HerbivoresHerbivores WhatWhat isis herbivore?herbivore?
• A herbivore is an animal that gets its energy from eating plants • special digestive systems Herbivore Taxonomy
Order Suborder Family
Proboscideae Elephantidae Elephants
Equidae Equines, Perissodactyla Tapiridae (Odd-Toe ungulates) Tapir, Rhinocerotidae Rhinoceroses
Swines, Suidae Artiodactyla Suina Hippopotamus Hippopotamidae (Even-Toe ungulates) Tylopoda Camellidae Camels & Llamas
Tragulina Tragulidae Tragulus
Ruminantia Giraffidae Giraffes, Cervids, Cervidae Antilopes, Bovines, Antilocapridae Caprines, Antlopes Bovidae Etc. Cetartiodactyla
wwwwww..ultimateungulateultimateungulate..comcom Order Perissodactyla From Greek : perissos = strange, of numbers odd daktulos = a finger or toe == OddOdd-- ToeToe ungulatesungulates ((สสัตวัตวกกีบคีบคี่)ี่) -Enlarged central digit carries most of body weight (mesaxonic) -Canine teeth reduced or absent -Simple stomachs with large caecum -Hind gut fermentation Order Perissodactyla Order Artiodactyla Greek : artios = complete, of numbers even daktulos = a finger or toe == EvenEven-- ToeToe ungulatesungulates ((สสัตวัตวกกีบคีบคู)ู) - Two enlarged digits share the weight of the body about equally (paraxonic) - Upper incisors and canines lost or reduced - Rumination - Males (and sometimes females) have weaponry : tusks, antler, horns Order Artiodactyla Herbivore Taxonomy
Order Suborder Family
Proboscideae Elephantidae Elephants
Equidae Equines, Perissodactyla Tapiridae (Odd-Toe ungulates) Tapir, Rhinocerotidae Rhinoceroses
Swines, Suidae Artiodactyla Suina Hippopotamus Hippopotamidae (Even-Toe ungulates) Tylopoda Camellidae Camels & Llamas
Tragulina Tragulidae Tragulus
Ruminantia Giraffidae Giraffes, Cervids, Cervidae Antilopes, Bovines, Antilocapridae Caprines, Antlopes Bovidae Etc. Order Perissodactyla Family Equidae -Zebra -Wild horse - Donkey / Ass Restraint
• DangerDanger :: เตะ, กัด • PhysicalPhysical RestraintRestraint :: เหมาะกบั domestic horse (ไมเหมาะกบั Wild horse และ Zebra) • ChemicalChemical RestraintRestraint :: Oral sedation – Acepromazine granule 0.5-1.5 mg/kg Parental sedation – Acepromazine, Detomidine, Medetomidine •Immobilization -Acepromazine 0.1 mg/kg + 15 min. Xylazine HCl 1.1 mg/kg - Zoletil 1.5-3.5 mg/kg Common diseases / Problems
• NonNon infectiousinfectious diseasesdiseases 1) Sand colic / enterolithe 2) Hoof problem 3) Trauma (induce tetanus) 4) Capture myopathy 5) Obesity Sand colic / enterolithe Cause : ingestion of sand from floor Sign: colic, toxemia, hypovolumic shock Treatment : supportive - fluid therapy, ABO, lubricant (mild) Hoof problem InfectiousInfectious diseasesdiseases
• Same as horse …See Equine Medicine ! • Glander, Equine Encephalomyelitis, Tetanus
• Parasites : Strongylus (Strongyles), Strongyloides (Thread worm), Oxyuris (pin worm), Thelazia (eye) etc. Order Perissodactyla Family Rhinoceridae
มี 5 สายพันธุ
1. White Rhino*** (Square-lip, 2 horns, grazer)
2. Black Rhino (Hooked or pointed-lip, 2 horns, browser)
3. Indian Rhino** (greater one horn) *** 4. Sumatra Rhino (smallest, 2 horns, browser) 5. Java Rhino (one horn) * *Critically Endangered *
**Endangered
***Vulnerable
•แรดเปน nocturnal •มีนิ้วเทา 3 นิ้วทงหนั้ าและหลัง •เปนสัตวกระเพาะเดี่ยว ม ี caecum เจริญดี •นอ สรางจาก keratin มีการเจรญตลอดชิ ีวิตของแรด •ถานอห ัก จะงอกใหมได • การงอกของนอแรด : 1-3 นวิ้ ตอป • solitary animals, with the exception of mothers and calves, and breeding pairs • White Rhinos sometimes live in groups of up to 14 (generally comprised mostly of females) One horn •• IndianIndian RhinoRhino present in both adult males and females, but not on the newborn. • The horn of the JavaJava RhinoRhino differs between the males and females, with the females horn are stubby and knob like, or they have no horn at all. • hairless, hazy gray skin fall into folds into the shoulder, back, and rump giving it an armored- like appearance.
Indian rhino Java rhino Two horn •• SumatranSumatran RhinoRhino is the smallest of the remaining five species of Rhinceros • Most fur (survive at very high altitudes of Sumatra & Borneo)
Sumatra rhino White rhino Black rhino Special concern
Enclosure • Bars should be vertical (prevent horn avulsions) • Bars can be about 0.5 m apart • Provide mud for skin care and insect protection Restraint
••DangerDanger :: ชน (นอ), เหยยบ,ี กัด
••PhysicalPhysical RestraintRestraint :: restraint chute, translocation box
• ChemicalChemical RestraintRestraint :: • Etorphine 0.5-0.85 mg (standing anesthesia) • Etorphine 2.5-4 mg + Xylazine 100 mg (recumbency)
•Injection site : คอ และ ตนขาดานใน (epidermis บางสุด)
Common diseases / Problems
• NonNon infectiousinfectious diseasesdiseases 1) Skin problem from biting 2) Pododermatitis 3) Abscess in lower jaw area 4) Ulcerative stomatitis (stress) 5) Post-capture death
InfectiousInfectious diseasesdiseases
• Leptospirosis • Salmonellosis • Pseudomonas and E.coli induced enteritis •TB • Pneumonia • Clostridium • Parasitic infection: Order Perissodactyla Family Tapiridae -Malayan tapir (South East Asia) -Brazilian tapir (South America) -Mountain tapir (South America) -Baird’s tapir (Central America)
IUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group •นิ้วเทาหนา 4 นิ้ว เทาหล ัง 3 นิ้ว • กระเพาะเดี่ยว Caecum ใหญแตสั้น •ลูกมีลายเหมือนแตงไทย แตเริ่มจางลงเมื่ออายุ 5 เดือน และจะเปลี่ยนเปนสีเหมือนพอแมเมื่ออายุ 1 ป Special concern • Poor jumper but strong climber • Excessive sunlight : ocular and dermatological problems • Two important things: Shading and water Restraint
•• DangerDanger :: กัด
•• PhysicalPhysical RestraintRestraint :: restraint chute, เกา ลบู นวด บริเวณหลงั ซอกขา คางและคอ • ChemicalChemical RestraintRestraint :: – Etorphine 1.8 mg – Ketamine / xylazine
IUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group Common disease and problems
• NonNon infectiousinfectious diseasedisease 1) Constipation 2) Rectal prolapse 3) Corneal opacity 4) Wound & laceration Rectal prolapse
insufficient water
constipation
Severe labour
Rectal prolapse Corneal opacity
Expose to severe light
Corneal opaque / corneal ulcer
Blindness InfectiousInfectious diseasedisease • Lumpy jaw / mandibular abscess • Salmonellosis
• Parasite infection :Sarcoptic mange,Strongyloides, Ascarids, Balantidium, Giardia Herbivore Taxonomy
Order Suborder Family
Proboscideae Elephantidae Elephants
Equidae Equines, Perissodactyla Tapiridae (Odd-Toe ungulates) Tapir, Rhinocerotidae Rhinoceroses
Swines, Suidae Artiodactyla Suina Hippopotamus Hippopotamidae (Even-Toe ungulates) Tylopoda Camellidae Camels & Llamas
Tragulina Tragulidae Tragulus
Ruminantia Giraffidae Giraffes, Cervids, Cervidae Antilopes, Bovines, Antilocapridae Caprines, Antilopes Bovidae Etc. Order Artiodactyla
•Suborder Suiformes
มีกระเพาะแบงออกเปน 2-3 chamber แตไมมีการ fermentation ไดแก Pig, Wild pig, Peccary, Hippopotamus •Suborder Tylopoda มีกระเพาะแบงออกเปน 3 chamber และมีการ fermentation
ไดแก Camel, Llama, Alpaca, Guanaco •Suborder Ruminantia
มีกระเพาะแบงออกเปน 4 chamber มีการ fermentation Herbivore Taxonomy
Order Suborder Family
Proboscideae Elephantidae Elephants
Equidae Equines, Perissodactyla Tapiridae (Odd-Toe ungulates) Tapir, Rhinocerotidae Rhinoceroses
Swines, Suidae Artiodactyla Suina Hippopotamus Hippopotamidae (Even-Toe ungulates) Tylopoda Camellidae Camels & Llamas
Tragulina Tragulidae Tragulus
Ruminantia Giraffidae Giraffes, Cervids, Cervidae Antilopes, Bovines, Antilocapridae Caprines, Antilopes Bovidae Etc. Order Artiodactyla Suborder Suiformes
•Family Suidae ไดแก Wild pig, Pig •Family Tayassuidae ไดแก Peccary Restraint
• DangerDanger :: long sharp canine teeth • PhysicalPhysical RestraintRestraint :: snare, squeeze cage ••ChemicalChemical RestraintRestraint :: Zoletil Zoletil + xylazine ขอควรระวัง : hypoxia Common diseases / Problems
•• InfectiousInfectious diseasesdiseases 1) African swine fever 2) Rinderpest See Swine Medicine ! 3) Hog cholera 4) Rabies & Pseudorabies 5) Brucellosis 6) Mycobacterium 7) Parasite infection : Ascarid, Trichinella, Coccidia Order Artiodactyla Suborder Suiformes Family Hippopotamidae
Nile hippotamus Pygmy hippopotamus •Sweat blood •Clear sweat (pale pink) •Territorial (only water) •Less social / aggressive •Solitary : graze at night •Forest inhabitat •Body wt. : 1300-1500 kg. •Body wt. : 200-250 kg. Special characteristic •Thick skin (3cm.) •Blood sweat : lack of true sebaceous glands to produce sweat •Large subdermal glands produce pigmented secretion (hipposudoric acid & norhipposudoric acid ) •ดูดกลืนรังสี UV ไดในชวงกวาง 200-600 nm ใชประโยชนในการกันแดด •มีคุณสมบัติในการเปน antibiotic สามารถยับยั้งเชื้อแบคทีเรียกอโรค
Nature 429, 363-363 (27 May 2004) Special concern
• Most of time are in the water • Pool should be deepen at least 1.5 -2.5 m. • Shallow pool for pregnant female (usually calve in water) Restraint
• DangerDanger :: big canine teeth, attack , เหยยบี • PhysicalPhysical RestraintRestraint :: Training for restraint chute ••ChemicalChemical RestraintRestraint :: Etorphine HCl ระวัง : จมน้ํา
ตําแหน ดานในขาหลัง งท หลังใบห ู สะโพกี่เหมาะสม : Common diseases / Problems
•• InfectiousInfectious diseasesdiseases 1) Salmonellosis (Enteritis) 2) Bovine rhinotracheitis 3) Tuberculosis 4) Pasteurellosis 5) Brucellosis 6) Tetanus 7) Parasite infection •• NonNon infectiousinfectious diseasesdiseases 1) Nail crack and wounds, lameness 2) GI system : overnutrition, dental problem, constipation,sand colic, FB ingestion 3) Hypocalcemia Prevention : calcium supplement in pre and post- parturition and lactation period Herbivore Taxonomy
Order Suborder Family
Proboscideae Elephantidae Elephants
Equidae Equines, Perissodactyla Tapiridae (Odd-Toe ungulates) Tapir, Rhinocerotidae Rhinoceroses
Swines, Suidae Artiodactyla Suina Hippopotamus Hippopotamidae (Even-Toe ungulates) Tylopoda Camellidae Camels & Llamas
Tragulina Tragulidae Tragulus
Ruminantia Giraffidae Giraffes, Cervids, Cervidae Antilopes, Bovines, Antilocapridae Caprines, Antilopes Bovidae Etc. Order Artiodactyla
Suborder Tylopoda •Tylopoda = padded foot • no hoof, มี Cushion pad และ เล็บ •Family Camelidae ไดแก Llama, Camel • 3 compartment stomach •1st : ferment •2nd : ferment + glandular •3rd : glandular Single hump camel Two hump camel Middle east, North Africa China, Southern Russia
•Bushy eyebrows and 2 rows of eyelashes to keep the sand out of the eyes. •The nostrils can be closed. Guanaco
Llama Alpaca
Vicuna Restraint
• DangerDanger :: bite, kick, spitting (stomach content), หวโขกั • PhysicalPhysical RestraintRestraint :: restraint chute ••ChemicalChemical RestraintRestraint :: Sedative = Xylazine Anesthesia = - Xylazine + Ketamine - Zoletil
Common diseases / Problems
•• InfectiousInfectious diseasesdiseases 1) Melioidosis (zoonoses /one hump camel) 2) Surra 3) Clostridium 4) FMD 5) Camel pox 6) Sarcoptic mange Melioidosis
•Burkholderia pseudomallei •Human : acute pneumonia •Camel : similar to TB NonNon infectiousinfectious diseasedisease •Dystocia •Vaginal prolapse •Acute abdominal syndrome : anorexia, atony of GI tract, lethargy Herbivore Taxonomy
Order Suborder Family
Proboscideae Elephantidae Elephants
Equidae Equines, Perissodactyla Tapiridae (Odd-Toe ungulates) Tapir, Rhinocerotidae Rhinoceroses
Swines, Suidae Artiodactyla Suina Hippopotamus Hippopotamidae (Even-Toe ungulates) Tylopoda Camellidae Camels & Llamas
Tragulina Tragulidae Tragulus
Ruminantia Giraffidae Giraffes, Cervids, Cervidae Antilopes, Bovines, Antilocapridae Caprines, Antilpoes Bovidae Etc. Order Artiodactyla Suborder Tragulina
•Family Tragulidae •กระเพาะมี 4 compartment แต abomasum มีขนาดเล็ก •No horn and antler •ทั้งสองเพศมี upper canine teeth เจริญดี • presence of four toes on each foot •absence of facial scent glands •ทั้งตัวผูและตัวเมียไมมีเขา •กระจงตัวผูจะมีเขี้ยวบนยาวเลยริม •น้ําหนักตัวประมาณ 0.7-2.0 กิโลกรัม ฝปากบนลงมา •มีแถบสีขาว 5 เสนบริเวณใตคอและอก •เมื่อโตเต็มวัย สูงประมาณ 30-35 เซนติเมตร นาหน้ํ ักตัวประมาณ 3.6-6.0 กระจงกระจง กิโลกรมั Herbivore Taxonomy
Order Suborder Family
Proboscideae Elephantidae Elephants
Equidae Equines, Perissodactyla Tapiridae (Odd-Toe ungulates) Tapir, Rhinocerotidae Rhinoceroses
Swines, Suidae Artiodactyla Suina Hippopotamus Hippopotamidae (Even-Toe ungulates) Tylopoda Camellidae Camels & Llamas
Tragulina Tragulidae Tragulus
Ruminantia Giraffidae Giraffes, Cervids, Cervidae Antilopes, Bovines, Antilocapridae Caprines, Antilopes Bovidae Etc. Order Artiodactyla Suborder Ruminantia
•Family Giraffidae •Family Cervidae •Family Antilocapridae •Family Bovidae Order Artiodactyla Suborder Ruminantia Family Giraffidae
•มี 2 spp. ไดแก Giraffe และ Okapi •Skin cover horn •Carotid artery valves ปองกัน hypotention •ขาหนายาวกว าขาหลัง •ผิวหนังใชเปนลาย พรางตา •Prehensile lips and tongue (1 ft.) Restraint
• DangerDanger :: kick, attack, ใชห วฟาดั • PhysicalPhysical RestraintRestraint :: restraint chute ••ChemicalChemical RestraintRestraint :: Sedative = Xylazine 70-100 mg + Atropine 7-8 mg (adult) 30-40 mg + Atropine 2-3 mg (yearling) อดอาหาร 48-72 ชวโมงั่ ทําในหองที่แข็งแรง , ผนังเรียบ Common diseases / Problems
•• InfectiousInfectious diseasesdiseases 1) Blue tongue 2) Anthrax 3) Pneumonia 4) TB 5) Rinderpest 6) Salmonellosis 7) Parasite infection NonNon infectiousinfectious diseasedisease
Foot rot, Trauma, Dystocia, Ruminal impaction Herbivore Taxonomy
Order Suborder Family
Proboscideae Elephantidae Elephants
Equidae Equines, Perissodactyla Tapiridae (Odd-Toe ungulates) Tapir, Rhinocerotidae Rhinoceroses
Swines, Suidae Artiodactyla Suina Hippopotamus Hippopotamidae (Even-Toe ungulates) Tylopoda Camellidae Camels & Llamas
Tragulina Tragulidae Tragulus
Ruminantia Giraffidae Giraffes, Cervids, Cervidae Antilopes, Bovines, Antilocapridae Caprines, Antilopes Bovidae Etc. Order Artiodactyla Suborder Ruminantia FamilyCervidae
• ม ี antler เฉพาะตัวผู ยกเวน Reindeer • 4 stomach compartments •Special scent gland : pre-orbital , Inter-digital กวางที่มีถิ่นกําเนิดในประเทศไทย
•กวางมา (Sambar deer ) •เกง ( เกงธรรมดา ,เกงหมอ ) (Barking deer) •เนื้อทราย (Hog deer) •ละมั่ง, ละอง (Eld’s deer) •สมัน (Schomburgk’s deer)
กวางผลดเขาทั ุกป (หลังฤดูผสมพันธ)ุ หลังจากนั้นเขาจะงอกใหมประมาณ 120 วนั Antler
•เจริญจาก mesodermal cell •องคประกอบ : fibrocartilage + blood vessel หุมดวย skin •ผลัดเขาปละครั้ง •เขาออน (velvet) – 4 month •Ossification – 1 month •Sloughing – 1 month •Hard antler – 4 month •Resting – 2 month Antler management
-ทําที่ 50-65 วัน ,ตัดเหนือวงแหวนประมาณ 2 นิ้ว Restraint
• Danger : fore leg, antler •Physical Restraint : deer yard, squeeze cage, net •Chemical Restraint : Xylazine HCl : Sedative 1 mg/kg Immobilization 2-3 mg/kg
Zoletil : Immobilization 4-6 mg/kg Anesthesia 6-10 mg/kg ซองบังคับกวาง Herbivore Taxonomy
Order Suborder Family
Proboscideae Elephantidae Elephants
Equidae Equines, Perissodactyla Tapiridae (Odd-Toe ungulates) Tapir, Rhinocerotidae Rhinoceroses
Swines, Suidae Artiodactyla Suina Hippopotamus Hippopotamidae (Even-Toe ungulates) Tylopoda Camellidae Camels & Llamas
Tragulina Tragulidae Tragulus
Ruminantia Giraffidae Giraffes, Cervids, Cervidae Antilopes, Bovines, Antilocapridae Caprines, Antilopes Bovidae Etc. Order Artiodactyla Suborder Ruminantia Family Antilocapridae
• ไดแก Pronghorn antelope •มี cornual process หุมดวย horn sheath ซึ่งจะลอกหลุดป ละครงั้ Herbivore Taxonomy
Order Suborder Family
Proboscideae Elephantidae Elephants
Equidae Equines, Perissodactyla Tapiridae (Odd-Toe ungulates) Tapir, Rhinocerotidae Rhinoceroses
Swines, Suidae Artiodactyla Suina Hippopotamus Hippopotamidae (Even-Toe ungulates) Tylopoda Camellidae Camels & Llamas
Tragulina Tragulidae Tragulus
Ruminantia Giraffidae Giraffes, Cervids, Cervidae Antilopes, Bovines, Antilocapridae Caprines, Antilopes Bovidae Etc. Order Artiodactyla Suborder Ruminantia Family Bovidae
• ไดแก Bovines, Caprines, Antelopes • เขา = horn ไมแตกกิ่ง ไมมการผลี ัดเขา Restraint
•Fam. Bovidae & Antilocapridae •Danger : horn, hooves, kick •Physical Restraint : • behavioral training •Manual – จํากัดพนทื้ ี่, จับบังคับโดยตรง •Mechanical – squezze cage, chute •Chemical Restraint : Sedative : Xylazine Immobilization : Zoletil, Xylazine + Ketamine Common diseases / Problems
•• InfectiousInfectious diseasesdiseases •TB •FMD • Anthrax • Melioidosis • Parasite infection • See Bovine Medicine ! Common disease and problems
•• NonNon infectiousinfectious diseasedisease 1) Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) 2) White muscle disease 3) Problems after restraint 4) Capture myopathy ProteinProtein EnergyEnergy MalnutritionMalnutrition
•อาจเกิด primary จากการขาดอาหารหรอเปื น secondary จากการปวยดวยโรคอนแลื่ วก ินไมได , nutritional mismanagement • อาการ : emaciation, PCV ต่ํา • ผาซาก : gelatinous transformation ( serous atrophy of fat ) เนื่องจาก triglyceride ถกแทนทู ี่ดวย ของเหลว พบทั้งไขมันที่คลุมทางเดินอาหารและอวัยวะ ภายในรวมทั้งไขกระดกู WhiteWhite musclemuscle diseasedisease
• Vit. E , Se deficiency • Poor function of muscle, ataxia, weak, reluctance to standing • Cardiac muscle : fibrillation, arrythmia, death ProblemsProblems afterafter restraintrestraint
•Acidosis •Hypoglycemia •Hypocalcemia •Hypoxia •Trauma : contusion, abrasion, laceration, head/neck injuries, horn / antler damage CaptureCapture myopathymyopathy
• Predisposing cause : inappropriate restraint, stress, vit.E&Se deficiency • a response by animals to stressors in environment • Stress causes anaerobic metabolism • lactic acid and muscle damage • When the muscle is exerted (used) its metabolism changes from aerobic (uses oxygen) to anaerobic (uses stored energy in the muscles). • build up of lactic acid causes acidosis. • Lactic acid in the bloodstream drops the pH in the body, affecting heart output. • If the heart does not pump oxygen to the muscle it starts to die. • Whenthemusclediesover the next 7 days, it releases a product called myoglobin (breakdown product of muscle). Type of Capture myopathy • Capture shock • Ataxic myoglobinuria • Muscle rupture • Delayed CaptureCapture shockshock
•• PPerer--acuteacute • Signs:Signs: hyperthermia, shallow+rapid breathing, depress, recumbency • Severe acidosis, hyperkalemia • tachycadia , weak pulse , Circulatory failure • Death within 1-6 hr. • PM:PM: lung edema and congestion AtaxicAtaxic myoglobinuriamyoglobinuria
acuteacute SignsSigns :: ataxia, heart failure from heart muscle necrosis torticollis, myoglobinuria occurs over 2- 4 days (hr.-day) PMPM :: Kidney swelling MuscleMuscle rupturerupture
•• SSubacuteubacute • SignsSigns :: normal at capture, show signs 24-48 hr. after capture • hyperflexion of hock, uni or bilateral gastroc.ruptured • kidney failure from the release of myoglobin • Acidosis, Myoglobinuria • PMPM :: subcutaneous hemorrhage, multifocal small to large pale soft and pale in muscle DelayedDelayed
••CChronichronic • survive several days or months ( 1 wk-month) • die over 2-4 weeks due to heart failure and paralysis • Disturb/ recapture, stress again : eye dilate, die within several minutes from a heart attack