5 Inf. Psephurus gladius Alternatives and notes anglais) AC17 practioners Seulement en Seulement Protective charm and causes storms; great power to the Spleen, liver Spleen, liver Spleen, stomach, lung, kidney Medicinal Use (s) inglés/ Bone Head, flesh, bone Unspecified; whole carcass Fish, bladder Fish, liver Whole body Flesh Flesh, feather Flesh Part (s) Used Solamente en Solamente nt Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 2000 - EN Red List 2000 - EN IUCN Listing (English only/ (English II II II II III I/II II/III CITES Appendix Circi Alcedo Acipenser Huso Anas Aquilae (submitted by IFAW) (submitted Huso Cairina Bengalensis Galericulata Kingfisher / Atthis Mandarin Duck / Aicis Mallard / Platyrhynchos Muscovy Duck / Carnis Moschata Hawks Vulture / Sparrow Hawk / Cyanei Bateleur Chinese Sturgeon or Paddlefish / Sinensis Siberian Sturgeon / Dauricus Common and Pharmacopeia Name (s) List of animal species used in traditional medicine in traditional species used List of animal bengalensis ecaudatus sinensis moschata atthis chrysaetos cyaneus dauricus platyrhynchos galericulata Cairina Alcedo Aix Anas Aquila kamtschatica Circus Terathopius Acipenser Huso Scientific Name Anatidae13 Alcedinidae13 Anatidae13 Anatidae13 Acipenseridae13 Accipitridae23 Acipenseridae13 Accipitridae spp.17 Accipitridae13 Accipitridae13 Family Name AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 1 taurus Goat horn, Cornu Naemorhedis Bos domesticus G. Anser A. cygnoides, fabalis serrirostris Heart, Liver Heart, liver Heart, Liver Horn Horn Testicle and scrotum Bone Fat Flesh Horn liver Blood Mutton, horn, fat Fat, down Fat, Flesh Gall stone nt nt nt nt nt nt nt Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - EN Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - EN II III Cornu Hepar Adeps Carnis seu Bovis Bovis Gutturosae Bovis Naemorhedi Egretta Antelopis Cornu Goral Mutton / Goral Goral Mutton / Goral Goral Mutton / Sanguis Mongolian Gazelle / Procapra Saiga Antelope / Cornu Yak / Grunniens Bull / Testis et Scrotum Bubali Serows / Os Capricornis sumatraensis Goral Mutton / Goral Goral Mutton / Naemorhedi Swan / Cygnus Swan Egret / Garzetta Buffalo, Water Buffalo / Calculus sumatraensis gutturosa bubalis bubalis L. (water garzetta cygnus tatarica grunniens Procapra Nemorhaedus goral Nemorhaedus goral Nemorhaedus goral Saiga Bos Bubalus Capricornis Nemorhaedus goral Nemorhaedus goral Egretta China In some parts of Bubalus buffalo) is used Cygnus Cygnus Bovidae13 Bovidae13 Bovidae13 Bovidae13 Bovidae13 Bovidae13 Bovidae13 Bovidae13 Bovidae1 Bovidae13 Ardeidae13 Bovidae1 Anatidae13 AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 2 Assist easy birth Heart and liver Heart Cures tumors and gives warmth to the body Prevent diarrhoea Horn Horn Gall bladder Horn Bone, Gall bladder Horn Gall bladder Horn Horn Horn Blood Gall bladder Hoof/foot Horn Horn Blood nt nt Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - EN Red List 2000 - CR Red List 2000 - CR Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - List 2000 Red EN I I I I I I I I I I I I II II III III Cornu Gorals Gorals Gorals Saiga Antelope Banteng Kouprey Kouprey Aurochs Aurochs Aurochs Buffalo Buffalo Takin Buffalo / Buffalo Bubali Wild Yak Wild Yak taxicolor bubalis arnee arnee tatarica javanicus Sauveli sauveli taurus taurus taurus mutus mutus Nemorhaedus sumatranensis Nemorhaedus sumatranensis Nemorhaedus Nemorhaedus sumatranensis Saiga Bos Bos Bos Bos Bos Bos Bubalus Bubalus Budorcas Bos Bos Bubalus Bubalus Bovidae17 Bovidae17 Bovidae17 Bovidae17 Bovidae17 Bovidae17 Bovidae17 Bovidae17 Bovidae17 Bovidae17 Bovidae17 Bovidae16 Bovidae17 Bovidae17 Bovidae16 Bovidae16 Bovidae14 AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 3 Arthritis and rheumatism of the hip teelth Skull Horn Tail bones, pelvic girdle Fat Horn Intestine Oil Skin, nt nt lc lc lc cd lc cd cd cd lc Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ I I I I I II II II II Wildebeest Impala Red Duiker Gorals Saiga Antelope Saiga Antelope Blue Duiker Common Duiker Blue Duiker Cape Grysbok Bushbuck Kudu Gorals Gorals Gorals Gorals gnou natalensis monticola monticola scriptus strepsiceros melanotis melampus grimmia tatarica tatarica Cephalophus Connochaetes Aepyceros Nemorhaedus sumatranensis Saiga Saiga Cephalophus Sylvicapra Cephalophus Raphicerus Tragelaphus Tragelaphus Nemorhaedus sumatranensis Nemorhaedus sumatranensis Nemorhaedus sumatranensis Nemorhaedus sumatranensis Bovidae23 Bovidae22 Bovidae23 Bovidae20,23 Bovidae20,23 Bovidae20,23 Bovidae20,22,23 Bovidae20,22,23 Bovidae20,23 Bovidae17 Bovidae17 Bovidae17 Bovidae17 Bovidae17 Bovidae17 Bovidae17 AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 4 labelled Water buffalo penis, as seal penis Rhinoceros horn was the herb of choice for such conditions; but considering its scarcity and expense, this is the best substitute Heart, Liver, Stomach Liver, heart To treat babies To treat Decoration Charm for cattle; deter evil spirits; chest/ear problems; hunting dog charm Penis Horn Horn Whole body Fat; oil nt cd cd cd cd Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - EN Red List 2000 - EN Red List 2000 - Red List LR/ 2000 - Red List LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ Antelope Water Buffalo / Seal Water Buffalo / penis Water Buffalo Suni Klipspringer Cape Grysbok Common Eland spp. oryx oreatragus melatonis moschatus bubalis bubalis Naemorhedis and Bubalus Bubalus Oreotragus Oreotragus Raphicerus Tragelaphus Neotragus Neotragus Bovidae8 Bovidae7 Bovidae8 Bovidae23 Bovidae23 Bovidae23 Bovidae23 AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 5 familiaris Canis L Other relative species in the same genus Horn of Mongolian gazelle or long-tailed Mongolian gazelle Personal problems and general medicinal Liver, heart Hairs, flesh, fat, gallbladder stone Milk Flesh, fat, thyroid Skin, flesh Flesh Heart, head, meat, liver, intestine, gallbladder, feet Fat Bone Horn lc lc lc lc lc nt Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 2000 - EN Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 2000 - EN Red List 2000 - EN Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 2000 - VU Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 2000 - Red List LR/ Red List 2000 - VU II Lupi Alpini Tataricae Cameli Cameli Cuon Canitis Saigae Vulpes Cape Fox African Hunting Dog, Wild Dog Wolf Camel / Camel / Lac Wolf / Jackal / Racoon Dog / Nyctereutes Procyonodes Fox / Saiga Antelope / Saiga Antelope Cornu Amatola Toad procyonoides bactrianus bactrianus pictus chama vulpes alpinus tatarica amatolicus Canis lupus Vulpes Lycaon Camelus Camelus Canis lupus Cuon Nyctereutes Vulpes Bufo Saiga Canidae5 Canidae20,23 Canidae22,23 Canidae13 Canidae13 Canidae13 Canidae13 Camelidae13 Camelidae13 Bufonidae22,23 Bovidae9 AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 6 Gray wolf Gray labelled as seal penis Africa Gallbladder, Heart, Liver, Lung Heart, liver Heart, lung, liver, gallbladder Treatment of arthritis, protective charm, court case charm, stickfight charm and headache Spiritual n/a Flesh, bone Fat and flesh Stone in gallbladder Skull Bones and skin Penis Skin Blood, bone, brain, excrement, gall bladder, skull nt nt nt nt lc lc Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - VU Red List 1996 - List 1996 Red LR/ - Red list 2000 EN I II II II II II II I/II seu Adeps Macacae Macacae Mulatta Rhinopithecus Chacma Baboon Rhesus Macaque / Rhesus Macaque Calculus Mulattae / Rhesus Macaque Macaca Sichuan Golden Monkey / Carnis Rhesus macaque / Calculus Mulattae Rhesus Macaque Macaques Gray Wolf / Seal penis Wolf / Gray Monkey Colobus roxellana badius mulatta mulatta mulatta mulatta spp. ursinus Papio Macaca Macaca Rhinopithecus Macaca Macaca Macaca Colobus Colobus C.B. rufomitratis tephhrosceles Canis lupus Canis Ceropithecidae20,22,2 3 Cercopithecidae14 Cercopithecidae17 Cercopithecidae17 Cercopithecidae13 Cercopithecidae13 Cercopithecidae1 Cercopithaecidae12 spp.17 Cercopithecidae Canidae6 AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 7 Kamba, One species of turtle Other relative Other species Phytotherapy and minerals / Mbeere, Rabai and Duruma Preventative charm Preventative charm Preventative charm Preventative charm Heart, liver Spleen Opportunistic infections in AIDS Whole body Whole body Whole body Whole body Blood, scale and shell Carapace Egg, flesh Oil Shell Flesh, horn, Flesh, pilose antler, bone, fat Antler Whole body nt nt Red List 2000 - EN Red List 2000 - EN Red List 2000 - EN Red List 2000 - CR Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - EN Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - EN Red List 2000 - CR Red List 2000 - List 2000 Red CR-D 2000 - Red List VU Red List 2000 - VU I I I I I I I I I II II II II II Davidiani Caretta Green Turtle Green Turtle Green Turtle Hawksbill Turtle / Shell turtle Drakensberg Dwarf Chameleon Zululand Dwarf Charmeleon Setaro's Dwarf Chameleon Natal Midland Dwarf Chameleon Turtle / Hawksbill Turtle / Carapax Eretmochelydis Père David's Deer / David's Père Elaphuri Thamin Thamin Chameleon imbricata imbricata nemorale setaroi thamnobates davidianus mydas mydas mydas caretta eldii eldii Chelonia Eretmochelys Chelonia Chelonia Bradypodion dracamontanum Bradypodion Bradypodion Bradypodion Caretta Eretmochelys Cervus Cervus various species Elaphuras Elaphuras Cheloniidae17 Cheloniidae17 Cheloniidae17 Cheloniidae17 Chelonidae spp.17 Cheloniidae13 Cheloniidae14 Chamaeleonidae22,23 Chamaeleonidae22,23 Chamaeleonidae22,23 Chamaeleonidae22,23 Cervidae17 Cervidae17 Chamaeleonidae10 Cervidae13 AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 8 Bungarus Elaphe taeniura, E. carinata, Nartix annuleris, Dinodon rufozonatum and multicinctus Liver, spleen Liver Skin Whole body Whole body Fat Flesh, bone Dead animals Skin slough Red List 2000 - List 2000 Red CR 2000 - Red List EN I I II Adeps Korros Chinensis Serpentis Ptyas Enhydris Ciconia Dhumnades Black-Striped Snake / Black-Striped Snake Zaocys / Chinese Water Snake Dermis / Chinese Water Snake Enhydris Indo-Chinese Rat Snake / Garter Snake / Zaocys Hawksbill Turtle / Turtle Hawksbill Shell turtle Stork / Exuviae boyciana Zaocys imbricata carinata, or chinensis chinensis ciconia dhumnades dhumnades taeniurus, taeniurus, korros Zaocys Enhydris Enhydris Ptyas Zaocys Elaphe E. Eretmochelys Eretmochelys Ciconia dhumnades Colubridae13 Colubridae13 Colubridae13 Colubridae1 Colubridae13 Cnidaria spp17 Cnidaria Colubridae1 Cheloniidae17 Ciconiidae13 AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 9 Bungarus Bungarus Bungarus Elaphe taeniura, E. carinata, Nartix annuleris, Dinodon rufozonatum and multicinctus Elaphe taeniura, E. carinata, Nartix annuleris, Dinodon rufozonatum and multicinctus Slough of Elaphe moellendorffi Elaphe taeniura, E. carinata, Nartix annuleris, Dinodon rufozonatum and multicinctus Liver Gall bladder Egg Slough Skin Fel Serpentis Periostracum Garter Snake / Zaocys Garter Snake / Ovum Zaocys Garter Snake / Dermis Snake Garter Zaocys dhumnades dhumnades dhumnades dhumnades taeniura, carinata or Elaphe E. Zaocys Zaocys Zaocys Zaocys Zaocys Colubridae14 Colubridae13 Colubridae13 Colubridae13 AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 10 livia Bungarus Pokomo, Columba domestica, Columba rupestris Phytotherapy / Mbeere, Kamba Elaphe taeniura, E. carinata, Nartix annuleris, Dinodon rufozonatum and multicinctus Liver, kidney Protective charm and love charm Maintain love of mate Liver, kidney, yangming Bewitching Liver, heart Liver, Flesh, egg Flesh, gallbladder Flesh Gall bladder Scale, flesh Fat, skin Oil Whole body Whole with bowels off Red List 2000 - CR Red List 2000 - VU I II II II III I/II I/II I/II I/II Zaocys Corvus Columba Chinese Alligator / Alligator Nile Crocodile Nile Crocodile Nile Crocodile Pigeon / Livia Giant Girdled Lizard Tropical Girdled Lizard Warren's Girdled Lizard Jackdaw / Monedula Magpie / Pica Crocodile Garter Snake / Snake Garter niloticus niloticus niloticus niloticus livia giganteus tropidosternum warreni sericea siamensis monedula dhumnades pica Crocodylus Crocodylus Crocodylus Alligator Columba Cordylus Cordylus jonesii Cordylus Corvus dauuricus Pica Crocodilus C. osteolaemus Zaocys Zaocys Crocodylidae17 Crocodylidae17 Crocodylidae17 Crocodylidae13 Corvidae13 Corvidae13 Crocodylidae10 Cordylidae22,23 Cordylidae22,23 Columbidae13 Cordylidae22,23 Colubridae14 AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 11 Witchcraft; charm for cattle; charm for crops; chest/ear treatment Liver, kidney Infusion of Infusion feces dropped to into eyes improve vision Bile Gall bladder Teeth Flesh, fat Teeth Whole body Body Venom Bile Bone Dried penis Dried Feces "Lumpy" bone on top of head lc lc Red List 2000 - DD Red List 2000 - DD Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - List 2000 Red CR I II II II II II II II II I/II I/II I/II I/II I/II I/II I/II seu Timsah Carnis Naja Delphini Cobra / Indian Cobra Indian Cobra Indian Cobra Indian Cobra King Cobra Dolphin / Adeps Delphis Common Dolphin Dugong Siamese Crocodile Siamese or Crocodile hannah siamensis niloticus delphis dephis dugon spp. naja naja naja spp. Naja Ophiophagus Naja Naja Naja Naja Delphinus Delphinus Dugong Crocodylus Crocodylus Crocodylus Elapidae17 Elapidae17 Elapidae13 Elapidae17 Elapidae17 Elapidae17 Dugongidae17 Delphinidae13 Delphinidae22,23 Crocodylus spp.17 Crocodylus spp.17 Crocodylus spp.17 Crocodylus spp.17 Crocodylus spp.17 Crocodylidae17 Crocodylidae3 AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 12 Elephas africanus Hard wood / Maasai, Laibons Heart, kidney, urinary bladder, liver, spleen Building strength in weak and deficient patients Spiritual Tusk, hide, flesh, bone, gallbladder Bone Muscle, penis, teeth, tusk, urine Skin Excrement, fat, skin Fat and skin Skin Tusk Red List 2000 - EN Red List 2000 - EN Red List 2000 - EN Red List 2000 - EN Red List 2000 - EN Red List 2000 - EN Red List 2000 - EN Red List 2000 - Red List EN 2000 - Red List EN Red List 2000 - EN I I I I II I/II I/II I/II I/II I/II I/II Indian Elephant / Indian Elephant Elephatis Indian Elephant Indian Elephant Indian Elephant African Elephant African Elephant Elephant King Cobra King Elephant hannah africana africana africana africana maximus maximus maximus maximus Elephas Elephas Elephas Elephas Loxodonta Loxodonta Laxodanta Loxodonta Ophiophagus Ophiophagus Elephantidae17 Elephantidae17 Elephantidae20,21,22,2 3 Elephantidae17 Elephantidae17 Elephantidae13 Elephantidae17 Elephantidae spp.17 Elephantidae Elephantidae10 Elapidae17 spp.17 Elephantidae AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 13 Pokot and Pokot and S. Africa Phytotherapy / Turkana Phytotherapy / Turkana Spiritual Pneumonia, asthma and cold Pneumonia, asthma and cold Protective charm and mental disorders Protective charm, mental disorders Strengthen asthetic attract patients, treat luck and barren women, love charm, charm for cattle Ivory powder is applied to treat whitlow. Shell Flesh Fat Fat Flesh Fat Skin, jawbone Skin, and gallstones Ivory nt lc Red List 2000 - EN Red List 1997 - LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - EX Red List 2000 - EN Red List 2000 - EW Red List 2000 - EX Red List 2000 - List 2000 Red EN Red List 2000 - EN I I I I I/II I/II Carnis Fil Roofel Turtle Cape Mountain Zebra Hedgehog Indian Terrapin Burchell's Zebra Grevy Zebra Wild Horse / Equi Burchell's Zebra Elephant Elephant or zebra africana africana europaeus tecta burchelli grevyi przewalskii burchelli Equus zebra Erinaceus Kachuga Malaclemys terrapin Equus Equus Equus Equus Loxodonta Loxodonta Loxodonta Equidae23 Erinaceidae11 Equidae13 Equidae23 Equidae10 Equidae10 Emydidae17 Emydidae2 Elephantidae3 Elephantidae20,21,22,2 3 AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 14 Canis Kikuyu Leopard - Os Leopardis dog bone - Os Other carnivores / Most witch doctors in E. Africa Other carnivores / Kamba, Mbeere Keep evil spirits away Sorcery Liver, kidney Spiritual Preventive Stomach, large Stomach, intestine, kidney Liver Used to treat tuberculosis and hemorrhoids. Eggs Bone Oil Bone Skin Feces Skin Dried gallbladder Meat lc lc lc lc Erinaceus Erinaceus Red List 2000 - VU Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 2000 - EN Red List 2000 - VU Red List 1997 - List 1997 Red LR/ ( europaeus) 1997 - Red List LR/ ( europaeus) Red List 1997 - LR/ I I II II I/II I/II I/II Kirpi Fel Seu Lion Hedgehog Falcon Tiger / Os Tigris Cheetah Hedgehog / Corium / Hedgehog Erimacei Hemiechianus / Hedgehog Hemiechianus Hedgehog or dauricus or dauricus dauricus or jubatus europaeus, europaeus, europaeus europaeus, leo tigris frontalis tinnunculus auritus auritus Panthera Atelerix Falco Panthera Ancinonyx Erinaceus Erinaceus Hemiechianus Erinaceus Erinaceus Erinaceus Hemiechianus H. H. Felidae10 Felidae1 Felidae10 Falconidae18 Felidae spp.17 Felidae spp.17 Felidae spp.17 Erinaceidae20,23 Erinaceidae14 Erinaceidae19 Erinaceidae14 AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 15 uncia, Panthera Neofelis nebulosa Panthera pardus Other / carnivores Most witch in E. doctors Africa Other carnivores / Most witch doctors in E. Africa Liver, kidney Liver, kidney Spiritual Spiritual Flesh, bone Teeth, tripe, dried bones, kidney, gallbladder, fat, eye, sinew, nail, meat Bone Fat Bone Fat Heart Skin Skin Skin lc lc lc lc lc lc Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 2000 - EN Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - List 2000 Red VU Red List 1996 - LR/ I I I I I I I II II II II Pardi Leopard Leopard Leopard Leopard Leopard / Tiger / Tigris Lion Lion Lion Lion Leopard pardus pardus pardus pardus pardus tigris leo leo leo pardus leo Panthera Panthera Panthera Panthera Panthera Panthera Panthera Panthera Panthera Panthera Panthera Panthera Felidae17 Felidae17 Felidae17 Felidae17 Felidae17 Felidae17 Felidae17 Felidae13 Felidae13 Felidae10 Felidae10 AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 16 snd Stick fight charm; court case charm protective charm Terrorising people Hunting dog charm Fat is smeared on the chest to relieve pain. Fat is applied externally to treat paralysis. Gall bladder Penis Teeth Fat Fat Skin Fat Fat Bone Bone paste Bone powder lc lc lc lc Red List LR/ Red List 2000 - VU Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 2000 - EN Red List 2000 - EN Red List 2000 - EN Red List 2000 - EN Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - VU Red List 1996 - List 1996 Red LR/ 2000 - Red List EN 2000 - Red List EN Red List 2000 - EN I I I I I I I I I I I II II II Nimr Assad Serval Lion or Tiger or Tiger Tiger Tiger Tiger Leopard Lion Cheetah Leopard Tiger Tiger Tiger serval jubatus leo pardus tigris tigris tigris tigris pardus leo tigris tigris pardus tigris Leptailurus Panthera Panthera Panthera Panthera Panthera Panthera Panthera Panthera Acinonyx Panthera Panthera Panthera Panthera Panthera Panthera Felidae23 Felidae3 Felidae3 Felidae21,22,23 Felidae23 Felidae17 Felidae20,21,23 Felidae17 Felidae17 Felidae17 Felidae17 Felidae17 Felidae17 Felidae17 AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 17 Panthera Venda of S. Venda of S. Mbeere Phytotherapy / Africa and Zimbabwe Phytotherapy / Africa and Zimbabwe Dried bones Dried of pardus Phytotherapy / Mixed with herbs and cures different diseases; love and protective charm Confers strength and power; love charm and cattle charm Pneumonia Pneumonia Liver, kidney Liver, love Charm for and athletes, fits, stop babies crying Headache Fat; unspecified Flesh, bone, brain Fat Fat, unspecified Blood Blood Dried bones Dried Tail cd lc lc lc cd nt lc cd Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - EN Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 2000 - List 2000 Red EN 1996 - Red List LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ I I II II II II Galago Japonensis Hyena Spotted Hyena Striped Giraffe Red-crowned Crane / Grus Hippopotomus Hippopotomus Hippopotamus Tiger / Os Tigris Tiger Mohol Reticulated Giraffe amphibius amphibius amphibius tigris crocuta camelopardalis hyaena moholi camelopardalis japonensis Hyaena Crocuta Girraffa Grus Hippopotamus Hippopotamus Hippopotamus Galago Giraffa Panthera Panthera Hyaenidae18 Hyaenidae18 Hippopotamidae17 Hippopotamidae22 Gruidae13 Hippopotamidae17 Giraffidae22 Galagonidae23 Giraffidae10 Felidae9 AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 18 Rabai, Duruma Erabu-unagi Spiritual Spiritual Prick the knees and feet of lazy children; Liver, stomach Induce sleep; emetic; sorcery Quill Quill Quill Quill Quills; unspecified Bladder Liver Sexual organs Teelth Scales Scales Scales Fat, eyebrow; hair/skin; gland paste Whole body Intestine, stomach, tail nt nt lc nt nt nt nt lc cd Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 1996 - List 1996 Red LR/ 2000 - Red List LR/ II II II II II III III III I/II I/II I/II I/II Squama Semifasciata Hyaena Pentadactylae Pangolin Pangolin / Manitis Malayan Pangolin Malayan Pangolin Old-world Porcupines Porcupine B. Malayan Porcupine Porcupine South African Crested Porcupine Aardwolf Spotted Laticauda Old-world Porcupines semifasciata cristatus crocuta cristata brachyura cristata africaeaustralis javanica pentadactyla javanica Manis Manis Manis Hystrix Hystrix Hystrix Hystrix Laticauda Proteles Proteles Crocuta Manidae17 Manidae spp.17 Manidae1 Manidae17 Lutrinae spp.17 Lutrinae spp.17 Lutrinae spp.17 Lutrinae spp.17 Hystricidae2 Hystricidae20,22,23 Hystricidae spp.17 Hystricidae10 Hystricidae17 Hydrophiidae13 Hystricidae spp.17 Hyaenidae20,23 Hyaenidae22 AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 19 Nosebleeds; rheumatism; love portion; provides strength to the healer Liver, stomach Heart, Spleen, Liver Cure for heart problems, good luck charm, rainmaking and to protect against bad omens and bullets Scales Scales Scales Teeth Navel gland secretions Pod/gland Scales Scales Scales and blood nt nt nt nt nt nt nt Red List 2000 - DD Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - List 2000 Red LR/ 2000 - Red List LR/ 2000 - Red List LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ II II II II II II II II II II I/II Secretio Squama Narwhal Musk Deer / Moschus Dwarf Musk Deer Cape Pangolin Pangolin / Manitis Chinese Pangolin Chinese Pangolin Chinese Ground Temminck's Pangolin Cape Pangolin monoceros berezovskii moschiferus or temminckii pentadactyla temminckii temminckii pentadactyla pentadactyla Moschus Monodon Moschus M. berezovskii Manis Manis Manis Manis Manis Manis Manis Moschidae17 Manis spp.17 Monodontidae17 Moschidae1 Manidae9 Manis spp.17 Manidae23 Manidae17 Manidae23 Manidae17 Manidae17 AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 20 Musk is used extensively in the manufacturing of Sudanese perfume. Musk is spread on the body to relieve pain and to moisturize skin. Used to treat headaches, blood/sugar disfunctions Heart and spleen Musk Musk Dried secretion obtained from male musk gland Mush pod Musk gland Pod/gland Musk Pod/gland Pod/gland nt Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - List 2000 Red LR/ 2000 - Red List VU 2000 - Red List VU Red List 2000 - VU II II II II II II II I/II I/II I/II I/II Moschus Siberian Musk Deer Musk Deer or Al-ail Musk Deer Musk Deer / Dwarf Musk Deer Musk Dwarf Musk Deer Siberian Musk Deer Siberian Siberian Musk Deer berezovskii, moschiferus moschiferus moschiferus moschiferus moschiferus berezovskii moschiferus chrysogaster, moschiferus or sifanicus Moschus M. M. M. Moschus Moschus Moschus Moschus Moschus Moschus Moschus Moschus Moschus Moschus spp.17 Moschus spp.17 Moschus spp.17 Moschidae9 Moschidae5 Moschidae17 Moschidae3 Moschidae17 Moschidae17 Moschidae17 Moschidae17 AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 21 cinerea rattus, Ouzel Aonyx Rattus Rattus flavipectus Liver, kidney Spleen Hunting dog and protective charm Liver, kidney, large intestine Liver Flesh, teeth, fat Flesh Flesh, liver, bone, gallbladder, feet, skin and fur Tail or fur Flesh, fat Flesh Fat Bone Pod/gland Feces Flesh or whole body, skin, liver, gallbladder, kidney, fat lc lc lc lc Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - DD Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - DD Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - Red List LR/ Red List 2000 - LR/ I I II III III III I/II I/II Martes Oletum Turdus Sinensis Meles Mus Lutrae Cauda mandarinus Mustela Norvegici European Otter Honey Badger Honey Badger Bamboo Rat / Rhizomys Blackbird / merula Otter / Sable / Zibellina Badger / Yellow Weasel / Carnis Brown Rat / Brown Rat Ratti Mouse / sinensis capensis capensis sibirica merula zibellina norvegicus norvegicus meles lutra lutra Lutra Mellivora Mellivora Rhizomys Turdus mandarinus Lutra Martes Meles Mustela Rattus Rattus Nycticebus spp.17 Mustelidae17 Mustelidae22 Mustelidae23 Mustelidae13 Mustelidae13 Mustelidae13 Mustelidae13 Muridae13 Muscicapidae13 Muridae13 Muridae13 Moschus spp.17 Moschus spp.17 Moschus AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 22 vitulina Phoca Liver, kidney Chest and ear Chest and infections protective charm Liver Kidney, Liver, kidney Fat Genitalia Penis Fat Penis Penis Penis Dried penis and testes Flesh Flesh Fat and head Fat and Penis Testis , penis lc lc lc lc lc lc nt lc Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - VU Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 2000 - VU Red List 1996 - List 1996 Red LR/ 2000 - Red List VU Red List 2000 - VU II II II II II II II II Otariae Carnis Pictus Dybowskii Tarda Penis et Testes Callorhini Great Bustard, Otis Golden Pheasant / Chrysolophus Cape Fur Seal Cape Fur Seal Cape Fur Seal Cape Fur Seal Southern Fur Seal / Seal penis Southern Fur Seal / Seal penis Northern fur seal / Seal penis Cape Fur Seal Cape Fur Seal / Northern Testes et Penis / Northern Fur Seal Testis et Penis Callorhini pusillus pusillus pusillus pusillus australus pusillus pusillus pictus ursinus ursinus ursinus ursinus tarda Callorhinus Otis Chrysolophus Arctocephalus Arctocephalus Arctocephalus Arctocephalus Arctocephalus Arctocephalus Callorhinus Callorhinus Callorhinus Callorhinus Arctocephalus Arctocephalus Otariidae9 Otididae13 Phasianidae13 Otariidae7 Otariidae7 Otariidae17 Otariidae20,23 Otariidae7 Otariidae17 Otariidae17 Otariidae1 Otariidae13 Otaridae20,22,23 AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 23 Dendrocopos major Blood tonic Used to reinforce potency, kidneys and for general health Heart, stomach Heart, Fat Ambergris Ambergris Ambergris Ambergris Flesh or whole body Whole body Bone Gall stone Flesh or Flesh whole body, liver, tail feathers, brain Flesh "End" feather, gall bladder, stock of tail feather lc Red List 2000 - EN Red List 1996 - LR/ Red list 2000 - VU Red list 2000 - VU Red list 2000 - VU Red list 2000 - VU Red list 2000 - VU Red list 2000 - VU Red list 2000 - VU I I I I I II I/II I/II Adeps Ambra Picus Reevesii Vitulinae Gray Headed Woodpecker / Canus Big-Headed Turtle / Platysternon Megacephalum Primates Primates Common Seal / Phocae Sperm Whale / Grisea Sperm Whale Sperm Whale Sperm Whale or El- Hoot Sperm Whale Common Pheasant / Pheasant Common Phasiana / Reeve's Pheasant Syrmaticus Green Peafowl reevesii colchicus catodon catodon catodon catodon catodon vitulina canus muticus Picus Platysternon megacephalum Phoca Physeter Physeter Physeter Physeter Physeter Syrmaticus Pavo Phasianus Phasianus Primates spp.17 Primates spp.17 Picidae13 Platysterninae13 Physeteridae3 Physeteridae5 Physeteridae13 Physeteridae17 Physeteridae17 Phocidae13 Phasianidae13 Phasianidae17 Phasianidae13 AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 24 Rabai of Other relative species in the same genus Phytotherapy / Kenya Dermatitis chase evil spirit Liver, spleen Witchcraft; charm for cattle; charm for crops; chest/ear treatment Flesh Excrement Heart Liver Oil Gallbladder, fat, flesh Blood Backbone Bone Fat Skin Bone Gall bladder Oil Skull Whole body Red List 2000 - Red List VU II II II II II II II II II I/II I/II I/II I/II I/II I/II I/II I/II I/II I/II Alexandri African Python African Python African Python African Python Pythons Pythons Pythons Red-breasted Parrot / Red-breasted Parrot Psittacula Fasciata Flying Foxes Flying Foxes Flying Foxes Python Boa snake / Python Indian Python Regal Python Regal Python African Python Primates Primates Tree Hyrax bivittatus arboreus regius alexandri spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. spp. sebae sebae sebae sebae molurus molurus reticulatus reticulatus sebae Python Python Python Python Python Python Python Psittacula fasciata Pteropus Pteropus Pteropus Pythoinae Python Python Python Python Python Dendrohyrax Dendrohyrax Pythonidae17 Pythonidae17 Pythonidae17 Pythonidae17 Pythonidae17 Pythonidae17 Pythonidae17 Pythonidae17 Pythonidae17 Pythonidae17 Pythonidae17 Pteroclididae17 Pythonidae10 Pythonidae13 Psittacidae13 Pteroclididae17 Pteroclididae17 Procaviidae23 Primates spp.17 Primates spp.17 Primates AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 25 Bubali Phytotherapy / Somalis, Bajunis, Arabs Phytotherapy / Somalis, Bajunis, Arabs Corncrake Water buffalo (horn) - Cornu Male virility Male virility Heart, Liver, Stomach Dries pus and purifies blood Smallpox Sexually transmitted and diseases backache Heart, Liver, Stomach Horn Horn Horn Horn Skin Horn Horn Blood Skin Flesh Horn cd Red List 2000 - CR Red List 2000 - CR Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - CR I I I I I I I I I II I/II I/II Cornu Cornu Rallus Rhinoceros White Rhinoceros Black Rhinoceros Indian Rhinoceros White Rhinoceros Black Rhinoceros Rhinoceros / Rhinocerotis Rhinoceros Pythons Python Water Rail / Aquaticus Rhinoceros / Rhinoceri spp. simum simum sondaicus, or unicornis spp. simus or R. bicornis bicornis spp. sebae aquaticus sumatrensis are used; cottoni Rhinoceros Rhinocerotidae Ceratotherium Diceros Ceratotherium Diceros Rhinoceros Rallus the Asian most commonly species Rhinoceros unicornis, R. Python Python Python R. sometimes the African species R. bicornis are used Rhinocerotidae17 Rhinocerotidae17 Rhinocerotidae16 Rhinocerotidae17 Rhinocerotidae17 Rhinocerotidae15 Rhinocerotidae16 Rhinocerotidae10 Rhinocerotidae10 Rallidae13 Rhinocerotidae1 Pythonidae17 Pythonidae20,21,22,23 AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 26 volans Aeretes In parts of southern China the feces of Petaurista xanthotis are used locally as a substitute feces of Petaurista xanthotis, P. petaurista, P. elegans, P. yunnanensis, P. alborutus, Belomys pearsoni, Hylopetes alboniger, Pteromys and melanopterus / Trogopterus dung Liver, spleen Liver Sustain wounds during the battle Feces Whole body Feces Horn Muscle, skin, teeth, toe Hair, horn nt Red List 2000 - EN Red List 2000 - LR/ Red List 2000 - EN Red List 2000 - CR I I/II I/II I/II Sciurus seu Flying Squirrel / Excrementum Trogopteri Pteromi Red Squirrel / Vulgaris Excrementum Trogopterori Black Rhinoceros spp. spp. spp. xanthipes xanthipes Milne-Edwards bicornis vulgaris Pteromys Trogopterus Milne-Edwards or xanthotis Sciurus Trogopterus Rhinocerotidae Rhinocerotidae Diceros Rhinocerotidae Rhinocerotidae Rhinocerotidae Sciuridae13 Sciuridae14 Sciuridae1 Rhinocerotidae17 Rhinocerotidae22,23 Rhinocerotidae17 Rhinocerotidae17 AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 27 Whole body of H. coronatus Whole body of H. coronatus Whole body of H. coronatus Whole body of H. coronatus Whole body of H. coronatus Other relative Other the species in / same genus snipe Kindney, Liver Kindney, Liver Kindney, Liver Kidney Kidney Kidney Kidney Kidney Whole body Whole body Whole body Whole body Whole body Whole body Whole body Whole body Flesh Flesh Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - EX Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - Red List VU I II II II Tringa Turaco Glaucidii Seahorse / Hippocampus Seahorse / Hippocampus Seahorse / Hippocampus Ostrich Cape Warthog Seahorse / Hippocampus Seahorse / Hippocampus Seahorse / Hippocampus Seahorse / Hippocampus Seahorse / Hippocampus Redshank / Redshank African Penguin Helmeted Cuckoo Owlet / Carnis Cuculoidis kelloggi kuda aethiopicus histrix kelloggi histrix japonicus cuculoides demersus corythaix camelus totanus Hippocampus trimaculatus Hippocampus Hippocampus Struthio Phacochoerus Hippocampus Hippocampus Hippocampus trimaculatus Hippocampus Hippocampus Spheniscus Spheniscus Tauraco Glaucidium Tringa Tringa Syngnathidae14 Syngnathidae14 Syngnathidae14 Syngnathidae14 Syngnathidae14 Syngnathidae1 Syngnathidae1 Syngnathidae1 Struthionidae23 Suidae20,23 Spheniscidae23 Spheniscidae23 Strigidae13 Scolopacidae13 AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 28 bealei Testudo Plastrons of Cuora amboinensis, Testudo elongata, Mauremys mutica, Testudo impressa, Clemmys bealei Tridacna cookiana and other relative species in the same genus Cuora amboinensis, Testudo elongata, Mauremys mutica, impressa, Clemmys Liver, kidney and heart Love charm; good luck charm and pregnancy treatment Heart, Kidney, Heart, Liver Shell Shell Dried plastron Shell Turtle shell Turtle Flesh, blood, glue of tortoise plastron, bile lc cd Red list 2000 LR/ Red List 2000 - EN Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 2000 - List 2000 Red EN 2000 - Red List EN II II II Concha Plastrum Testudinis Squamosa Fluted Clam / Tridacna Star Tortoise Leopard Tortoise Reeve's Turtle / Carapax et Testudinis Cane Rat Reeve's Turtle / Turtle Reeve's Plastrum / Reeve's Turtle Testudinis swinderianus elegans pardalis reevesii reevesii reevesii squamosa Tridacna Geochelone Geochelone Chinemys Thryonomys Chinemys Chinemys Chinemys Tridacnidae13 Thryonomyidae23 Testudinidae17 Testudinidae17 Testudinidae9 Testudinidae1 Testudinidae13 AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 29 Fellea Fellea Cow gallbladder - Vesica Bovus Cow gallbladder - Vesica Bovus Gallbladder, Heart, Liver Gallbladder, Heart, Liver Bone Bones of the hand Gall bladder Hair Teeth Gall bladder Gall bladder Gall bladder Gall Gall bladder Gall bladder Shell, flesh, Shell, fat, gallbladder Gall bladder Bile Red List 2000 - DD Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - DD Red List 2000 - List 2000 Red VU I I I I I II II I/II I/II I/II I/II I/II I/II I/II I/II Vesica Vesica Pelochelys Ursi Ursi Sun Bear Sloth Bear American Black Bear American Black Bear Brown Bear Brown Bear / Fellea Brown Bear / Fellea Sun Bear Giant Soft-shelled Giant Turtle / bibroni malayanus malayanus ursinus americanus americanus arctos arctos thibetanus Ursus Ursus Ursus Helarctos Melursus Ursus Ursus Helarctos Pelochelys Pelochelys spp. (excluding Ursidae17 Ursidae17 Ursidae17 Ursidae17 Ursidae17 Ursidae1 Ursidae17 Ursidae spp.17 Ursidae spp.17 Ursidae1 Ursidae spp.17 Ursidae spp.17 Ursidae spp.17 Ursidae Aliuropoda melanoleuca)17 Ursidae spp.17 Trionychidae13 AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 30 Abdominal tumors; abdominal pain due to obstruction or bad food intake; cramps in neck and back; chest pains; unsuccesful urge to vomit; irritability; insanity; intermittent fever (malaria- like state); diarrhea. Kills parasite insects, stops vomiting, diffuses smallpox. Also used to treat children's nervous breakdowns, convulsions, stomach ache Bear gall Gall Gall bladder Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - List 2000 Red VU 2000 - Red List VU 2000 - Red List VU Red List 2000 - VU I I I I I/II Brown Bear Brown Bear Brown Bear Asiatic Black Bear Asiatic Black Asiatic Black Bear arctos thibetanus thibetanus arctos thibetanus Ursus Ursus Ursus Ursus Ursus Ursus Ursidae4 Ursidae17 Ursidae17 Ursidae17 Ursidae17 AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 31 Liver, gallbladder and heart Liver, gallbladder and heart Cure earache in children; witchcraft and skin problems Liver during pregnancy, pain abdominal after childbirth, labor produce pains. Clears blurred eyes, stops pain of hemorrhoids. Restores vitality and rids impurities from body. Dried gallbladder Dried gallbladder Oil Fat; unspecified Feces lc Red List 1996 - LR/ Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - VU I I II II II II Ursi Fel Murini Ursi Fel Nile Monitor Parti-colored Bat / Excrementum Vespertilionis Brown Bear / Bear / Nile Monitor murinus niloticus spp. spp. niloticus arctos thibetanus Varanus Vespertilio Ursus Ursus Varanus Varanus Varanus Veranidae23 Vespertilionidae1 Varanidae17 Veranidae22,23 Ursidae9 Varanidae17 Ursidae9 AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 32 auritus, equinum Viverricula indica Viverricula indica Pipistrellus abramus, Plecotus Rhinolophus ferrum and other relative species Feces of most species in Vespertilio Protection against sorcery, TMP clinic ornament Liver Liver Fresh/dried venom Meat Secretion Skin Dried venom Body Shell Shell Shell Whole body Whole Feces lc lc Red List 2000 - VU Red List 2000 - VU Red List 1996 - List 1996 Red LR/ Red List 1996 - LR/ I II II II II II II III III III III Viverra Viverricula seu Carnis Secretium Viverricula Beaded Lizard Neo-tropical Rattlesnake Neo-tropical Rattlesnake Civet / seu Civet / Viverra Small Spotted Genet Small Spotted Genet Parti-colored Bat / Parti-colored Vespertilio / Parti-colored Bat Excrementum Vespertilionis superans superans durissus durissus genetta genetta zibetha zibetha Morenia ocellata17 Cercopithecus albogularis17 Heloderma horridum17 Hirudo medicinalis17 Hirudo medicinalis17 Indotestudo elongata17 Manouria impressa17 Crotalus Crotalus Viverra Viverra Genetta Genetta Vespertilio Vespertilio Vespertilio Viverridae23 Viverridae13 Viverridae13 Viverridae20,23 Viperidae17 Viperidae17 Vespertilionidae14 Vespertilionidae13 AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 33 72, 279-282. , Eastland Press, 1993, , Eastland Press, , B.N. White, Conservation Kaptchuk Lavigne Gall bladder, Gall pectoal spine Shell Extract from live animals Systems, Dr. Michael Tierra, C.A., N.D., Systems, Dr. Michael Tierra, C.A., Ethnopharmacology ble with Ted Ayurvedic And Traditional Medicine in Turkey. Folk medicine in Central I II al Sudan. Journal of Chines I/II I/II and Andrew Gam , P.J. Wilson, R.J. Smith, D.M. , T. 2001. , P.J. Wilson, R.J. Smith, B.N. White, Working Paper 3.3, Molecular , P.J. Wilson, R.J. Smith, B.N. White, , California. Malik Bensky Jolla Tanaka Lavigne La raditional drugs sold in Israel at the end of the 20th century. Journal of raditional drugs sold in Israel at the , Y., Takeda survey of t et al., 1991, Shanghai , Y., Revised Edition, Dan Revised Edition, 75, 95-115. Enqin Takaishi Medica

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Ethnopharmacology , An Integration of Western Herbs Into The Traditional , An Integration of Western Herbs 72, 191-205. Pangasianodon gigas17 Pangasianodon spp.17 Testudinidae spp.17 Testudinidae Uromastyx aegypitus17 yua , E., Honda, G., ogy ., 2000. Mun Materia

H.H on of Cetaceans workshop, 14-16 June 1999. on of Cetaceans workshop, 14-16 Yesilada Herbol , , T.L. (1998) Traditional Medicines of South Africa, The Pharmaceutical Journal, Volume 261, No. 7007, Pages 242-244 The Pharmaceutical Journal, Volume Medicines of South Africa, , T.L. (1998) Traditional penises in the marketplace: a progress report. D. penises in the marketplace: a progress investigation, S. penises in trade: a molecular-genetic , E., Muchina Kamali S.J. Sesik Anatolia. Journal of Biology 11(6), Pages 1365-1374. Planetary Lakes, Wisconsin O.M.D., Lotus Press, 1988, Twin Rare Chinese Lev, E., Amar Z., 2000. Ethnopharmacology Pinniped Identificati Pinniped El- Inc., 1991, Tokyo and New York, Traditional Herbal Medicine, Akira Tsumura , Japan Publications, KAMPO, How the Japanese Updated Page 166-167 Chinese Herbal Medicine Chinese Herbal Medicine Seattle Edinburg

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23. 21. 22. 19. 20. 16. 17. 18. 13. 14. 15. 12. AC17 Inf. 5 – p. 35