43 (a) Scotland and Northern England by J. Atterson and S. A. Neustein .......... 43 (b) Southern England and Wales by J. R. Aldhous . 44 Tree Stability .......... 44 Records of Windthrow by A. I. Fraser ..... 44 Tree Pulling Investigations by A. I. Fraser and D. W. Henman . 44 Aerodynamic Studies by A. I. Fraser ..... 45 Miscellaneous ......... 45 Growth Fall-off in Sitka Spruce by D. W. Henman . 45 Estimation of ‘Exposure’ by Abney Level by S. A. Neustein 46 p o p l a r s a n d el m s by J. Jobling 47 Poplars ..... 47 Varietal Studies . 47 Varietal Trial Plots . 47 Varietal Collection . 48 Populetum .... 48 Silvicultural Experiments . 48 Establishment Studies . 48 Spacing .... 48 Pruning .... 50 Distribution of Cuttings . 50 Bacterial Canker Investigations . 50 Elms ..... 50 Clonal Collection . 50 Propagation . 50 Establishment Studies . 51 Disease Testing . 51 FOREST ECOLOGY by J. M. B. B ro w n ........................................................................52 Ecology of Black (Corsican) Pine, Pinus nigra ..... 52 Sitka Spruce and the Great Spruce Bark Beetle, Dendroctonus micans Kugelaan ........... 52 vii Page s o il m o is t u r e , c l im a t e , a n d t r e e g r o w t h by W. H. Hinson, R. Kitching and D. F. Fourt .......... 54 Soil Moisture Studies ......... 54 Rendlesham, Aldewood Forest (Suffolk) ..... 54 Burley (New Forest) ........ 55 Bramshill (Hampshire) ........ 55 Buriton, Queen Elizabeth Forest (Sussex) and Thetford (East Anglia) 56 Instrumentation and Techniques 56 A New Soil Sampler . 56 Potential Evapotranspiration 56 Data Logging ... 56 Soil Temperatures . 57 Neutron Moisture Meter . 57 Gamier Gauges . 57 f o r e s t g e n e t ic s by R. Faulkner, R. B. Herbert and A. M. Fletcher 59 Register of Seed Sources ....... 59 Seed Crops .......... 59 The Selection of Plus Trees ....... 59 Seed Orchards ......... 60 Vegetative Propagation ....... 60 Glasshouse Investigations ....... 60 f o r e s t p a t h o l o g y by D. H. P h illip s ..............................................................61 Death and Decay caused by Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cooke . 61 Establishment of Corsican Pine . .6 1 Stem Crack in Abies grandis . 6 1 Bacterial Canker of Poplar, Caused by Aplanobacterium populi, Ride 62 Blue Stain of Pine ......... 62 Needle Blight of Western Red Cedar, Thuja plicata .... 63 General ........... 63 f o r e s t e n t o m o l o g y by D. Bevan .... 6 5 Pine Looper Moth, Bupalus piniarius . 6 5 Douglas Fir Seed Wasp, Megastigmus spermatrophus . 65 Control of Adelges species on Conifers . .6 5 Biology ofAdelges species on Conifers . .6 5 Sitka Spruce Aphis, Neomyzaphis abietina . 6 5 Enquiries and Displays. .66 m a m m a l s a n d b ir d s by Judith J. Rowe . 67 Grey Squirrels ..... 67 Voles and Mice ..... 67 Deer ....... 68 Nursery: Protection of Seed from Birds . 68 Chemical Repellants in the Forest . 68 Electric Fencing ..... 68 Other Fencing ..... 68 Questionnaires ..... 68 viii Page p l a n n in g a n d e c o n o m ic s by D. R. Johnston 69 Working Plans by D. Y. M. Robertson . 69 Mensuration by R. T. Bradley 69 Census of Woodlands by G. M. L. Locke 70 Economics by A. J. Grayson 71 w o r k s t u d y by L. C. Troup .... 72 Re-organisation of Section .... 72 Assignments in Forest Year 1964 . 72 Machinery ...... 74 Piecework Booklet and Standard Time Tables . 75 Dissemination of Information . 75 The Blackbushe Forestry Exhibition, June 1964 75 Costing of Production Operations . 75 utilisation development by B. W. Holtam . 76 Properties of Home-Grown Timber .... 76 The Effect of Pruning on the Yield of Sawn Timber . 76 Home-Grown Timber for Plywood Manufacture . 77 Predrier Development Project ..... 77 Fence Post Trials ....... 77 Telegraph Pole Trials with Japanese and Hybrid Larch 78 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS by J. N. R. Jeffers 79 Design of Experiments and Surveys . 79 Analysis of Experiments and Surveys . 79 Computer Programming and Serviceability . 80 International Union of Forest Research Organisations 80 Statistics Section Papers ....