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General Ecology General Ecology 9781350014701_txt_print.indd 1 11/01/2017 14:28 ALSO AVAILABLE IN THE THEORY SERIES Conflicting Humanities, edited by Rosi Braidotti and Paul Gilroy ALSO AVAILABLE FROM BLOOMSBURY Eco-Aesthetics, Malcolm Miles Environmental Ethics, Marion Hourdequin The Three Ecologies, Félix Guattari 9781350014701_txt_print.indd 2 11/01/2017 14:28 THEORY GeneralConflicting Ecology TheHumanities New Ecological Paradigm EDITED BY ERICH HÖRL WITHEDITED JAMES BURTONBY ROSI BRAIDOTTI AND PAUL GILROY BloomsburyBloomsbury AcademicAcademic AnAn imprintimprint ofof BloomsburyBloomsbury PublishingPublishing PlcPlc 9781474237543_txt_print.indd9781350014701_txt_print.indd 33 03/02/201611/01/2017 11:4114:28 Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square 1385 Broadway London New York WC1B 3DP NY 10018 UK USA www.bloomsbury.com BLOOMSBURY and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published 2017 © Erich Hörl and contributors, 2017 Erich Hörl has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Editor of this work. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Bloomsbury or the author. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: HB: 9781350014701 PB: 9781350014695 ePDF: 9781350014688 ePub: 9781350014718 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Series: Theory series Copyright the artists Courtesy the artists and Koeing & Clinton, New York. Photo: Ulrik Heltoft, Copenhagen. Milijohn Ruperto & Ulrik Heltoft, Voynich Botanical Studies, Specimen 50r, Zima, 2014, silver gelatin print on fiberbased paper, Sheet: 19 3/4 x 15 1/2 in (50.2 x 39.4 cm), Image: 19 1/4 x 15 in (48.9 x 38 cm), Frame: 25 1/4 x 21 1/4 in (64.1 x 54 cm) Typeset by Fakenham Prepress Solutions, Fakenham, Norfolk NR21 8NN Printed and bound in Great Britain 9781350014701_txt_print.indd 4 11/01/2017 14:28 CONTENTS List of Contributors vii Acknowledgments xii Series Preface xiv 1 Introduction to general ecology: The ecologization of thinking 1 Erich Hörl 2 Computational logic and ecological rationality 75 Luciana Parisi 3 Elements for an ecology of separation: Beyond ecological constructivism 101 Frédéric Neyrat 4 General ecology, economy, and organology 129 Bernard Stiegler 5 The modern invention of nature 151 Didier Debaise 6 Deep times and media mines: A descent into ecological materiality of technology 169 Jussi Parikka 7 Planetary immunity: Biopolitics, Gaia theory, the holobiont, and the systems counterculture 193 Bruce Clarke 9781350014701_txt_print.indd 5 11/01/2017 14:28 vi CONTENTS 8 Ecologizing biopolitics, or, What is the “bio-” of biopolitics and bioart? 217 Cary Wolfe 9 Ecologies of communion, contagion, &c, especially Bataille 235 David Wills 10 Metafiction and general ecology: Making worlds with worlds 253 James Burton 11 An ecology of differences: Communication, the Web, and the question of borders 285 Elena Esposito 12 Specters of ecology 303 Timothy Morton 13 Devastation 323 Matthew Fuller and Olga Goriunova 14 Virtual ecology and the question of value 345 Brian Massumi Index 375 9781350014701_txt_print.indd 6 11/01/2017 14:28 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS James Burton is a Lecturer in Cultural Studies and Cultural History at Goldsmiths, University of London. He has previously taught in the areas of cultural theory, the history and philosophy of art, and media and communications. From 2014–16 he was a research fellow at the ICI Berlin: Institute for Cultural Inquiry. From 2011–13, he was an Alexander von Humboldt research fellow at the Institut für Medienwissenschaft at the Ruhr University, Bochum. Working across the fields of cultural/media theory, philosophy, and literature, his current research looks at non- and posthuman approaches to error and the role of (meta)fiction in the context of modern technologized culture and ecology. He is the author of The Philosophy of Science Fiction: Henri Bergson and the Fabulations of Philip K. Dick (Bloomsbury, 2015), and several articles on the philosophy of memory, theories of fiction, ecology and science fiction. Bruce Clarke is Paul Whitfield Horn Professor of Literature and Science in the Department of English at Texas Tech University. His research focuses on systems theory, narrative theory, and ecology. In 2015 he was Senior Fellow at the Erlangen Center for Literature and Natural Science (ELINAS), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg. In 2010–11 he was Senior Fellow at the International Research Institute for Cultural Technologies and Media Philosophy, Bauhaus University Weimar. Clarke edits the book series Meaning Systems, published by Fordham University Press. His authored books include Neocybernetics and Narrative (Minnesota University Press, 2014), Posthuman Metamorphosis: Narrative and Systems (Fordham University Press, 2008), and Energy Forms: Allegory and Science in the Era of Classical Thermodynamics (University of Michigan Press, 2001). His edited volumes include Earth, Life, and System: Evolution and Ecology on a Gaian Planet (Fordham University Press, 2015); with Manuela Rossini, The Cambridge Companion to Literature and the Posthuman (Cambridge 2016); and with Mark B. N. Hansen, Emergence and Embodiment: New Essays in Second-Order Systems Theory (Duke University Press, 2009). Didier Debaise is a research professor at the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS) and the Free University of Brussels (ULB), where he teaches contemporary philosophy. His main areas of research are 9781350014701_txt_print.indd 7 11/01/2017 14:28 viii LIST OF Contributors contemporary forms of speculative philosophy, theories of events, and links between American pragmatism and French contemporary philosophy. He is the director of a collection in Presses du réel and a member of the editorial boards of the journals Multitudes and Inflexions. He has written two books on Whitehead’s philosophy—Un empirisme spéculatif (2006) and Le vocabulaire de Whitehead (2007); edited volumes on pragmatism (Vie et experimentation [2007]) and the history of contemporary metaphysics (Philosophie des possessions [2011]); and has published numerous papers on Bergson, Tarde, Souriau, Simondon, and Deleuze. His most recent book is L’appât des possibles (2015). Elena Esposito is Professor of Sociology at the University Bielefeld and at the University of Modena-Reggio Emilia. Working in a systems theory framework, she studies problems of time in social systems, including memory and forgetting, fashion and transience, probability calculus, fiction, and the use of time in finance. Her current research projects focus on the possibility and forms of forgetting on the Web, on a sociology of algorithms, and on the proliferation of rankings and ratings for the management of infor- mation. Esposito’s recent publications include The Future of Futures: The Time of Money (2011), Die Fiktion der wahrscheinlichen Realität (2007), Die Verbindlichkeit des Vorübergehenden: Paradoxien der Mode (2004), Soziales Vergessen: Formen und Medien des Gedächtnisses der Gesellschaft (2002), “The Structures of Uncertainty. Performativity and Unpredictability in Economic Operations,” Economy and Society, 42 (2013), and a debate with David Stark on Observation Theory in Sociologica, 2 (2013). Matthew Fuller is Professor of Cultural Studies and Head of the Centre for Cultural Studies, Goldsmiths, University of London. He has published widely on media theory, software studies, critical theory and cultural studies, and contemporary fiction, and has worked with the artist groups I/O/D, Mongrel, and YoHa, as well as independently. He is the author of Behind the Blip: Essays on the Culture of Software (Autonomedia, 2003), Elephant and Castle (Autonomedia, 2011), Media Ecologies: Materialist Energies in Art and Technoculture (MIT Press, 2005), and (with Andrew Goffey) Evil Media (MIT Press, 2012), among other titles. His edited books include Unnatural: Techno-theory for a Contaminated Culture (Underground, 1994) and Software Studies: A Lexicon (MIT Press, 2008). Olga Goriunova is a senior lecturer at Royal Holloway, University of London. She is the author of Art Platforms and Cultural Production on the Internet (Routledge, 2012), editor of Fun and Software: Exploring Pleasure, Pain and Paradox in Computing (Bloomsbury, 2014), and co-editor, with Alexei Shulgin, of Readme: Software Art and Cultures (University of Aarhus Press, 2004). She is a co-founder and co-editor of Computational Culture, A Journal of Software Studies (computationalculture.net). She has 9781350014701_txt_print.indd 8 11/01/2017 14:28 LIST OF Contributors ix also worked as a curator, co-organizing, among others, Readme, software art festivals, 2001–05 and Runme.org software art repository. In 2015, she was a fellow at the University of Leuphana’s Digital Cultures Research Lab. In 2014–16 she has been part of the Posthumanities research network and member of the Visual Social Media Lab, working on the project Picturing the Social. She is currently
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