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Herbivoresherbivores Whatwhat Isis Herbivore?Herbivore? HerbivoresHerbivores WhatWhat isis herbivore?herbivore? • A herbivore is an animal that gets its energy from eating plants • special digestive systems Herbivore Taxonomy Order Suborder Family Proboscideae Elephantidae Elephants Equidae Equines, Perissodactyla Tapiridae (Odd-Toe ungulates) Tapir, Rhinocerotidae Rhinoceroses Swines, Suidae Artiodactyla Suina Hippopotamus Hippopotamidae (Even-Toe ungulates) Tylopoda Camellidae Camels & Llamas Tragulina Tragulidae Tragulus Ruminantia Giraffidae Giraffes, Cervids, Cervidae Antilopes, Bovines, Antilocapridae Caprines, Antlopes Bovidae Etc. Cetartiodactyla wwwwww..ultimateungulateultimateungulate..comcom Order Perissodactyla From Greek : perissos = strange, of numbers odd daktulos = a finger or toe == OddOdd-- ToeToe ungulatesungulates ((สสัตวัตวกกีบคีบคี่)ี่) -Enlarged central digit carries most of body weight (mesaxonic) -Canine teeth reduced or absent -Simple stomachs with large caecum -Hind gut fermentation Order Perissodactyla Order Artiodactyla Greek : artios = complete, of numbers even daktulos = a finger or toe == EvenEven-- ToeToe ungulatesungulates ((สสัตวัตวกกีบคีบคู)ู) - Two enlarged digits share the weight of the body about equally (paraxonic) - Upper incisors and canines lost or reduced - Rumination - Males (and sometimes females) have weaponry : tusks, antler, horns Order Artiodactyla Herbivore Taxonomy Order Suborder Family Proboscideae Elephantidae Elephants Equidae Equines, Perissodactyla Tapiridae (Odd-Toe ungulates) Tapir, Rhinocerotidae Rhinoceroses Swines, Suidae Artiodactyla Suina Hippopotamus Hippopotamidae (Even-Toe ungulates) Tylopoda Camellidae Camels & Llamas Tragulina Tragulidae Tragulus Ruminantia Giraffidae Giraffes, Cervids, Cervidae Antilopes, Bovines, Antilocapridae Caprines, Antlopes Bovidae Etc. Order Perissodactyla Family Equidae -Zebra -Wild horse - Donkey / Ass Restraint • DangerDanger :: เตะ, กัด • PhysicalPhysical RestraintRestraint :: เหมาะกบั domestic horse (ไมเหมาะกบั Wild horse และ Zebra) • ChemicalChemical RestraintRestraint :: Oral sedation – Acepromazine granule 0.5-1.5 mg/kg Parental sedation – Acepromazine, Detomidine, Medetomidine •Immobilization -Acepromazine 0.1 mg/kg + 15 min. Xylazine HCl 1.1 mg/kg - Zoletil 1.5-3.5 mg/kg Common diseases / Problems • NonNon infectiousinfectious diseasesdiseases 1) Sand colic / enterolithe 2) Hoof problem 3) Trauma (induce tetanus) 4) Capture myopathy 5) Obesity Sand colic / enterolithe Cause : ingestion of sand from floor Sign: colic, toxemia, hypovolumic shock Treatment : supportive - fluid therapy, ABO, lubricant (mild) Hoof problem InfectiousInfectious diseasesdiseases • Same as horse …See Equine Medicine ! • Glander, Equine Encephalomyelitis, Tetanus • Parasites : Strongylus (Strongyles), Strongyloides (Thread worm), Oxyuris (pin worm), Thelazia (eye) etc. Order Perissodactyla Family Rhinoceridae มี 5 สายพันธุ 1. White Rhino*** (Square-lip, 2 horns, grazer) 2. Black Rhino* (Hooked or pointed-lip, 2 horns, browser) 3. Indian Rhino**** (greater one horn) 4. Sumatra Rhino* (smallest, 2 horns, browser) 5. Java Rhino* (one horn) *Critically Endangered **Endangered ***Vulnerable •แรดเปน nocturnal •มีนิ้วเทา 3 นิ้วทงหนั้ าและหลัง •เปนสัตวกระเพาะเดี่ยว ม ี caecum เจริญดี •นอ สรางจาก keratin มีการเจรญตลอดชิ ีวิตของแรด •ถานอห ัก จะงอกใหมได • การงอกของนอแรด : 1-3 นวิ้ ตอป • solitary animals, with the exception of mothers and calves, and breeding pairs • White Rhinos sometimes live in groups of up to 14 (generally comprised mostly of females) One horn •• IndianIndian RhinoRhino present in both adult males and females, but not on the newborn. • The horn of the JavaJava RhinoRhino differs between the males and females, with the females horn are stubby and knob like, or they have no horn at all. • hairless, hazy gray skin fall into folds into the shoulder, back, and rump giving it an armored- like appearance. Indian rhino Java rhino Two horn •• SumatranSumatran RhinoRhino is the smallest of the remaining five species of Rhinceros • Most fur (survive at very high altitudes of Sumatra & Borneo) Sumatra rhino White rhino Black rhino Special concern Enclosure • Bars should be vertical (prevent horn avulsions) • Bars can be about 0.5 m apart • Provide mud for skin care and insect protection Restraint ••DangerDanger :: ชน (นอ), เหยยบ,ี กัด ••PhysicalPhysical RestraintRestraint :: restraint chute, translocation box • ChemicalChemical RestraintRestraint :: • Etorphine 0.5-0.85 mg (standing anesthesia) • Etorphine 2.5-4 mg + Xylazine 100 mg (recumbency) •Injection site : คอ และ ตนขาดานใน (epidermis บางสุด) Common diseases / Problems • NonNon infectiousinfectious diseasesdiseases 1) Skin problem from biting 2) Pododermatitis 3) Abscess in lower jaw area 4) Ulcerative stomatitis (stress) 5) Post-capture death InfectiousInfectious diseasesdiseases • Leptospirosis • Salmonellosis • Pseudomonas and E.coli induced enteritis •TB • Pneumonia • Clostridium • Parasitic infection: Order Perissodactyla Family Tapiridae -Malayan tapir (South East Asia) -Brazilian tapir (South America) -Mountain tapir (South America) -Baird’s tapir (Central America) IUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group •นิ้วเทาหนา 4 นิ้ว เทาหล ัง 3 นิ้ว • กระเพาะเดี่ยว Caecum ใหญแตสั้น •ลูกมีลายเหมือนแตงไทย แตเริ่มจางลงเมื่ออายุ 5 เดือน และจะเปลี่ยนเปนสีเหมือนพอแมเมื่ออายุ 1 ป Special concern • Poor jumper but strong climber • Excessive sunlight : ocular and dermatological problems • Two important things: Shading and water Restraint •• DangerDanger :: กัด •• PhysicalPhysical RestraintRestraint :: restraint chute, เกา ลบู นวด บริเวณหลงั ซอกขา คางและคอ • ChemicalChemical RestraintRestraint :: – Etorphine 1.8 mg – Ketamine / xylazine IUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group Common disease and problems • NonNon infectiousinfectious diseasedisease 1) Constipation 2) Rectal prolapse 3) Corneal opacity 4) Wound & laceration Rectal prolapse insufficient water constipation Severe labour Rectal prolapse Corneal opacity Expose to severe light Corneal opaque / corneal ulcer Blindness InfectiousInfectious diseasedisease • Lumpy jaw / mandibular abscess • Salmonellosis • Parasite infection :Sarcoptic mange,Strongyloides, Ascarids, Balantidium, Giardia Herbivore Taxonomy Order Suborder Family Proboscideae Elephantidae Elephants Equidae Equines, Perissodactyla Tapiridae (Odd-Toe ungulates) Tapir, Rhinocerotidae Rhinoceroses Swines, Suidae Artiodactyla Suina Hippopotamus Hippopotamidae (Even-Toe ungulates) Tylopoda Camellidae Camels & Llamas Tragulina Tragulidae Tragulus Ruminantia Giraffidae Giraffes, Cervids, Cervidae Antilopes, Bovines, Antilocapridae Caprines, Antilopes Bovidae Etc. Order Artiodactyla •Suborder Suiformes มีกระเพาะแบงออกเปน 2-3 chamber แตไมมีการ fermentation ไดแก Pig, Wild pig, Peccary, Hippopotamus •Suborder Tylopoda มีกระเพาะแบงออกเปน 3 chamber และมีการ fermentation ไดแก Camel, Llama, Alpaca, Guanaco •Suborder Ruminantia มีกระเพาะแบงออกเปน 4 chamber มีการ fermentation Herbivore Taxonomy Order Suborder Family Proboscideae Elephantidae Elephants Equidae Equines, Perissodactyla Tapiridae (Odd-Toe ungulates) Tapir, Rhinocerotidae Rhinoceroses Swines, Suidae Artiodactyla Suina Hippopotamus Hippopotamidae (Even-Toe ungulates) Tylopoda Camellidae Camels & Llamas Tragulina Tragulidae Tragulus Ruminantia Giraffidae Giraffes, Cervids, Cervidae Antilopes, Bovines, Antilocapridae Caprines, Antilopes Bovidae Etc. Order Artiodactyla Suborder Suiformes •Family Suidae ไดแก Wild pig, Pig •Family Tayassuidae ไดแก Peccary Restraint • DangerDanger :: long sharp canine teeth • PhysicalPhysical RestraintRestraint :: snare, squeeze cage ••ChemicalChemical RestraintRestraint :: Zoletil Zoletil + xylazine ขอควรระวัง : hypoxia Common diseases / Problems •• InfectiousInfectious diseasesdiseases 1) African swine fever 2) Rinderpest See Swine Medicine ! 3) Hog cholera 4) Rabies & Pseudorabies 5) Brucellosis 6) Mycobacterium 7) Parasite infection : Ascarid, Trichinella, Coccidia Order Artiodactyla Suborder Suiformes Family Hippopotamidae Nile hippotamus Pygmy hippopotamus •Sweat blood •Clear sweat (pale pink) •Territorial (only water) •Less social / aggressive •Solitary : graze at night •Forest inhabitat •Body wt. : 1300-1500 kg. •Body wt. : 200-250 kg. Special characteristic •Thick skin (3cm.) •Blood sweat : lack of true sebaceous glands to produce sweat •Large subdermal glands produce pigmented secretion (hipposudoric acid & norhipposudoric acid ) •ดูดกลืนรังสี UV ไดในชวงกวาง 200-600 nm ใชประโยชนในการกันแดด •มีคุณสมบัติในการเปน antibiotic สามารถยับยั้งเชื้อแบคทีเรียกอโรค Nature 429, 363-363 (27 May 2004) Special concern • Most of time are in the water • Pool should be deepen at least 1.5 -2.5 m. • Shallow pool for pregnant female (usually calve in water) Restraint • DangerDanger :: big canine teeth, attack , เหยยบี • PhysicalPhysical RestraintRestraint :: Training for restraint chute ••ChemicalChemical RestraintRestraint :: Etorphine HCl ระวัง : จมน้ํา ตําแหนงที่เหมาะสม : ดานในขาหลัง หลังใบห ู สะโพก Common diseases / Problems •• InfectiousInfectious diseasesdiseases 1) Salmonellosis (Enteritis) 2) Bovine rhinotracheitis 3) Tuberculosis 4) Pasteurellosis 5) Brucellosis 6) Tetanus 7) Parasite infection •• NonNon infectiousinfectious diseasesdiseases 1) Nail crack and wounds, lameness 2) GI system : overnutrition, dental problem, constipation,sand colic, FB ingestion 3) Hypocalcemia Prevention : calcium supplement in pre and post- parturition and lactation period Herbivore Taxonomy Order Suborder Family Proboscideae Elephantidae Elephants Equidae Equines, Perissodactyla Tapiridae (Odd-Toe ungulates)
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