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Inland Valley Swamp Assessment in Tonkolili District, Sierra Leone

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Inland Valley Swamp Assessment in Tonkolili District, Sierra Leone Inland valley swamp assessment in Tonkolili District, Sierra Leone Item Type monograph Authors Rashid-Noah, A.B.; Johnny, M.; Olapade, J.; Phillips, M.J.; Siriwardena, S.N. Publisher WorldFish Download date 10/10/2021 03:53:52 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/39263 Photo credit: Front cover, Sunil N. Siriwardena/WorldFish cover, Front credit: Photo Inland valley swamp assessment in Tonkolili District, Sierra Leone Inland valley swamp assessment in Tonkolili District, Sierra Leone Authors Augustine Bunbu Rashid-Noah,1 Michael Johnny,2 Julius Olapade,1 Michael J. Phillips3 and Sunil N. Siriwardena3 Authors’ Affiliations 1 Njala University, Sierra Leone 2 Independent consultant, Freetown, Sierra Leone 3 WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia Citation This publication should be cited as: Rashid-Noah AB, Johnny M, Olapade J, Phillips MJ and Siriwardena SN. 2018. Inland valley swamp assessment in Tonkolili District, Sierra Leone. Penang, Malaysia: WorldFish. Program Report: 2018-01. Acknowledgments This publication was made possible by the support of the American people through the Feed the Future program of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Disclaimer The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of WorldFish and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. 2 Contents List of figures 4 List of tables 6 List of plates 7 List of abbreviations 8 Definitions and terms 9 Executive summary 10 Introduction 12 Study methodology 24 Main findings 26 Conclusions and recommendations 74 Notes 80 References 81 Appendix A. Results of the IVS physical assessment presented by chiefdom 84 Appendix B. Total area of different ecologies by chiefdom in Tonkolili District 89 Appendix C. Summary of the categorization of the inventoried IVSs 89 Appendix D. Maps of chiefdoms, towns and IVSs accessed 90 3 List of figures Figure 1. Cross-section of an inland valley showing the three zones of the landscape. 13 Figure 2. Monthly variation for Makeni and Marampa stations. 13 Figure 3. Education levels of respondents. 26 Figure 4. Marital status of respondents. 27 Figure 5. Number of children per household. 27 Figure 6. Main economic activities of the respondents. 28 Figure 7. Estimated annual household income of respondents. 29 Figure 8. Land acquisition for farming in Tonkolili District. 32 Figure 9. Extension services provided by MAFFS. 33 Figure 10. Farmers’ perceived constraints on IVS development and use. 34 Figure 11. Services provided by various farmers groups. 35 Figure 12. Types and combinations of livestock owned by respondents. 38 Figure 13. Integrated agricultural systems practiced in Tonkolili District. 39 Figure 14. Chiefdoms of surveyed IVSs in Tonkolili District. 41 Figure 15. Ways of reaching the surveyed IVSs. 42 Figure 16. Distribution of the surface areas of the IVSs. 42 Figure 17. Types of topography in IVSs. 43 Figure 18. Distribution of IVS soils by texture. 43 Figure 19. Distribution of soil depth in the IVSs. 44 Figure 20. Distribution of water sources in IVSs. 44 Figure 21. Distribution of water regime types of IVSs. 44 Figure 22. Distribution of flood depth in the middle of IVSs. 46 Figure 23. Distribution of flood depth at edge of IVSs. 46 Figure 24. Distribution of IVSs by development status. 47 Figure 25. Distribution of the major vegetation types in IVS catchments. 47 Figure 26. Ownership distribution of fishponds in Tonkolili District. 48 Figure 27. Location of fishponds within IVSs in chiefdoms in Tonkolili District. 49 Figure 28. Sources of fish seeds in Tonkolili District. 51 Figure 29. Overall seasonality of fish production in Tonkolili District. 52 Figure 30. Percentage distribution of fish production estimates in Tonkolili District. 53 Figure 31. Overall annual fish consumption by households in Tonkolili District. 53 Figure 32. Distribution of quantity of fish sold in Tonkolili District. 54 Figure 33. Overall distribution of fish culture with crop production. 55 Figure 34. Fish feed types used by fish farmers in Tonkolili District. 55 Figure 35. Harvesting methods used in Tonkolili District. 56 Figure 36. Labor hired by farmers in Tonkolili District. 56 Figure 37. Percentage distribution of hired labor in Tonkolili District. 56 4 Figure 38. Distribution of the selling price of fish in Tonkolili District. 57 Figure 39. Information on value addition to fish in Tonkolili District. 57 Figure 40. Annual labor cost for farmers in Tonkolili District. 58 Figure 41. Information on what farmers spend on fish feed in Tonkolili District. 58 Figure 42. Money spent on organic manure in Tonkolili District. 59 Figure 43. Information on what farmers spent to buy fish seed in Tonkolili District. 59 Figure 44. Annual income generated by farmers from fish sales in Tonkolili District. 59 Figure 45. Overall distribution of membership. 60 Figure 46. Marketing channels for sales of fish in Tonkolili District. 60 Figure 47. Freshwater fish species with the highest sales in Tonkolili District. 61 Figure 48. Problems associated with fish marketing in Tonkolili District. 61 Figure 49. Factors that determine fish preferences in Tonkolili District. 62 Figure 50. Perception about the effect of scale of operation on yield. 62 Figure 51. Reasons for low scale of fish farming operations in Tonkolili District. 62 Figure 52. Duration of loans given to farmers in the 11 chiefdoms. 63 Figure 53. Repayment periods of loans in Tonkolili District. 64 Figure 54. Interest per year payable by farmers in Tonkolili District. 64 Figure 55. Monetary value of loans received by respondents, excluding interest. 64 Figure 56. Awareness and adoption of integrated fish farming. 65 Figure 57. Use of fish from IVSs in chiefdoms. 66 Figure 58. Respondents’ perception of the use of fish from IVSs. 66 Figure 59. Time of year that fishing takes place in IVSs. 66 Figure 60. Seasonality of fishing in IVSs based on fish migratory patterns. 67 Figure 61. Crafts or gear used for fishing in IVSs. 67 Figure 62. Communal fishing in IVSs. 68 Figure 63. Sales of fish caught in IVSs. 68 Figure 64. Money realized annually by respondents from fish sales. 69 Figure 65. Distribution of money realized annually by respondents from fish sales. 69 Figure 66. Time of year when respondents forage for food crops. 71 Figure 67. Reasons for foraging in IVSs. 71 Figure 68. Time of year game is hunted. 73 Figure 69. Reasons for hunting game. 73 5 List of tables Table 1. Distribution of arable land in Sierra Leone. 12 Table 2. A summary of the categorization of inventoried IVSs in Sierra Leone. 16 Table 3. Sample distribution in Tonkolili District. 24 Table 4. Gender of respondents. 26 Table 5. Age distribution of respondents. 26 Table 6. Selected demographic and other health indicators. 27 Table 7. Women’s access to land for their needs. 30 Table 8. Farming ecologies in various communities. 31 Table 9. Respondents’ access to land for various farming needs. 32 Table 10. Respondents’ access to IVSs. 33 Table 11. Respondents with developed IVSs. 33 Table 12. Farmers’ perceived constraints on IVS development and use, by chiefdom. 34 Table 13. Membership in farmers groups among respondents. 35 Table 14. Farm sizes among respondents. 37 Table 15. Production costs of respondents. 37 Table 16. Value of harvest per hectares for respondents. 37 Table 17. Sufficiency of crop production for household needs. 37 Table 18. Proportion of harvest consumed by respondents. 37 Table 19. Proportion of harvest sold by respondents. 38 Table 20. Types of livestock owned by respondents. 39 Table 21. Categorization of chiefdoms by predominant soil texture. 43 Table 22. Types of water sources for IVSs, by chiefdom. 45 Table 23. Distribution of IVS water regime types within chiefdoms. 45 Table 24. Distribution of IVS surface water by duration. 46 Table 25. Ranking values used for different water regimes. 47 Table 26. Ranking of IVSs by chiefdom based on the nature of the water regime. 48 Table 27. Number of ponds owned by individual farmers in Tonkolili District. 50 Table 28. Description of ponds owned in Tonkolili District. 50 Table 29. Fish production cycles in Tonkolili District. 51 Table 30. Seasonality of fish production in Tonkolili District. 52 Table 31. Annual production estimates of fish production in Tonkolili District. 52 Table 32. Quantity of fish consumed by households in Tonkolili District. 53 Table 33. Quantity of fish sold per year to markets by farmers in Tonkolili District. 54 Table 34. Integrated farming practices in Tonkolili District. 54 Table 35. Farming fish after crop production. 55 Table 36. Fish processing methods used by farmers in Tonkolili District. 57 Table 37. Membership of associations in Tonkolili District. 60 Table 38. Loan sources for fish farm establishment in Tonkolili District. 63 Table 39. Perceptions of fish farmers regarding sustainable IAA. 65 Table 40. Freshwater fish species in IVSs of Tonkolili District. 69 Table 41. Type of crops foraged, by chiefdom. 71 Table 42. Aquatic plants of economic importance in IVSs. 72 6 List of plates Plate 1. An undeveloped IVS with oil palm trees in the background. 14 Plate 2. A flooded IVS. 14 Plate 3. A developed IVS with a main drain, rice plots and internal bunds. 14 Plate 4. Vegetables grown on mounds in an IVS. 14 Plate 5. Fishponds and a poultry building at an IVS site. 14 Plate 6. Water harvesting (dam) for crop production and fish capture in an IVS. 14 Plate 7. Beds constructed in an IVS for the second season planting of vegetable crops. 17 Plate 8. Farmers transplanting rice seedlings in an undeveloped IVS in July. 17 Plate 9. A farmer transplanting rice seedlings in an IVS in July. 18 Plate 10. Maize and other food crops grown in an IVS as a second crop after rice. 18 Plate 11. A valley section in Tonkolili District grown with rice.
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