ROCK ART of Sahara and North Africa

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ROCK ART of Sahara and North Africa World Heritage Convention ROCK ART OF Sahara And North Africa Thematic study June 2007 49-51 rue de la Fédération – 75015 Paris Tel +33 (0)1 45 67 67 70 – Fax +33 (0)1 45 66 06 22 www.icomos.org – [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword Table of contents Introduction 1 Susan DENYER Sub-Zone 1. Morocco - Mauritania - Western Sahara - Sous zone 1: Maroc / Sahara atlantique marocain - Mauritanie 3 Abdellah SALIH - Sub-Zone 1: Mauritania - Western Sahara 15 Joaquim SOLER SUBILS Sub-Zone 2. Algeria - Tunisia - Sous zone 2: Algérie - Tunisie 29 Christian DUPUY Sub-Zone 3. Niger - Mali - Chad - Sub-Zone 3: Niger 45 David COULSON - Sous zone 3: Mali / Adrar des Iforas 53 Christian DUPUY - Sous zone 3: Tchad 71 Roberta SIMONIS, Adriana SCARPA FALCE et Donatella CALATI Sub-Zone 4. Libya - Egypt - Northern Sudan - Sous zone 4: Libye / Plateau du Messak 83 Axel et Anne-Michelle VAN ALBADA - Sous zone 4: Libye - Égypte - Nord du Soudan 101 Yves GAUTHIER Rock Art in Sahara and North Africa: Conclusions 133 Jean CLOTTES Annexes I - ICOMOS Brief for Contributors 149 Orientations de l’ ICOMOS à l’attention des contributeurs 151 II - Illustrations 153 THEMATIC STUDY ON ROCK ART: AFRICA – ZONE A: SAHARA & NORTH AFRICA ETUDE THEMATIQUE SUR L’ART RUPESTRE : AFRIQUE – ZONE A : SAHARA & AFRIQUE DU NORD Foreword Avant-propos ICOMOS Regional Thematic Studies Études thématiques régionales on Rock Art de l’art rupestre par l’ICOMOS ICOMOS’s series of Regional Thematic Studies La série d’études thématiques régionales de l’art on Rock Art, of which Rock Art of Latin rupestre préparée par l’ICOMOS, dont la America and the Caribbean was the first and this première porte sur la région Amérique latine et study on Rock Art of the Sahara and North Caraïbes et la seconde sur la région du Sahara et Africa is the second, will amass data on regional de l’Afrique du Nord, accumuleront des données characteristics in order to begin to link more sur des caractéristiques régionales de manière à strongly rock art images to social and economic préciser les liens qui existent entre les images de circumstances, and strong regional or local l’art rupestre, les conditions sociales et traits, particularly religious or cultural traditions économiques et les caractéristiques régionales and beliefs. ou locales marquées, en particulier les croyances et les traditions religieuses et culturelles. Rock art needs to be anchored as far as possible in a geo-cultural context. Its images may be L’art rupestre doit être replacé autant que outstanding from an aesthetic point of view: possible dans son contexte géoculturel. Les more often their full significance is related to images sont parfois exceptionnelles par leur their links with the societies that produced them, caractère esthétique ; plus souvent, leur valeur and the meanings with which they were imbued. est liée aux sociétés qui les ont produites et aux In order to understand these links, further significations dont elles sont imprégnées. Pour research may be needed on the context of rock comprendre ce rapport, des recherches art. It is hope that these thematic studies will approfondies de leur contexte peuvent s’avérer help identify where further support is needed. nécessaires. Il est à espérer que les études thématiques contribueront à identifier les sites This volume on the Sahara and North Africa où ces recherches seront utiles. will be followed in due course by further volumes on other regions in Africa, and other Ce volume sur le Sahara et l’Afrique du Nord parts of the world, in order to encompass the full sera suivi en temps voulu par d’autres volumes richness of this extensive and vulnerable portant sur le reste de l’Afrique, ainsi que heritage, and to identify sites that appear to have d’autres parties du monde, dans le but the potential to demonstrate outstanding d’englober la pleine richesse de cet étendu et universal value. vulnérable patrimoine, et d’identifier les sites apparaissant comme ayant le potentiel pour démontrer une valeur universelle exceptionnelle. Acknowledgements Remerciements In preparing this Regional Rock Art Thematic En préparant cette étude thématique régionale de Study, ICOMOS would like to acknowledge the l’art rupestre, l’ICOMOS souhaite remercier contribution of the ICOMOS International pour sa contribution le Comité scientifique Scientific Committee on Rock Art, a group of international de l’ICOMOS sur l’art rupestre, un whose members wrote the text, and particularly groupe dont les membres ont rédigé le texte, en the immediate past Chair, Jean Clottes, for particulier son précédent président, Jean Clottes, coordinating this study with Susan Denyer, pour la coordination de cette étude avec Susan World Heritage Adviser, Regina Durighello, Denyer, conseiller pour le patrimoine mondial, Director, and Julien Titren, Assistant. ICOMOS Regina Durighello, directeur, et Julien Titren, would also like to acknowledge the support of assistant. L’ICOMOS souhaite également the World Heritage Centre for this and the remercier le Centre du Patrimoine mondial pour previous volume. son soutien à ce volume ainsi qu’au précédent. Introduction Susan DENYER The scope and value of Rock Art Le champ et la valeur de l’art rupestre Rock art is the oldest form of art, and has L’art rupestre est la plus ancienne forme d’art et experienced the longest and widest development a connu le développement le plus long et le plus in terms of time and in space. Rock art is étendu dans le temps et l’espace. Il se distingue distinguished from other forms of art by the fact d’autres formes d’art par le fait qu’il a été that it has been preserved at the place where it préservé sur le lieu même de son exécution et was carried out and by the fact that the place que ce lieu a réciproquement très souvent very often determined the scope and realisation déterminé le champ et la réalisation de cet art. of the art. In evaluating rock art, it is essential to Dans l’évaluation de cet art, il est essentiel de take into account, not only its artistic quality and prendre en compte non seulement sa qualité cultural importance, but also the quality of the artistique et son importance culturelle, mais place where it is found and particularly its aussi la qualité du lieu où il est découvert et en natural environment. particulier son environnement naturel. Rock art sites, as a corpus of work, have huge Les sites d’art rupestre, en tant que réalisations potential for understanding human activity, both d’ensemble, ont un potentiel énorme pour la spiritual and temporal, over many millennia. compréhension de l’activité humaine, à la fois spirituelle et temporelle, sur plusieurs millénaires. The aesthetic value of rock art can be appreciated without knowledge of associations. La valeur esthétique de l’art rupestre peut être However, the full value of rock art sites, and appréciée sans connaissance d’associations. La their comparisons with other sites, usually only pleine valeur des sites d’art rupestre et leur emerges once images have been documented comparaison avec d’autres sites, ne s’apprécie and studied, to reveal an understanding of habituellement qu’après une étude et des compa- sequences, associated human activity and in raisons approfondies, livrant une compréhension some cases beliefs and traditions. des séquences, des activités humaines associées et, dans certains cas, des croyances et des traditions. Without adequate inventories it is difficult to analyse rock art sequences and make En l’absence d’un inventaire approprié, il est comparative analyses. Many rock art sites have difficile d’analyser les séquences d’art rupestre many thousands of images, considerable et de faire des analyses comparatives. De numbers of layers and can be said intuitively to nombreux sites d’art rupestre possèdent represent vanished societies. A clearer plusieurs milliers d’images, un nombre understanding of their specific significances, considérable de couches et l’on peut dire geo-cultural context and relationship to present intuitivement qu’ils représentent des sociétés day societies is needed to evaluate them fully disparues. Une compréhension plus claire de and this usually emerges only after systematic leur importance spécifique, de leur contexte analysis and recording. géoculturel et de leur rapport aux sociétés d’aujourd’hui est nécessaire pour les évaluer pleinement et cela n’est généralement possible qu’après une analyse et une étude systématiques. 1 Rock Art and World Heritage Art rupestre et patrimoine mondial Rock Art is present within several geographical L’art rupestre est présent dans plusieurs zones areas that are currently under-represented on the géographiques qui sont actuellement sous World Heritage List. Rock art sites thus have the représentées sur la Liste du patrimoine mondial. potential to fill some of the “gaps”. Les sites d’art rupestre ont par conséquent le potentiel de remplir certains « manques ». In some regions rock art is highly prolific and could be said to be the dominant cultural Dans certaines régions, l’art rupestre est très heritage type. Analysis of its images has the répandu et pourrait être qualifié de type de potential to provide key evidence into social, patrimoine culturel dominant. L’analyse des economic and spiritual dimensions of past images peut potentiellement apporter des societies. Analysis, recording and conservation preuves essentielles des dimensions spirituelles, of rock art sites can however demand économiques et sociales de sociétés anciennes. considerable resources. L’analyse, la collecte de données et la conservation des sites d’art rupestre peuvent In order to target scarce resources, it is crucial toutefois exiger des ressources considérables. that the key sites, which reflect their social and geo-cultural context and can be said to have Dans le but de valoriser des ressources rares, il outstanding universal value are nominated for est essentiel que les sites clés qui reflètent un possible inscription to the World Heritage List.
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