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Facultad de Ciencias Sociales del Departamento de Ciencias Políticas y Relaciones Internacionales ROL DE UN LAICO CATÓLICO CUANDO DIFIERE DE LA JERARQUÍA DE LA IGLESIA CATÓLICA Caso de estudio: Situación de los laicos de Osorno ante la designación en su diócesis del Obispo Juan Barros Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Ética Social y Desarrollo Humano Autor: Carlos Felipe Illanes Acuña Profesora Guía: Ángela Solís Münster Santiago de Chile, Julio de 2018 1 Dedicatoria Dedico esta tesis a todos los laicos y laicas católicos de Chile, que día a día construyen Reino de Dios en sus escuelas y trabajos, en sus familias y barrios. Que aman a su Iglesia y quieren que ella esté libre de cualquier tipo de abuso. Que reflexionan el Evangelio y tratan de hacerlo concreto en sus vidas, luchando por la justicia y la dignidad del ser humano. Como una vez le oí decir a Pepe Aldunate: “Los laicos son el futuro de la Iglesia”. 2 Agradecimientos A Amanda, mi hija, razón y sentido de todo. A mis papás, Carlos y Ruth, por haberme motivado incansablemente a que terminara este proceso. Sin su entusiasmo este trabajo no hubiese sido posible. A Cristóbal Illanes, mi hermano, por su alegría y presencia permanente en mi vida. Al Colegio Salesiano El Patrocinio de San José, mi lugar de trabajo, por la motivación y por la facilitación de los espacios para la realización de esta investigación. A Ángela Solís, mi profesora guía, por su inconmensurable ayuda, orden y disciplina. Por guiar, acompañar, y llevar este trabajo a un buen término. A los entrevistados para esta tesis, por su disposición a cooperar y por contar sus experiencias de vida. Son, para mí, un ejemplo. Y a Ana, mi compañera de vida, por su cooperación y preocupación constante, su paciencia en los momentos difíciles y de ausencia. Por su amor y cariño. Estás presente y conmigo en todos los caminos por recorrer. 3 TABLA DE CONTENIDOS DEDICATORIA ............................................................................................................. 2 AGRADECIMIENTOS .................................................................................................. 3 TABLA DE CONTENIDOS .......................................................................................... 4 RESUMEN .................................................................................................................... 6 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ...................................................................................................... 7 1.1. OBJETIVOS .................................................................................................................. 7 1.1.1. Objetivo General. ............................................................................................. 7 1.1.2. Objetivos Específicos. ................................................................................... 8 1.2. SUPUESTOS DE INVESTIGACIÓN ................................................................................. 8 2. ANTECEDENTES .................................................................................................... 9 3. MARCO TEÓRICO ..................................................................................................18 3.1. LAICO ........................................................................................................................ 18 3.1.1. Origen del término. ....................................................................................... 18 3.1.2. Historia de los laicos en la Iglesia Católica. ........................................... 18 3.1.3. Concilio Vaticano I. ....................................................................................... 20 3.1.4. El cambio conceptual sobre el laico en el Concilio Vaticano II. ........ 20 3.1.4.1. La definición de laico que se encuentra en Lumen Gentium. ............................................. 21 3.1.5. Discusión teórica sobre la definición de laico en el Concilio Vaticano II. ................................................................................................................................... 22 3.1.6. Exhortación Apostólica Christifideles Laici. .......................................... 26 3.1.7. Discusión teórica sobre Christifideles Laici y el momento actual del laico. ............................................................................................................................ 29 3.2. OBISPOS O JERARQUÍA ECLESIAL............................................................................ 34 3.2.1. Origen bíblico del obispado........................................................................ 34 3.2.2. Recorrido histórico de los obispos en la historia de la Iglesia Católica. ...................................................................................................................... 34 3.2.3. Los obispos en el Concilio Vaticano II. .................................................... 36 3.2.4. Los obispos en el Derecho Canónico. ..................................................... 37 3.2.5. Cómo han respondido los obispos a lo que se espera de ellos: Caso chileno durante el Golpe de Estado de 1973. .................................................... 43 3.2.6. El obispo en la actualidad: con olor a oveja. .......................................... 45 4. MARCO METODOLÓGICO ....................................................................................47 4.1. PARADIGMA METODOLÓGICO DENTRO DEL CUAL SE ENMARCA EL ESTUDIO ........ 47 4.2. DISEÑO DE INVESTIGACIÓN ...................................................................................... 48 4.3. CONTEXTO DEL ESTUDIO ......................................................................................... 49 4.4. UNIVERSO Y PARTICIPANTES .................................................................................... 49 4.5. TÉCNICAS DE RECOLECCIÓN DE INFORMACIÓN ....................................................... 50 4 4.6. ANÁLISIS DEL DATO, PRODUCCIÓN Y ORGANIZACIÓN DE DATOS ........................... 51 4.7. VALIDACIÓN DE INSTRUMENTOS .............................................................................. 52 4.8. ASPECTOS ÉTICOS .................................................................................................... 52 5. ANÁLISIS DE LOS RESULTADOS .......................................................................53 5.1. CATEGORÍAS ............................................................................................................. 53 5.1.1. Historia de vida. ............................................................................................. 53 5.1.1.1. Decisión propia de entrar a la Iglesia y experiencia con Jesús y el Evangelio. .... 53 5.1.1.2. Percepción del trabajo pastoral. ........................................................................................... 55 5.1.1.3. Opción laical. .............................................................................................................................. 60 5.1.1.4. Relación con clero y jerarquía. ............................................................................................. 62 5.1.2. Conflicto de Osorno por la designación del obispo Barros. .............. 66 5.1.2.1. Cómo reaccionaron ante la designación del Obispo Juan Barros en la diócesis de Osorno. .................................................................................................................................................. 67 Se recuerda en este momento la frase del siglo V que solicitaba que ningún obispo fuese impuesto a la comunidad (Schatz, 1989). ............................................................................................. 70 5.1.2.2. Organización de laicos y laicas de Osorno....................................................................... 70 5.1.2.3. Llamados a la obediencia ....................................................................................................... 78 5.1.2.4. Relación con el obispo Juan Barros. .................................................................................. 81 5.1.2.5. Las declaraciones y acciones del Papa Francisco......................................................... 84 5.1.2.6. Visita de Monseñor Scicluna y Jordi Bertomeu y partida de Juan Barros. ............ 87 5.1.3. Identidad laical. .............................................................................................. 90 5.1.3.1. Las emociones que provocó el conflicto........................................................................... 90 5.1.3.2. Relación con el clero y la jerarquía. .................................................................................... 92 5.1.3.4. Vida sacramental. ...................................................................................................................... 94 5.1.3.5. Relación con el Evangelio, con Jesús y con Dios. ......................................................... 96 5.1.3.5. Misión............................................................................................................................................ 99 6. CONCLUSIONES .................................................................................................. 101 6.1. DISCERNIMIENTO DE LA OPCIÓN LAICAL ................................................................ 101 6.2. EL CONFLICTO POR LA DESIGNACIÓN DEL OBISPO JUAN BARROS EN LA DIÓCESIS DE OSORNO .................................................................................................................... 104 6.3.
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