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Musée De L'homme LE NOUVEAU MUSÉE DE L’HOMME LE NOUVEAU MUSÉE DE L’HOMME MUSÉE LE NOUVEAU 9,50 € MUSEEDELHOMME-COUV-bonneimage.indd 1 13/11/2015 10:45 1878-1937-2015 LES TROIS RÉVOLUTIONS DU PALAIS DU TROCADÉRO Les mutations d’une icône architecturale BAT-12-11_10H00_HS MUSEE HOMME AS.indd 14 13/11/2015 08:49 UN SITE D’EXCEPTION Pour les touristes adeptes des bateaux- mouches, c’est évidemment l’une des plus belles perspectives de la capitale : d’un côté le palais de Chaillot avec dans le lointain la marque du XXIe siècle, La Défense ; de l’autre, le monument le plus symbolique de Paris (d’où est prise la photographie), la tour Eifel. BAT-12-11_10H00_HS MUSEE HOMME AS.indd 15 13/11/2015 08:49 LES TROIS RÉVOLUTIONS DU PALAIS DU TROCADÉRO 3 L’histoire de l’Homme méritait un palais : immense, il couvrit la colline du Trocadéro. Elle méritait aussi la 7 lisibilité, la lumière : toutes deux ont été les objectifs prioritaires des architectes. PAR CHRISTINE DESMOULINS 9 omment adapter un 4 bâtiment qui a connu C plusieurs vies à sa nou- velle mission ? Après une décennie d’études et de chan- tier, la nouvelle image du Musée de l’Homme apparaît enfn. Au sein du patchwork architectural de ce grand monument classé, où 5 le palais hispano-mauresque inau- guré en 1878 et son extension 9 néoclassique de 1937 s’entre- mêlent, les architectes Brochet- Lajus-Pueyo et Emmanuel Nebout ont écrit un nouveau palimpseste. 8 En colonisant la structure de l’édifce, ils la bouleversent avec respect. À l’extérieur, le palais est intouché. À l’intérieur, la lumière règne sur les espaces d’exposition où l’envolée légère d’une courbe d’escalier et l’ampleur d’un bel atrium sous verrière magnifent 3 les transparences et les hauteurs. 3 2 16 BAT-12-11_10H00_HS MUSEE HOMME AS.indd 16 12/11/2015 14:25 3 1 7 4 9 8 5 1878 : une architecture hispano-mauresque 2 1-La rotonde. Coifée 4-Les deux ailes 7-Pavillons de tête par un dôme, la salle curvilignes sont équipés d’un 6 de spectacle et son coifées par une paratonnerre en épi grand auditorium de verrière et des toitures de plomb. 5 000 places. en ardoise soutenues par une charpente 8-Pavillons d’about. 2-Vestibule donnant métallique. accès à l’escalier 9-Quatre pavillons d’honneur et aux 5-Les galeries à intermédiaires galeries. colonnade ofrent divisent les ailes en une vue panoramique trois travées. 3-De part et d’autre vers la Seine. de la salle de spectacle, deux 6-Galeries de minarets carrés de desserte. 83 m de haut créent un efet de signal. 3 1 3 2 1937 : un style néoclassique 1-La rotonde et les 2-Les pavillons 3-Les pavillons de minarets du palais du intermédiaires ont tête et d’about et les Trocadéro sont disparu. La nouvelle ailes prennent une démolis au proft du structure est en béton nouvelle ampleur. vide d’une grande armé et un habillage esplanade révélant la de pierre de perspective du Bourgogne agrafée Champ-de-Mars. recouvre des éléments de façade en brique et pierre meulière. 17 BAT-12-11_10H00_HS MUSEE HOMME AS.indd 17 12/11/2015 14:25 LES TROIS RÉVOLUTIONS DU PALAIS DU TROCADÉRO « En 1937, la surface du palais passe de 17 000 à 41 000 m2 » 1878 Le palais du Trocadéro de Davioud Pour l’Exposition universelle de 1878, de 433 mètres. Articulées par l’immense c’est à l’architecte Gabriel Davioud rotonde de la salle de spectacle et dou- (1823-1881), déjà mobilisé par les tra- blées par une galerie à colonnade côté vaux du baron Haussmann, que revient jardin, elles suivent la pente de la colline. l’honneur de construire le palais du Tro- Les pavillons d’exposition se déploient à cadéro. Sur la colline de Chaillot, son l’intérieur en plusieurs travées qui œuvre couronne la perspective du s’achèvent par les pavillons de tête et Champ-de-Mars, où se tient l’exposi- d’about. La façade côté Trocadéro est de tion. Sa forme traduit la fonction du style famand et, côté Seine, de grandes bâtiment tout en révélant le goût de baies vitrées éclairent la rotonde. Tenir le l’éclectisme et du pittoresque de l’archi- calendrier était un pari ! La construction tecte. Un édifce polychrome de style de l’édifce, inauguré le 5 juin 1878, ne hispano-mauresque embrasse le site de débuta que treize mois plus tôt car il fal- GABRIEL DAVIOUD ses deux longues deux ailes curvilignes lut d’abord consolider les carrières. 1937 Le palais de Chaillot de Carlu, Boileau et Azéma Aimé par Viollet-le-Duc, le palais du Tro- pour camoufer le palais dans une architec- cadéro irrite par ses courants d’air et la ture provisoire. Mallet-Stevens soufera à piètre acoustique de la salle. Quand l’Ex- son cousin Paul Léon, commissaire géné- position universelle de 1937 se profle, on ral adjoint de l’Exposition, la solution songe à le démolir. Le célèbre constructeur pérenne, économique et rapide, qui Auguste Perret rêve de lui substituer une consiste à remodeler l’édifce en conservant cité muséale et les architectes Robert Mal- les ailes et la structure. On peut ainsi passer let-Stevens et Jacques Carlu étudient un de 17 000 à 41 000 m2, en dédoublant les autre projet. En décembre 1934, la crise ailes sur jardin et en recouvrant colonnes et économique freinant les ambitions, un murs d’un placage de pierre et de stuc. Le concours d’architecture mobilise les talents nouveau palais absorbe les structures JACQUES CARLU Travaux d’aménagement du Trocadéro pour l’Exposition universelle de Paris en 1937 : construction du palais de Chaillot. Au fond, la tour Eifel. métalliques de l’ancien et substitue à ses rondeurs l’esthétique monumentale néo- classique épurée que nous connaissons. Pour ses architectes, Jacques Carlu, Louis- Hippolyte Boileau et Léon Azéma, la pré- cipitation est à nouveau de mise. Perturbé par les grèves du Front populaire, le chan- tier sera terminé en dix-sept mois. Nombre d’entreprises plus ou moins diligentes s’y succéderont, ce qui expliquera plus tard des faiblesses structurelles. 18 BAT-12-11_10H00_HS MUSEE HOMME AS.indd 18 13/11/2015 08:53 L’ancien palais du Trocadéro, construit pour l’Exposition universelle de 1878 et qui sera détruit partiellement en 1935 pour faire place à l’actuel palais de Chaillot pour l’Exposition universelle de 1937. Vue de l’entrée du Musée de l’Homme en 1938, côté place du Trocadéro. BAT-12-11_10H00_HS MUSEE HOMME AS.indd 19 13/11/2015 08:53 LES TROIS RÉVOLUTIONS DU PALAIS DU TROCADÉRO 2015 : la métamorphose du Musée de l’Homme Magnifer la lumière Ni Carlu ni Davioud n’auraient pu ima- Seine et la tour Eifel. Pour réussir cette giner la transformation de leur créature ! métamorphose, 1 963 m2 de plancher Suite au concours d’architecture gagné ont été démolis et 2 984 construits, ce en 2006, Olivier Brochet et Emmanuel qui porte la surface à 15 882 m2. Sur ce Nebout ont restructuré le musée de chantier extraordinairement complexe fond en comble. Intervenant sur l’édi- où le voisinage du musée national de la fce 128 ans et 69 ans après ses créa- Marine en fonctionnement ajoutait ses teurs, ils ont modernisé les parcours et contraintes à celles du palais historique, remodelé les espaces oferts aux œuvres, la reconquête de la lumière a été le fl au public, aux chercheurs et à tous les conducteur. En imposant de conforter acteurs du musée. Les collections pro- les structures d’origine du palais trop ftent désormais d’immenses salles vite construit, l’intervention réserva son claires et limpides ouvertes sur la ville, la lot d’imprévus. Les fantômes du palimpseste L’édifce étant un palimpseste compa- plancher courbe du second niveau qui rable à ces manuscrits sur parchemin favorise le redéploiement des collec- que les copistes médiévaux efaçaient tions dans un parcours en boucle pour les recouvrir d’un second texte, ponctué par l’élan de l’élégant escalier des fantômes de l’architecture de suspendu dans le vide. Du sous-sol à la Davioud masquée par les stucs de verrière, le chantier du pavillon de tête Carlu ont ressurgi çà et là, au gré des a donné lieu à des moments aussi exal- travaux. Plusieurs temps forts ont tants qu’insolites. Lors de l’excavation rythmé l’intensité du chantier. Parallè- de la colline en sous-œuvre sous les lement à l’excavation de la colline sous quatuors de colonnes du hall, son pla- le hall d’entrée pour y aménager une fond, déjà mis à nu, dévoilait plus haut salle technique, la création d’un atrium le plancher de béton avant démolition. et du Balcon des sciences a révélé la Lors de l’étape suivante, ce même verrière de Davioud qui coife le pavil- plancher évidé attendait l’installation lon d’entrée. Tout en restant parfaite- du futur Balcon des sciences, tout en ment fdèle à l’architecture de Carlu faisant la part belle aux combles et à la qui donne le ton, Olivier Brochet et verrière construits par Davioud. Sous Emmanuel Nebout rendent aussi jus- l’enveloppe rectiligne de ses stucs, les tice à Davioud en restituant cette ver- colonnes ornées de Davioud, apparues rière sous sa hauteur d’origine. Pour pour un temps en cours de chantier, aménager l’atrium et le Balcon des disparurent à nouveau à son terme. sciences, ils ont évidé le plancher de Quant à l’excavation dans la colline, les béton créé en 1932, qui séparait en architectes s’amusent à dire que cette deux niveaux cette salle au détriment étape leur rappela l’ambiance crépus- de son ampleur.
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