A Global History of Architecture
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A Global History :5s of Architecture i \ / '• >' • Second"Editlon Francis D.K. Ching Mark Jarzombek Vikramaditya Prakash John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Contents Preface xi Early Cultures 1 Ritual Centers 4 3500 BCE 5 800 BCE 85 Beginnings of China's Civilization 8 Olmecs 88 Niuheliang Ritual Center 8 San Lorenzo 89 Mesopotamia 11 La Venta 90 Khirokitia 12 Chavin de Huantar 91 Grain and Metal 13 Zhou Dynasty China 93 Catal Hiiyuk 14 The Ritual Complex 94 Early Indus Settlements 16 The Aryan Invasion and Varanasi 96 Eridu and Uruk 17 The Iron Age 98 Pre- and Early-Dynastic Egypt 20 The Etruscans 99 European Developments 22 Etruscan Religion 100 Etruscan Temples 102 2500 BCE 25 Greece: The Geometric Period 103 The Indus Ghaggar-Hakra Civilization 28 Emergence of the Greek Temple Form 105 Mohenjo-Daro 30 Temple of Poseidon 106 Early Empires of Mesopotamia 32 Saba/Sa'abia 107 Ziggurat at Ur 34 Temple of Solomon 108 Margiana 36 Kingdom of Kush 109 Domestic Architecture 38 Neo-Assyrian Empire 110 Egypt: The Old Kingdom 39 Babylon 111 Pyramids at Giza 42 Valley Temple of Khafre 45 400 BCE 113 Architecture and Food 46 Achaemenid Dynasty 116 Stonehenge 47 Pasargadae 117 Megalithic Temples of Malta 50 Greece and the Mediterranean 121 First Civilizations of the Americas 52 The Greek Temple 121 Caral 53 Greek Architecture and Language 123 El Paraiso 54 Telesterion at Eleusis 125 Delphi 126 1500 BCE 55 Temple of Apollo at Delphi 127 Shang Dynasty China 58 Ionic Order 128 The Minoansand Knossos 60 The Parthenon 130 Egypt: The New Kingdom 64 Erectheum 132 Karnak 67 Athenian Propylaea 134 Abu Simbel 71 The Hellenistic Age 135 Egyptian Columns 72 Delos 136 Egyptian Design Methods 73 Priene 136 HittiLe Empire 74 Pergamon 138 Hattusas 74 Sanctuary of Athena at Lindos 139 Mycenaean Civilization 76 Ptolemies 140 Treasury of Atreus 78 Temple of Horus 141 Ugarit and Mari 79 Temple of Apollo at Didyma 142 Poverty Point 81 Mauryan Dynasty 143 Civilization of the High Andes 82 Asokan Pillars 144 Salinas de Chao 84 Barabar Hills Caves 145 Late Olmec Centers 146 The Early Mayas 146 China: The Warring States Period 148 Xianyang Palace 149 Tomb of Zeng Hou Vi 150 CONTENTS 0 151 Temple of the Feathered Serpent 227 The Founding of Rome 154 Ohio's Hopewell Mounds 228 Pompeii 155 Temple of Fortuna at Praeneste 156 400 CE 229 The Roman Urban Villa 157 The Sassanian Empire 232 Republican Tombs 158 Zoroastrian Fire Temples 234 Tholoi Tombs 159 Ajanta Caves 235 Bribacte 160 Establishment of Chinese and Centra! Augustan Rome 162 Asian Buddhism 238 Forum of Augustus 163 Yungang Caves 239 Vitruvius 164 Mogao Caves 240 Corinthian Capitals 164 Mahabodhi Temple 242 Post-Augustan Rome 165 Sigiriya 243 Northern Palace at Masada 167 Hindu Renaissance 244 Palace of Domitian 168 The Pyu, Mon, and Funan 246 The Colosseum 170 Oc Eo 247 Imperial Rome 171 Mithraism 248 Rock-Cut Tombs 173 Emergence of Christianity 249 Petra 174 Martyria 251 Development of Mahayana Buddhism 176 St. Peter's in Rome 251 Sanchi Complex 177 First Baptisteries 253 Abhayagiri Vihara 179 Post-Constantinian Age 254 Junnar Caves 180 Alahan Monastery 255 Caitya Hall at Kondivte 181 Tomb of King Theodoric 255 Taxila: The Gandharan Cosmopolis 182 Zapotecs of Oaxaca 257 Gin Dynasty China 183 Monte Alban 258 Tomb of the First Emperor 184 Kofun Period: Japan 260 Great Wall of China 185 Shaft Tombs of Teuchitlan 186 600 CE 261 Nakbe 189 Tikal 264 El Mirador 190 Tiwanaku 267 Age of Justinian 268 200 CE 191 St. Vitale, Ravenna 271 Roman Empire 194 Hagia Sophia 272 The Roman Theater 198 Byzantine Capitals 275 The Pantheon 199 Armenian Architecture 276 Hadrian's Villa 202 St. Hripsime 277 Roman Vertical Surface 204 Vishnu Deogarh and Elephanta 278 Roman Baths 206 Durga Temple and the Five Rathas 280 Diocletian's Palace 208 Shore Temple at Mamallapuram 281 Baalbek 210 Southeast Asia 282 The Parthian Empire 212 My Son 283 Aksum 213 Sui and T'ang Dynasties 284 Amaravati Stupa 214 Darning Palace 284 Caitya Hall at Karli 215 Songyue Temple Ta (Pagoda) 286 Kushan 216 Nara Period: Japan 287 Takht-i-Bahi 217 Buddhism's Arrival in Korea and Japan 290 Anuradhapura 218 Horyu-ji 291 Han Dynasty China 219 Han Tombs 214 800 CE 293 Mingtang-Biyong Ritual Complex 220 Chang'an 296 Moche and Nazca Civilizations 222 Nanchan and Foguang Monasteries 298 North Amazon Societies 223 Korean Buddhism 300 Nazca Lines 224 Rise of Islam 301 Teotihuacan 225 Dome of the Rock 302 CONTENTS Umayyad Mosque 303 Canterbury Cathedral 372 Baghdad 304 Cefslu Cathedral 373 Great Mosque of Samarra 305 Pilgrimage Churches 374 Great Mosque of Cordoba 306 Dover Castle 375 Rajasimhesvara and Virupaksha Temples 308 Tuscany 376 Kailasnath at Ellora 310 Cathedral of Pisa 377 Mahaviharas at Nalanda and Somapura 312 Baptistery of Parma 378 Indonesia at a Crossroads 314 Seljuk Turks 379 Borobudur 315 Sultan Han 380 Candi Prambanam 316 First Madrasas 381 Samye, Tibet 317 Great Mosque of Isfahan 382 Hindu Kingdoms of Cambodia 318 The Fatimids 384 Bakong 320 Muqarnas 385 Ghana 321 Mosque at Qayrawan 386 Byzantine Empire 322 Almoravid Dynasty 387 Theotokos Tou Libos 323 Medieval Scandinavia 388 Europe and the Carolingians 324 Plan of St. Gall 324 1200CE 389 The Palatine Chapel 326 Vrah Vishnulok (Angkor Wat) 392 Mayan City-States 328 Angkor Tom and Preah Khan 394 Copan 329 Kingdom of Pagan 396 Quirigua 330 Sanju-sangen-do 398 Guayabo 330 Itsukushima Shrine 399 Southern Song Dynasty 400 IOOOCE 331 Yingzhao Fashi 401 Mayan Uxmal 334 The Mongolian Empire 402 Cahokia 336 Yuan Dynasty China 402 Serpent Mound 337 Delhi 404 Pueblo Bonito 338 Tughlaqabad 405 Rise of the Rajput Kingdoms 340 Guwwat-ul-lslam 405 Sun Temple at Modhera 342 Tomb of Ghias-ud-Din Tughlaq 407 Chandellas 344 Qutb Minar 407 Khandariya Mahadeva Temple 345 Sun Temple at Konarak 408 Tantrism 346 " Hoysalas 409 Vastu-Shastras 347 Vadakkunnathan Temple 410 Orissa and Lingaraja Temple 348 Africa 411 Jains 350 The Mamluk Sultanate 412 Jain Temples at Mt. Abu 351 Rock-Cut Churches of Lalibela 414 Cholamandalam 352 The Great Zimbabwe 415 Rajarajeshwara Temple (Dakshinameru) 352 Mosques of Mali 416 Polonnaruwa 354 Europe: The High Middle Ages 417 Song Dynasty China 356 Fontenay Abbey 418 Sage Mother Hall 357 Cathedral Design 420 Iron Pagoda 358 Amiens Cathedral 421 Mu-Ta 358 Notre-Dame of Reims 422 Dulesi Monastery 359 Mendicant Orders 423 Pure Land Buddhism 361 Castel del Monte 424 Byzantine Revival 362 Exeter Cathedral 425 Kievan Russia 363 Italian Town Halls 426 Armenia 364 Siena 426 Sanahin Complex 364 Republic of Novgorod 428 Ottonian Germany 367 Nasrid Sultanate 429 Speyer Cathedral 369 Toltec Empire 432 The Normans 370 Chichen Itza 432 Durham Cathedral 370 CONTENTS 1400 CE 435 Buland Darwaza 505 End of the Steppe Invasions 438 Diwan-i-Khas 506 Ming Dynasty China 439 Rauza-I-Munavvara (Taj Mahal) 507 The Forbidden City 439 Vijayanagara 510 Mount Wudang 441 Bijapur 512 Temple of Heaven 442 Palace of Thanjavur 513 Joseon Dynasty. Korea 443 Isfahan 514 Muromachi Japan 444 Suleymaniye Complex 516 Kinkakuji 444 The Dogon of Mali 518 Ginkakuji 445 Italian High Renaissance 520 Ottoman Empire 446 Campidoglio 521 Beyazit Medical Complex 447 II Redentore (Church of the Savior) 522 Topkapi Palace 448 Palladian Villas 523 Timurid Dynasty 450 Villa Rotonda 524 Deccan Sultanates 452 Spanish Conquest of America 526 Friday Mosque of Gulbarga 452 Atrios 527 Pandua 453 Santo Domingo 528 Jarni Masjid of Ahmedabad 454 II Gesii 528 Chittor Fort 455 El Escorial 530 Ayutthaya 456 Uffizi Gallery 531 The Republic of Venice 457 Villa Farnese 532 Mamluk Sultanate 458 St. Peter's Basilica 534 Mausoleum Complex of Sultan Qaitbay 459 Baroque Italy 536 Cathedral of Florence 460 Sant'Andrea al Quirinale 537 Florentine Loggias 461 St. Carlo alle Quattro Fontane 538 Italian Renaissance 462 St. Peter's Square 540 San Lorenzo 463 San Filippo Neri 542 Rucellai Palace 465 Place Royale 543 Pienza 466 Kremlin's New Churches 544 Sant'Andrea at Mantua 468 Church of the Ascension 545 Villa Medici 469 Amsterdam 546 Miracle Churches 470 Amsterdam Town Hall 547 Santa Maria della Consolazione 470 Elizabethan England 548 St, Peter's Basilica 472 Hardwick Hall 549 Vatican Belvedere 473 Banqueting House 550 The French Chateaux 474 The Americas 475 1700CE 551 The Hopis 475 Colonialism 554 New England Societies 476 Colonial Forts 556 Tenochtitlan 477 Haciendas 557 The Incas 479 Brazilian Haciendas 558 Machu Picchu 481 Italian Masserie 558 Coffeehouses 559 1600 CE 483 French Culture of Empire 560 Tokugawa Shogunate 486 H6tels 561 NikkoToshogu 487 Place Vendome 562 Nijo-jo 488 East Facade of the Louvre 563 Katsura Rikyu (Katsura Imperial Villa) 490 Chateau de Versailles 563 Ryoanji 494 HStel des Invalides 566 Ming Tombs 495 Basilica of the Invalides 567 Potala Palace 499 L'Observatoire de Paris 568 Voyages of Zheng He 502 England: House of Stuart 568 The Mughals 503 St. Paul's Cathedral 570 Humanyun's Tomb 503 Blenheim Palace 571 Fatehpur Sikri 504 St. Mary Woolnoth 573 CONTENTS Spread of the Baroque 574 The Industrial Revolution 636 Facade of Santiago de Compostela 576 Lowell. Massachusetts 637 St. Petersburg 577 Albert Dock 638 Bavarian Baroque 578 Panoptic Prisons 639 Neresheim 578 Workhouses 640 Sans Souci 580 The Shakers 641 Georgian Architecture 581 August Welby Pugin 642 Chiswick House 582 Greek Revival 644 King's Chapel, Boston 583 Tennessee State Capitol 645 Stowe Gardens 584 Eugene-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc 646 Nurosmaniye Mosque 586 Architectural Preservation 647 Qing Dynasty China 587 Bibliotheque St.