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International Ayurvedic Medical Journal INTERNATIONAL AYURVEDIC MEDICAL JOURNAL International Ayurvedic Medical Journal, (ISSN: 2320 5091) (August, 2017) 5(8) AN OVERVIEW OF CONCEPT OF AGNI IN AYURVEDA Santosh Kumar Verma1, Bandana Singh2, Sri Jyothsna P M3 1Assistant professor, Dept. of Shalyatantra, Jeevan Jyoti Ayurvedic College Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India 2P.G. Scholar, Dept. of Rog Nidan N.I.A Jaipur, Rajasthan, India 3P.G. Scholar, Dept. of Shalya Tantra, S.V. Ayurvedic College Tirupati, Andhrapradesh, India Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT The concept of Agni is one of the most important contributions of Ayurveda to healthcare system. Agni is responsible for strength, health, longevity and it determines the quantity of food to be con- sumed. The word Agni Bala is used to denote the superiority, mediocrity and inferiority nature of Agni and accordingly it digests the good amount, moderate amount and less amount of food respec- tively. Ingested food is to be digested, absorbed and assimilated, which is necessary for the mainten- ance of life, and is performed by the Agni. According to the functions and site of action, Agni has been divided into 13 types, i.e. one Jatharagni, five Bhutagni and seven Dhatvagni. Jatharagni is the most important one, which digests four types of food and transforms it into Rasa and Mala. By this article an attempt has been made to describe the concepts of Agni in Ayurveda. Keywords: Agni, Bhutagni, Dhatwagni, Jatharagni, Ayurveda INTRODUCTION Solar energy is the source of any sort of con- of the living being. Ayurveda has described an version in the living beings. Agni represents important factor of digestion and metabolism this solar energy in the living beings. Agni has in our body as Agni. In Ayurveda, the term the capacity to convert the substance in any “Agni” is used in the sense of digestion of form because of its occult power. Maintenance food and metabolic products. Agni converts of physiological actions in a state dependent food in the form of energy, which is responsi- on the normal state of Agni while the abnor- ble for all the vital functions of our body. mal state of Agni contributes to pathological Therefore, Ayurveda considers that Dehagni is changes and absence of Agni results in death the cause of life, complexion, strength, health, Santosh Kumar Verma Et Al: An Overview of Concept of Agni -In Ayurveda nourishment, lusture, Oja, Teja (energy) and In Brahmasutra,-Agni was described as a sign Prana (life energy)[1]. The Audaryagni of life in the body. Etymology of the term present inside the abdomen of animals is “Agni,” Acharya Yasaka has given the: Agni = known by various names such as Vaiswanara, A + G + Ni. The word “A” denotes root “I,” Audarya Tejas, Kayagni, Jatharagni, Kos- meaning “to go”; “G” denotes the root “Anja,” thagni, and Pachakagni. In relation to Agni meaning “to glitter” or root “Daha,” meaning Acharya Charak has given precise view that “to burn” and “Ni” means “to carry.” The Agni is not in the form of flame as the terre- etymology was given by Yasaka, Shankara- strial fire but it is represented in the form of charya (vedantasutra shabda kalpa druma) liquid which is called as ‘Pitta’ in Ayurveda described that Agni carries everything in it. [2].The term ‘Pitta’ is used to designate its Agni is responsible for the maintenance of physical or material form and the term “Agni” health and causation of disease as well as for to designate its functions. Sometimes these are decay (Shabdakalpadrum).[5] In Shabdakalpa used interchangeably also. Further, Agni is druma, synonyms of Agni have been given subdivided into thirteen kind’s viz., one- collected which is 61 in number. These are Jatharagni, five-Bhutagnis and seven- e.g., Vaishvanara, Paka, Sarva Amivachatana, Dhatwagnis. Jatharagni is the chief of all the Tanoonpata, Damunasa, Shuchi, Rudra, other kinds. It is present inside the Amasaya Vishwambhar, etc (Shabdakalpadrum).[6] (stomach and small intestines) and Pakwasaya Relation between Agni & Pitta in various (large intestine), it attends to the function of Ayurvedic Classics: digestion of food and contributes parts of itself According to Acharya Sushruta the origin of to the other Agnis also, thereby providing the Pitta is from “Tapa,” The main function of strength. Bhutagnis are five in number, and Pitta in Ayurveda digestion of ingested food, present in the Jatharagni or Pachaka pitta to maintain heat of body, it maintains the col- itself. These are known as Parthivagni, or, lusture, and formation of blood from rasa, Apyagni, Taijasagni, Vayavyagni and Nabha- etc. of the body [ 7] sagni. They help the Jatharagni the digestion of food, especially to digest those kinds of Different Acharyas has given different views foods which are of identical nature [3]. Dhat- to understand the relation between Agni and wagnis seven in number, are present, one in Pitta each of the seven Dhatus (tissues) of the body [4], and each one is called by name of the Acharya Sushruta, given firmly own view, in Dhatu in which it is present such as Rasagni, the body there is no existence of any other Ag- Raktagni, etc. ni without Pitta, because when there is in- creased digestion and combustion in the body Description of Agni in various Ayurvedic due to Ushna Guna of Pitta, for that the treat- Classics: ment is like Agni.[8] and Acharya Marichi has also given own view that the Agni present in IAMJ: AUGUST, 2017 2769 Santosh Kumar Verma Et Al: An Overview of Concept of Agni -In Ayurveda the Pitta gives good or bad results when it is ● Why ghee alleviates the effect of Pitta but normal or vitiated stages [9] enhances Agni. Acharya Sushruta, in chapter [12] has clear- Acharya Chakrapani has also commented on ly indicated that Pitta and Agni are not the “Pittantargatta,” that the function of Pitta in- same. Samadoshah samagnish- side the body is not combustion but its work is cha……..swasthya etibhidhiyate. to provide heat of Agni. Besides this, Acharya Types of Agnis: Shusrut has described five types of Agnis indi- rectly as the variety of Pitta. Acharya Bhoj Types of Agnis describes in various classical also considered Pitta as Agni, digestive fire is Ayurvedic texts, as shown below. included within Agni, which is specially meant Acharya Charaka has described about 13 for different enzymatic activities of the body, Agnis. Jatharagni – 1, Bhutagni – 5, i.e. Pachana, Deepan, Bhedana, etc.[10] Dhatwagni – 7 .[13] According to Acharya Sushruta, described According to Acharya Vagbhatt, Pitta is of five types of Pitta, which are indirectly five types, in which type the Pitta are located types five Bhutagnis that are, viz. Pacha- in between the Pakvashaya and Amashaya, (in kagni, Ranjakagni, Alochakagni, Sadha- Grahani) although it is composed of Pan- kagni and Bhrajakagni. [14] chabhutas. But due to increase of (predomin- Acharya Vagbhata has described different ance qualities of) Tejas Bhuta, it is devoid of types Agni, viz. – Bhutagnis – 5, Dhatvag- liquidity (although it is a liquid). Also, it does nis – 7, Dhoshagni – 3 and Malagni – 3. not possess Snigdha, Sita and such other prop- Acharya Sharangadhara has recognized erties of ApaBhuta, because of its function of five types pittas only (Pachak, Bhrajak, Paka Agni), it , it is called by the term “Anal” ( Ranjak, Alochaka and Sadhak) .[15] cooks the food, and dividing it into essence Achayra Bhavamishra has followed and waste material separately. Being localized Acharya Charaka and Vagbhata .[16]Agni there, it help to the other Pitta present there has been divided into 13 types according and also the other Dhatwagni present in the to the function and site of action. These Dhatus by giving them strength (power of are: functioning), which is known as “Pachaka Pit- 1. Jatharagni – one Agni present in the sto- ta”.[11] mach and duodenum. 2. Bhutagni five Agni from five basic ele- Many examples are available in our classics – ments. which indicate that Pitta is the same as Agni. 3. Dhatwagni seven Agni present, one in But, some doubts also present behind the con- – each of the seven Dhatus. cept of whether Pitta is Agni, e.g. ● Why Katu, vidahi, etc. reduces the strength of Agni instead of enhancing it. IAMJ: AUGUST, 2017 2770 Santosh Kumar Verma Et Al: An Overview of Concept of Agni -In Ayurveda Accordingly, they are classified into three pend on the normal, healthy state of Jatharag- groups, namely Jatharagni, Bhutagni and ni. If the Jatharagni is hyperactive (Tikshna) Dhatvagni. or hypoactive (Manda), it will cause an exces- sive or retarded action of the Dhatwagni. This Jatharagni (functions of digestive fire)- disturbed action ultimately leads to various Jatharagni is the Agni which is present in the disorders. Jatharagni is the main important Jathara (stomach and duodenum). According Agni that controls the function of all other 12 to Ashtanga Hridaya, Jatharagni, the seat is Agnis. All the Agnis are totally dependent on Grahani (duodenum), so called because it the status of Jatharagni [19] withholds the food for a certain time inside the Jatharagni is also classified into four catego- Amasaya (stomach) to facilitate digestion. In ries according to its performance of digestion the opinion of Dhanvantari, it is the Kala in the human being.[20] namely Vishamagni, known as “Pittadhara,” situated at the en- Tikshanagni, Mandagni and Samagni. trance of the Pakvashaya (intestine) and acting as a bolt to the door of the pathway/channel of 1.Samagni food. It is responsible for the duration of life, (The normal one), is that which digests the health, valour, ojas (essence of the Dhatus), food in the scheduled time without giving any strength of all the Bhutagni and dhatwagni. trouble to the body. It is conducive to health The strength of the Grahani is from Agni it- and so ideal.
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