KENYA AND BRITAIN DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS, 1963 TO 2017 MICHAEL MUBEA KAMAU C50/CTY/PT25635/2013 A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF SECURITY, DIPLOMACY AND PEACE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND DIPLOMACY OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY NOVEMBER 2018 i DECLARATION This project is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university. Signature: ____________________ Date: ___________________________ Michael Mubea Kamau Department of Security Diplomacy and Peace C50/CTY/PT25635/2013 SUPERVISOR: I confirm that the work reported in this project was carried out by the candidate under my supervision. Signature: _________________________ Date: ____________________ Dr. Felix Kiruthu ii DEDICATION I dedicate this project to students of international relations and diplomacy and to all those working in diplomatic missions and foreign affairs ministry. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It has taken concerted effort of several people to successfully accomplish this research project to whom I owe a debt of gratitude: First and foremost my profound gratitude goes to the almighty God for granting me the gift of physical and mental health and finances which enabled me to successfully accomplish my academic goals. Secondly, my coursework lecturers and colleagues who prepared me well and more specifically to my supervisor, Dr. Felix Kiruthu, who spent his valuable time to guide me through the painstaking task of accomplishing this project. His guidance and directions are highly appreciated. Lastly, I thank my class mates and colleagues who worked with me during the entire period of study and their encouragement. My deepest appreciation goes to my wife Susan, my children Ian, Maryanne and Abigail for their patience and prayers during the entire course of study. May the Almighty God bless you. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION......................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION............................................................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................v ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ................................................................ viii OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS ...........................................................x ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ xi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................1 1.1 Background to the study ..........................................................................................1 1.2 Statement of the problem .........................................................................................7 1.3 Research Objectives .................................................................................................7 1.4 Research Questions ..................................................................................................8 1.5 Research Premises ...................................................................................................8 1.6 Justification and Significance of the Study ..............................................................9 1.7 Scope and Limitations of the Study .........................................................................9 1.8 Literature Review and Theoretical Framework .....................................................10 1.8.1 Factors that motivated Britain to establish diplomatic relations in 1963 to 1978 ................................................................................................................10 1.8.2 Diplomatic relations between Kenya and Britain from 1979 to 2002 ............15 1.8.3 Changes in diplomatic relations between Kenya and Britain from 2003 to 2012 ............................................................................................................17 1.8.4 Challenges of Diplomatic relations between Kenya and Britain from 2013 to 2017 ...................................................................................................18 1.8.5 Theoretical Framework ..................................................................................19 1.8.5.1 Realist Theory ......................................................................................19 1.8.5.2 Neo-realist theories ..............................................................................21 1.9 Research Methodology ..........................................................................................23 1.9.1 Research Design ..............................................................................................23 1.9.2 Location of the study .......................................................................................23 1.9.3 Target Population ............................................................................................23 1.9.4 Sampling Technique and Procedure ................................................................24 1.9.5 Data collection procedures ..............................................................................24 v 1.9.6 Data collection methods .................................................................................25 1.9.7 Data Analysis .................................................................................................26 1.9.8 Ethical Considerations.....................................................................................26 CHAPTER TWO: FACTORS THAT MOTIVATED ESTABLISHMENT OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN KENYA AND BRITAIN 1963 to 1978 ................................................................................................................27 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................27 2.2. Background to British Colonial Interests in Kenya ..............................................27 2.2.1 Squatter Factor ................................................................................................33 2.2.2 Political Independence of Kenya from Britain and Diplomatic Relations ......35 2.2.3 The Limuru Conference And Pressure From London: Throwing The ‘Leftists’ Out ..................................................................................................39 2.2.4 The UDI Question and Diplomatic Relations ...............................................42 2.2.5 Racial Accommodation: Integrating British Citizens ....................................47 2.2.6 Military Relations ...........................................................................................49 2.2.7 The Army Mutiny: British Action Defended .................................................55 2.3. Summary ...............................................................................................................59 CHAPTER THREE: DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN KENYA AND BRITAIN, 1979 to 2002 ..................................................................................61 3.1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................61 3.2. Diplomatic Relations between Kenya and Britain after Kenyatta’s departure .....62 3.2.1. Relations with Britain in the 1980s ................................................................65 3.2.2. The Njonjo Affair in Kenya-British Relations ...............................................65 3.2.3 Effect of Kenya Political Exiles in London on Diplomatic Relations ............67 3.3. Maintenance of Defence Arrangements with Britain ...........................................68 3.4. Summary ...............................................................................................................70 CHAPTER FOUR: CHANGES IN DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN KENYA AND BRITAIN, 2003 TO 2012 .................................................................72 4.1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................72 4.2. Nature of Diplomatic Relations between Kenya and Britain from 2002 to 2012 .....72 4.2.1. Economic Relations........................................................................................73 4.2.2. Military Relations ...........................................................................................77 4.2.3. Britain’s response to 2007/2008 post-election violence ................................79 4.2.4. Britain’s Involvement in Free Primary Education (FPE) ...............................81 vi 4.2.5. Diplomatic Rows between Kenya and Britain ...............................................81 4.3. Summary ...............................................................................................................83 CHAPTER FIVE: DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN KENYA AND BRITAIN, 2013 to 2017 ............................................................................................85 5.1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................85 5.2. Foreign Policy during the First term of President Uhuru Kenyatta’s Presidency ..85 5.2.1. Kenya and the ICC .........................................................................................87