DOCSLIB.ORG

The Naga Secessionism

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Naga Secessionism Subject: Political Science Class: BA II Year, Paper: II, Indian…Politics Class: BA IV Sem, Paper: II, Indian…Politics The Naga Secessionism The Naga insurgency known as the “mother of all insurgencies” over half a century old, is the first and the longest of the secessionist- turned-insurgency movements in South Asia (1954-2010). It is meant to achieve a sovereign Nagaland. At the heart of the Naga movement lies the question of its “unique” identity — Nagas as a separate nation. When their demand for the right to self-determination was not granted by the Indian state, they opted for the politics of secessionism to attain the objective of Naga nation-state posing a major challenge to the national integration on the country. The naga people are an important component of the demographic profile of the north east India and this region has been a major hurdle in the way of national integration of the country primarily due to a number of insurgency movements along ethnic identity. The region consisting of the states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya and Nagaland accounts for 8.06 % of the total land surface of the country and has a population of 3.73% of the country’s total population. Topographically, 70% of the region is hilly and 88% of the population is rural. North east is often described as “Asia in miniature” where the brown and yellow races meet and mingle. This land is known to have 1 as many as 350 communities and almost as many languages. Before the advent of the British on the Naga territory, the Naga tribes were the head hunters and were organised in independent villages. A study into the history shows that the naga people as proud and fiercely independent people with prolonged signs of wars. Despite the fact that the notion of “naga identity” has gained greater impetus over the decades, love for tribe and village still comprise the central position in the life of the naga people. As B G Verghese states that, “localism and tribalism are among the chief problems that have dogged nagas’ efforts ay nation- building or the concept of naganess or nagalism.” i They have been divided into various tribes, sub tribes and clans with varying customs, traditions, dress, language, polity etc. These naga tribes are characterised by different dialects, occupying specific mountain ranges with settlements on hilltops and following an inanimate religion until their recent conversion to Christianity.ii Some of these naga groups like the Semas, the Konyaks and the Changs were ruled by the Chiefs whereas some tribes like the Aos and the Angamis were headed by the clan leaders. The naga system of administration was so simple and efficient that even the British decided not to interfere in their internal administration. Infact they preferred to encourage their traditional system of local administration and delivering justice to continue as before.iii The political consciousness of the nagas can be traced back to the advent of the British in the north eastern part of India. The first British action in this context may be identified as the Treaty of 2 Yandaboo signed in 1826. The treaty demarcated the frontiers of India and Burma but in so doing also caused vivisection of the territory inhabited by the naga people. The naga territory was further divided by the boundary demarcation between the Nowgong district of Assam and the kingdom of Manipur. As a consequence of this process of division, the naga today live in Manipur, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland in India and north western parts of Myanmar.iv Having secured the Manipur kingdom through the territory through the treaty of Yandaboo and having demarcated the traditional boundaries between Manipur kingdom and the Nowgong district in Assam, the British rulers felt the need to connect the two by a land route through the Angamis naga territory. The efforts to construct the road link culminated into first ever direct encounter between the British and the Nagas in 1937. Though the treaty of Yandaboo brought Assam and Manipur under the British rule, the naga territories were outside the control and regulation of the British administrative machinery, which became an “historical gift” for inducing consciousness of the nagas’ identity and rights towards broader world view.v The missionaries were the forerunners of the British in the naga territory. Miles Bronson was the first missionary to bring Christian ideas and symbols to the naga people in 1840. But his and his family’s attempt could not yield much result on account of the outbreak of epidemic. A more perceptible spread of the British Christian ideology and institutions on the naga region may be traced to 1872, when Dr Clark arrived and initiated efforts for formal 3 education in the region. Thus, the missionaries were the harbingers of education and modernisation in the naga areas.vi During the first World War, 2000 nagas were deployed in the war theatres in Europe. Their experience during the war had left a deep impression upon the nagas themselves and helped germinate an idea of their racial distinctions and unity as the nucleus of their nationality. After their return from Europe in June 1918, they took lead to create the Naga Club consisting of members from government organisations, villages and ex army men.vii The activities of the Club started with discussing administrative and social problems but gradually began to focus on political issues. By the end of the 1920s, the political awareness of the nagas had grown to a point where they decided to demand exclusion of the nagas from any scheme of constitutional development in India and therefore, their memorandum presented to the Simon Commission in 1929 clearly articulated sovereign status for the Nagaland to save them from exploitation from the economically developed people of the plains.viii As a result of their consistent pressure, the Government of India Act, 1935 declared the Naga Hills Districts an excluded area to be governed under Governor’s discretion.ix In April 1945, the Naga Club was transformed into the Naga Hills District Tribal Council with the avowed aim to unify the naga people on democratic principles. Next year, in Feb 1946, it was rechristened as the Naga National Council (NNC) under the 4 leadership of Angami Zapu Phizo. Initially, the NNC was content to remain under the state of Assam with local autonomy and proper safeguards and separate electorate.x But later, when the Couplan Plan for “Crown Colony” or “Trust Territory” came into light, they demanded that when the British quit India, they would also have to quit Naga Hills.xi Subsequently, a 9 point agreement was concluded between Sir Akbar Hydari, the Governor of Assam and moderate group of the nagas led by T Sakhrie and Aliba Imti on June 29, 1947 conceding greater autonomy for the nagas within India. Therefore, the Naga Hills District was included in the 6th Schedule of the Indian Constitution in 1950 and was given the powers of autonomous district. But the pact was almost immediately rejected by the radical leadership of the NNC symbolised by Phizo. In May, 1951, the NNC conducted a plebiscite in the naga hills so as to ascertain the views of the people on the question of independence of the of the nagas which, according to the NNC, resulted into 99% support to freedom. The plebiscite was followed by a civil disobedient movement by the naga leaders to show their defiance to the government of India. They also decided to boycott the General Elections to the Lok Sabha and elections to the legislative Assembly of Assam. In August 1957, the first People’s Convention of the naga people was held at Kohima. It urged for a negotiated approach to the question of Naga independence and proposed to constitute a new administrative unit called North Eastern Frontiers Province (NEFA) into the Tuensang Area which was accepted by the Government of 5 India in Dec. 1957.xii The second convention of the naga people was held at Ungma in Makokchang district which constituted a drafting committee to formulate their demands for political aspirations. The committee prepared a 16 point memorandum with a view to create a separate state for the nagas within the Indian union.xiii This led to the emergence of the state of Nagaland within India’s sovereignty on Dec 1, 1963 at Kohima. But a faction of naga rebel leaders continued to demand independence from the Indian state and therefore, violence and bloodshed continued in Nagaland between the Naga underground rebels and the Indian army. In April, 1964, one year after the creation of the state of Nagaland, Jai Prakash Narain, Assam Chief Minister Bimala Prasad Chaliha and Michael Scot formed a Peace Mission to pave the way for an end to the stalemate. But after six rounds of talks, the unwavering attitude of the Naga separatist leaders on the demand of nothing short of complete independence and sovereignty coupled with their indulgence in violent activities ultimately led to the conclusion by the national leaders of the country that it was futile to negotiate on any issue with the naga leaders. The failure of the peace process brought shock and anxieties to the peace loving Naga people.xiv This was followed by the a massive counter- insurgency operation by the Indian armed forces to suppress violent and separatist activities mitigating the militancy in the state to a great extent. Internal quarrels and conflict often on violent path also significantly reduced the Naga’s capacity to challenge the might of the Indian state. Under these circumstances, a group of leaders among 6 the nagas came out to sign the historic Shillong Accord in 1975 to end militancy in the state.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Octor of ^F)Ilos(Opi)P «&=• /•.'' in St EDUCATION
    ^ CONTRIBUTION OF CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES TOWARDS DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY EDUCATION IN ASSAM SINCE INDEPENDENCE ABSTRACT OF THE <^ V THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF octor of ^f)ilos(opI)p «&=• /•.'' IN St EDUCATION wV", C BY •V/ SAYEEDUL HAQUE s^^ ^ 1^' UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF PROF. ALI AHMAD DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2009 ^&. ABSTRACT Title of the study: "Contribution of Christian Missionaries Towards Development of Secondary Education in Assam Since Independence" Education is the core of all religions, because it prepares the heathen mind for the proper understanding and acceptance of the supremacy of his Creator. Thus, acquisition of Knowledge and learning is considered as an act of salvation in Christianity. The revelation in Bible clearly indicates that the Mission of Prophet of Christianity, Jesus Christ, is to teach his people about the tenets of Christianity and to show them the true light of God. As a true follower of Christ, it becomes the duty of every Christian to act as a Missionary of Christianity. The Missionaries took educational enterprise because they saw it as one of the most effective means of evangelization. In India, the European Missionaries were regarded as the pioneers of western education, who arrived in the country in the last phase of the fifteenth century A.D. The Portuguese Missionaries were the first, who initiated the modem system of education in India, when St. Xavier started a University near Bombay in 1575 A.D. Gradually, other Europeans such as the Dutch, the Danes, the French and the English started their educational efforts.
    [Show full text]
  • The American Baptist Christians in North-East India
    Facets of the North-east The American Baptist Christians in North-east India Amrit Kr Goldsmith* The Britishers entered Assam and established their rule in the early years of the 19th century. Soon after, the different Christian denominations also gradually established their outposts and started their work. Their main objective, no doubt, was to spread their religion. But they also undertook to spread literacy, render medical aid, open schools and other educational institutions, etc. Out of all denominations which worked in the North- eastern region, the American Baptists were able to spread out in many parts. Even today the followers of the American Baptist denomination form the majority of Christians in the region. The author of this article, Shri Amrit Kumar Goldsmith is the regional head of CASA (Church’s Auxiliary for Social Action). In answer to our request, he undertook to study old records and has come out with the present article. Besides describing the life and services of some of the highly dedicated missionaries, he also narrates about the work that began in the past and which is continuing till date. It may be noted that out of the seven states of the North-eastern region, three states namely, Nagaland, Meghalaya and Mizoram are predominantly Christian. There is the presence of Christian mission work in all the other states including Assam. We have four major religions in the North-east, namely Hinduism, Islam, Christianity and Buddhism. Any student of the affairs of the region cannot afford to miss studying the impact of these religions and the influence they have in the region.
    [Show full text]
  • AFFNO EXNO School Name 100001 AP06012 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA
    AFFNO EXNO School Name 100001 AP06012 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO 1 GOLCONDA HYDERABAD AP 100002 AP06045 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA PICKET SECUNDERABAD AP 100003 AP06047 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA TRIMULGHERRY SECUNDERABAD AP 100004 AP06021 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO.1 UPPAL HYDERABAD AP 100005 AP06027 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA KANCHANBAGH HYDERABAD AP 100006 AP06022 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA 1 AFA DUNDIGAL HYDERABAD 100007 AP06053 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA RAMNAGAR AREA TIRUPATI AP 100008 AP06060 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA MALKAPURAM VISAKHAPATNAM AP 100009 AP06058 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO 1 SRI VIJAYA NGR VIZAG AP 100010 AP06034 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO 1 RAMAGUNDAM KARIMNAGAR 100011 AP06010 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA CRPF BARKAS HYDERABAD AP 100012 AP06056 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA WALTAIR VISAKHAPATNAM AP 100013 AP06051 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA BOLARUM SECUNDERABAD AP 100014 AP06006 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NALLAPADU GUNTUR A.P 100015 AP06057 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO 1 NAUSENABAUGH VIZAG. AP 100016 AP06020 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO 2 UPPAL HYDERABAD AP 100017 AP06046 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA AFS HAKIMPET SECUNDERABAD AP 100018 AP06035 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NTPC RAMAGUNDAM KARIMNAGAR AP 100019 AP06013 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA AFS BEGUMPET HYDERABAD AP 100020 AP06064 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA STEEL PLANT VISAKHAPATNAM AP 100021 AP06077 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA O F EDDUMAILARAM MEDAK AP 100022 AP06059 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO 2 SRI VIJAY NGR VIZAG. AP 100023 AP06069 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA YERRAGUNTLA CUDDAPAH A.P 100024 AP06100 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA PRABHAT NAGAR GUNTAKAL A.P 100025 AP06080 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SHIVARAMPALLY HYDERABAD AP 100026 AP06085 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO.2 GOLCONDA HYDERABAD AP 100027 AP06091 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA AFS SURYALANKA BAPATLA AP 100028 AP06108 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA N.A.D VISAKHAPATNAM A.P 100029 AP06119 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA CCI TOWNSHIP ADILABAD A.P 100030 AP06109 D A V PUBLIC SCHOOL CCI TANDUR R R DIST A.P 100031 AP06110 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA GACHIBOWLI HYDERABAD A.P 100032 AP06111 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA B CAMP P.O KURNOOL A.P 100033 AP06154 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO 2 SETTIPALLY TIRUPATHI AP 100034 AP06120 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA No.2 NAUSENABAGH VIZAG A.P 100035 AP06121 K.V.
    [Show full text]
  • J:\GRS=Formating Journals\EA 3
    SHORTER NOTE RELIGION OF NOCTES IN TIRAP DISTRICT OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH, INDIA: A SYNCRETIC VIEW Chandan Kumar Boruah Research Scholar and Dhritiman Sarma Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Rajiv Gandhi University, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Introduction The Noctes of Tirap district, Arunachal Pradesh live in the Patkai mountain ranges of Northeastern India, bordering Myanmar. Noctes people are one of the major tribe of the state with around 30,000 populations out of the total population of Arunachal Pradesh (Census 2011). “Etymologically ‘Nocte’ means people living in an organized community. In the Ahom and early British periods Nocte tribes were referred to as Borduarias, Panduarias, Namsangia and Jaipurias. They had come into close contact with the people of Assam in the middle of the 19th Century (India netzone). Racially they belong to mongoloid race and “this tribe is believed to have migrated from Hukong Valley of Burma as they were attracted by the highland salt and pleasant climate of the Patkai Hills. The Noctes have cultural similarities with their neighboring Konyak Tribe of Nagaland such as the tradition of tattooing their faces and bodies, and like the fierce Konyaks, the Noctes also took part in headhunting” (Pastures; 2015). “Noctes have been practicing an Indigenous Faith since time immemorial. It is based on Nature worship and upon a belief that the all powerful unseen God exists in the sky above. In the past, this indigenous Faith had sobering effect on the people and was a unifying factor for the Noctes of different groups. The Indigenous Faith is known as Rangsom. It is believes in a Supreme Being known as Rangkathak.
    [Show full text]
  • Project Report: a Study on the Salt Production of Ancient Assam
    IJHS | VOL 54.4 | DECEMBER 2019 PROJECT REPORTS A Study on the Salt Production of Ancient Assam ̂ Raktim Ranjan Saikia∗, Nurul Amin Department of Geology, J B College, Jorhat, Assam 1 Introduction day Assam) extended up to the Bay of Bengal. As a result, the people of this region benefitted from the sea resources Study of human civilization has a multidimensional ap- like salt, shell and other trading commodities. But in later proach. Usually such approaches are based on the study part of 8th century, the Salastambha dynasty had fallen of ideas and religion, but mostly on the study of historic and lost its control on the routes leading to the sea. As tools and artifacts. In addition to this study of some items, a result every sphere of life was affected and they were essential for survival of man, play a major role in history. forced to return to some primitive practices. The people Salt is such an item. The absence or presence of salt was of Assam had to search for alternative sources for the com- intimately related to different historic events like settle- modities essential for daily life. The most unique com- ments, the rise and fall of populations, wars, large de- modity that the people of Assam extracted locally was salt. mographic shifts, the development of agriculture, etc. In Though the process of salt extraction was long in practice, the history of North East India the production, use and it was considered as an important practice during Ahom exchange of salt among the tribes led to several socio- rules (1228 – 1826 ce) in Assam.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapte~Vi Chapter Vi
    CHAPTE~VI CHAPTER VI SOCIAL CHANGES UNDER THE BRITISH Historians of the colonial period attribute a new phase of progress in the Assamese mind in the early 19th century to the result of (a) three-fold impact of a British administration and western education, (b) the propaganda and activities of the missionaries and (c) the impact of the so-called Bengal renaissance. 1 It was also the interplay of the three closely related forces of economic, governmental and missionary objectives in terms of which the social scientists have analysed social change. 2 Western Education The introduction of western education and its progress in Assam, was one of the main factors that heralded a social change in the region. In the caste-structured Hindu society, it was the Brahmans who had the monopoly to function as teachers and officiate as priests. They imparted religious and secular knowledge in the to/s and pathsalas, through the medium of Sanskrit. Education was thus confined to the priestly classes, scribes and a few others confined with the Government. 3 To the official aristocracy, literary education was not a necessity for their respective calling. But under the colonial rule the introduction of western education was of immense historical importance. Education was one of the instruments through 183 which British colonialism sought to maintain and strengthen its domination over the region. In the early years, the British education policy centred around the 'Downward Filtration Theory', 4 a unique experiment of educating the elite and through them the natives. It was with the appointment of the General Committee of Public Instruction in 1823, that definite steps were taken for the promotion of education of the natives oflndia.
    [Show full text]
  • State Gazetteer of Arunachal Pradesh
    ©IF DMM ARUNACHAL PRADESH ARUNACHAL PRADESH STATE GAZETTEER OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH VOLUME-1 GOVERNMENT OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH GAZEHEERS DEPARTMENT GAZETTEER OF INDIA ARUNACHAL PRADESH STATE GAZETTEER OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH Volume - 1 GOVERNMENT OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH GAZETTEERS DEPARTMENT ARUNACHAL PRADESH GAZETTEERS STATE GAZETTEER OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH (VOLUME-I) b y SOKHEPKRI Editor GOVERNMENT OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH 2 0 10 Government of Arunachal Pradesh Price : Rs. ISBN -978-81906587-3-7 (Volume-I) Compiled by Shri Hage Nobin, Sr. Compiler (Gazetteers), Shri C.S. Namchoom, Compiler (Gazetteers) and Shri Duyu Tale, Research Assistant (Gazetteers) Government of Arunachal Pradesh, Chimpu, Itanagar Published by the State Editor (Gazetteers), Gazetteers Department, Government of Arunachal Pradesh Chimpu, Itanagar. Cover-design and Art-work by : Bablu Kr Dey Printed b y : Himalayan Publishers, Legi Shopping Complex, BankTinali, PostBoxNo. 177, Itanagar-791 111 Arunachal Pradesh-New Delhi. RAJ BHAWAN ITANAGAR-791111 TEL ; +91 360 2212432 FAX ; +91 360.2212442 genj]slngh@rediff mall.com GENERAL J.J. SINGH PVSM, AVSM, VSM (Retd) Governor Arunachal Pradesh FOREWORD It gives me immense pleasure to know that the first State Gazetteer of Arunachal Pradesh (Volume-I) is going to be published very soon. The State Gazetteer is a compendium, depicting a fairly comprehen­ sive picture of this frontier State, its physical and geographical aspects, the indigenous populace, their socio-cultural traditions, rich heritage and vibrant economy. The Gazetteer also highlights the proud history and tremendous de­ velopment of the Stale since independence. In the multi-faceted scenario of North Eastern India, Arunachal Pradesh, comprising of 16 districts is a unique and enchanting entity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Importance of Christian Missionaries in the Progress of Assamese Language and Literature: an Analytical Study
    International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 4s, (2020), pp. 3719 - 3722 The importance of Christian Missionaries in the Progress of Assamese Language and Literature: An analytical study Jonmoni Das Research Scholor, Gauhati, University Department of Foreign Languages Abstract On, 1836, Christian Missionaries came to Assam. Mainly they came to Assam to spread Christ religion. But they saw that the situation in Assan is not right at that time, and they faced many problems. They realized that if it was to spread religion in Assam, it would be possible only through the Assamese language. So, they tried to learn the Assamese language and started spreading religion through the Assamese language. Due to this they composed many texts, composition of grammer, dictionary etc. In the same was, the dead Assamese language gradually started coming alive. Objective: Through this paper we will mention about the contribution of missionary people in Assamese society. We will try to explain the social situation of Assam at that time and I will try to explain that in this debilitating situation, how the Assamese writer also supported them. Source: To explain this paper, we will take help of various texts and historical books also and will take the help of various journals, reference. Methodology: The sources of data, that are used in this study will be both Primary and secondary. The data will be acquired from various books, journals and articles. Analytical method in mainly used in this study. Main topic: According to the treaty of Yandaboo to be held in the year 1826, the British people came to Assam.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Journals in the Development of Assamese Literature in the British Period (1826-1947)
    IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 15, Issue 3 (Sep. - Oct. 2013), PP 76-77 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.Iosrjournals.Org The Role of Journals in the Development of Assamese Literature in the British period (1826-1947) Nitumoni Sarma, Kaushik Chandra Deva Sarma, KKHSOU, Guwahati CIT, Kokrajhar Abstract: This Paper presents a study on the role of journals in the development of Assamese literature in the British period ( 1826-1947). This period will include the Orunodoi era and the Jonaki era of Assamese literature named after two important journals Orunodoi and Jonaki of that period. I. Introduction In 1826 by the Iandabu treaty Assam was conquered by British. This brought a remarkable change in Assamese social life as well as in the Assamese literature. In the British period many journals were published which played a very important role in the development of Assamese language and literature. Different forms of modern literature like short story, novel, biography etc. entered into the Assamese literature through the journals. Two major journals of that time were the Orunodoi(1846) and The Jonaki(1889). These two journals started two eras in Assamese literature named after the the journal as Orunodoi era and Jonaki era. These two journals formed base of modern Assamese literature. II. Orunodoi Era Orunodoi was the first Assamese journal. It was published for the first time from the missionary press in Sibasagar in 1846 under the editorship of Nathan Brown. Though the prime reason for publication of Orunodoi was the propagation of Christianity but it also helped in entrenching the Assamese intelligentsia and broadening the mind of Assamese people.
    [Show full text]
  • Colonial State and the Emergence of Naga Identity: 1881- 1947
    COLONIAL STATE AND THE EMERGENCE OF NAGA IDENTITY: 1881- 1947 BY KHRIEREIZHÜNUO DZÜVICHÜ THESIS SUBMITTED TO NAGALAND UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES NAGALAND UNIVERSITY KOHIMA NAGALAND 2010 Reg. No. 202/2005 1 DEDICATED TO MY FATHER MR. NEIDELIE DZÜVICHÜ AND MY MOTHER MRS. DENUO FOR WHOM I LEARNED 2 DECLARATION I, Miss. Khriereizhünuo Dzüvichü, hereby declare that the subject matter of this thesis is the record of work done by me, that the contents of the thesis did not form basis of the award of any previous degree to me or to the best of my knowledge to anybody else, and that the thesis has not been submitted by me for any research degree in any other University/Institute. This is being submitted to Nagaland University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. (Candidate) Khriereizhünuo Dzüvichü (Head) (Supervisor) (Co-Supervisor) Dr. N.Venuh Dr. Ketholesie Prof. Victor Babu Nagaland University Nagaland University B.B.Ambedkar University Kohima, Nagaland Kohima, Nagaland Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 3 CERTIFICATION This is to certify that the original work prescribed in this accompanying thesis entitled ‘COLONIAL STATE AND THE EMERGENCE OF NAGA IDENTITY: 1881-1947’ has been carried out by Miss. Khriereizhünuo Dzüvichü under my guidance and supervision. This work is original and has not been submitted so far in part or full for any other degree/diploma to any other institution/university. It is further certified that the candidate has fulfilled all the conditions required for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
    [Show full text]
  • PRINT MEDIA COMES to NORTH EAST INDIA – by Charvak
    Article-2 Global Media Journal – Indian Edition Sponsored by the University of Calcutta/www.caluniv.ac.in ISSN 2249 – 5835 Summer& Winter Joint Issue/June- December 2015/Vol. 6/No. 1& 2 PRINT MEDIA COMES TO NORTH EAST INDIA by Charvak Associate Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Assam University. [email protected] Abstract The geographical, demographic and historical isolation of the region have exercised considerable influence on the growth of print media in North East.History of Print Media for the North East however remained less documented and read till today. Scholars of mainland India have less interest of conducting research on this area, while scholars of North East lack in terms of resources and scope. In this context, this paper seeks to offer a fundamental reading of the history of print media in the seven states of North East India. It is however by no means, a complete compendium of the history of press in North East India. It does offer only a rudimentary level of historical documentation and attempts to reflect the specificities of advent of print media in the seven sisters of North East India. It is a documentation of the summary of the advent of Print Media in North East both from primary and secondary data. Keywords: north east; print; newspaper; colonial; post-colonial; public space; nationalism, sub-nationalism, identity, tribe, culture, language. Introduction Almost in every society, there would be a public space in the realm of people’s communication which would also provide the ordinary citizens a scope of participation in public communication shaping the ‘public life’.
    [Show full text]
  • D:\CBCNEI\Baptist News\61-2\61
    Contents Baptist NewsBapist News A quarterly news letter of the COUNCIL OF BAPTIST CHURCHES IN NORTH EAST INDIA From the Editor 02 The Council comprises of Assam New Staff & Volunteers 04 Baptist Convention, Nagaland Baptist Church Council, Manipur Baptist Greetings from the 05 Convention, Garo Baptist Convention, Mission Secretary Arunachal Baptist Church Council and Karbi Anglong Baptist Convention. The Rule of Law -II 06 EDITORIAL BOARD Editor: Rev. Dr. A. K. Lama Well Watered Garden 09 Assistant Editor: Ms. Boinu Singson Come! Holy Spirit,10 Sub-Editors: Revive us again Siamliana Khiangte Atungo Shitri MoU between the Arup Saikia 15 Circulation: CBCNEI & Meera Areng 4B Healthcare Rabindra Basumatary Jatin Gogoi Domestic Violence 17 Subscription A BACKLOG One Year Rs. 100 (US$15) Two Years Rs. 180 (US$25) CBCNEI Library & 19 Three Years Rs. 250 (US$35) Archive Five Years Rs. 350 (US$50) th Contact information: Report from the 13 21 CBCNEI, Mission Compound Christian Conference of Panbazar, Guwahati, Asia, Kuala Lumpur Assam-781001 News Capsule 23 Phone: +91-361-2515 829 Fax: +91-361-2544 447 Annual Reports 31 email: [email protected] Website: http://cbcnei.com Baptist News from the editor....... Dear friend, Bomb blast! Kidnap! Killing! Corruption! Extortion! Economic blockade! Use of military force! We live in a region of confrontation, conflicts, and violence. The situation is much more complex than we can comprehend. In general, the principle of yielding to others with humility and trust with an intention of sacrifice and service for common good has become an obsolete and scary thought. We are gripped by the fear of being exploited or taken advantage of our humility.
    [Show full text]