The War to End All Wars Just War Theory Western Philosophy of warfare Wars must have a just cause Related to Enlightenment ideas and Judeo-Christian philosophy World War One At a Glance Triple Entente Central Powers “Triple Alliance” UK, France, Russia Germany, Austria-Hungary, Colonial Empires with large Ottoman Empire support Japan, USA, Italy also supported 15.5 million casualties Allies 4 million military dead (3 22 million casualties (5.7 million military dead) million civilian) Additional 3.7 million civilian deaths Most in Russia (Stats incomplete) Winners and Losers Triple Entente Central Powers Winners Alliance cannot agree how to Losers approach the end of the War Italy a Loser Germany Even though on the winning side, Punished for the war receives no help or compsensation Russia a Loser Ottoman Empire 8 million casualties Collapses and fails Destroys Russian Monarchy completely Japan a Loser No expansion of Empire Causes of World War 1 M-ilitarism A-lliances I-mperialism N-ationalism Causes of World War 1--Militarism Militarism Shift in European thinking about the role of militaries Total War All aspects of a society were channeled into war effort Professional Soldiers replace militia Industrial Revolution produces large quantities of supplies and new equipment for military Fabian Socialists saw war as an opportunity to alter boundaries established in Congress of Vienna after Napoleon (1815) The War to End All Wars Causes of World War 1--Alliances Mutual Defense Alliances Countries in Europe began to sign agreements to protect one another if they are attacked. Triple Entente England, France, and Russia Central Powers Germany and Austria-Hungary Causes of World War 1--Imperialism Berlin Conference (1884) greatly benefits England and France By 1914, most desirable land has been claimed Wars began to break out among colonies Major world powers began to clash over imperial claims Germany specifically wants more colonies and power Berlin Conference Failed for Germany Causes of World War 1--Nationalism Many countries had developed a strong sense of national identity British—Slightly elitist and proud of their empire French--Proud of revolutionary ideas that challenged the status quo Germans—Prussian military might and strong sense of industrial power (blood and iron) Patriotism vs. Nationalism Causes of World War 1—Assassination of Franz Ferdinand Franz Ferdinand was crowned prince of Austria Assassinated by a Serbian Terrorist organization (The Black Hand) Serbia (Serbs) and Austria (Germanic) both have cultural connections and Defense Alliances with Russia and Germany. Austria declares war on Serbia Russia declares war on Austria Germany declares war on Russia England and France declare war on Germany WW1 Map World War 1: Impact of Technology Industrialized Warfare Factories make mass-production possible Uniforms, bullets, guns, and other war supplies can be made quickly Many weapons used on a large scale for the first time. World War 1: Impact of Industrial Revolution Mass Production of Weapons Social Changes Warfare before the Industrial Revolution Soldiers were farmers who signed up for short- term After Industrial Revolution Career soldiers World War 1: Impact of Technology Repeating weapons Both sides employ machine guns and semi- automatic rifles Gave large advantages to defenders Grenades Used to clear holes in razor wire or to attack enemy trenches World War 1: Impact of Technology Artillery Bombardment could be 24/7 against enemy positions With unlimited supply, accuracy didn’t matter Rail Guns like the “Big Bertha” could fire shells over 10 miles Sulphur mustard “mustard gas” could be fired in shells and vaporized to burn enemy soldiers World War 1: Impact of Technology U-boats Used extensively by the Germans in WW1 to threaten shipping Effectively cancelled the advantage of the British navy Bi-Wing Aircraft Used as scouts and occasionally to drop bombs or attack enemy positions High Propaganda value A New Battlefield: Trench Warfare Trench Warfare Fortifications were common in warfare for thousands of years Large Defensive Advantage with Machine Guns As positions became more permanent, trenches became more extensive Eventually became massive networks that were miles long, with several supply and reinforcement trenches Hundreds of Miles of French Countryside in the Western Front A New Battlefield: Defensive Advantage Entrenched Machine Guns Could effectively stop advancing armies with limited manpower Enhanced further by land mines and razor wire Required new tactics, strategies, and technology Tanks, grenades, and bombardment all adopted to counter trench warfare A New Battlefield: An Old Foe Disease #1 killer of soldiers in World War 1 Trenches Breeding ground for bacteria Dead bodies, rats, human waste, and water all collected in the trenches. A New Battlefield: Bombardment Long-Range Artillery was able to fire at will Ammunition no longer scarce, so firing occurred as frequently as they could reload Accuracy was not good Chemical Weapons Mustard gas used Burned the lungs when inhaled Desolation No Man’s Land The space between trenches After 2 years of fighting in the same place, the land was ruined by constant bombardment Razor wire used extensively to slow enemy advances Often, dead men were left in trenches or no man’s land Evolution of Tactics Sending soldiers “Over the Top” was ineffective Reliance on bombardment Americans tended to ignore British and French commanders Attacked head-on By WW2, French had built massive defensive trench system called “Maginot Line” Germans adopted “blitzkrieg” as a totally new strategy Impact on Soldiers Spent up to 6 weeks in the trench before being moved to support roles Lived, slept, and spent all of their time in the trenches Trench Foot Caused by bacteria in the water Trench Mouth Smoke, tobacco, and lack of oral hygiene Shell Shock Doctors thought brain function was impacted by loud noises and explosions World War 1: Russia Not fully industrialized By 1917, poor management by the Tsar (Nicholas II) led to Russian Revolution Outgunned Poor Wartime Management Communist Ideas When the Bolsheviks took over the government, Russia withdrew from WW1 Signed peace treaties with Central Powers Leaked details of Sykes-Picot Agreement World War 1: America America neutral from 1914-1917 Germans officially banned all shipments of war supplies to Allied Nations Germany began “unrestricted submarine warfare” against all ships to Allied Powers Lusitania sunk in 1915 killing over 1,000 passengers Allies had been using passenger ships to transport weapons Woodrow Wilson wins re-election in 1916 by promising not to get US involved in European War World War 1: America Wilson wants to help shape peace after the war 14 Points, including a League of Nations Zimmermann Note sent to Mexico from Germany Proposed an alliance only IF the US declared war on Germany Offered New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona if Central Powers won World War 1: America Zimmermann Telegram and German Submarine Warfare give Wilson justification to involve US Declares War (Germany only) in April, 1917 US impact is minimal (only 350,000 casualties) Initially, American commanders refuse to listen to experienced commanders Surge of fresh troops does have big impact The End of WW1: Treaty of Versailles Germany surrenders unconditionally in Nov, 1918 France demands reparations for damage caused by fighting Germany given sole responsibility Establishes a League of Nations Based on Wilson’s 14 Points US President (Wilson) unable to get Senate to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, so US never joins German army and navy severely restricted. All u- boats sunk. Germany powerless to resist other nations in future The End of WW1: Germany Loses all colonies Ordered to pay reparations for war Largely financed by America German Economy destroyed by war and debts Enters a depression caused by hyper-inflation Cedes land to France on border Geneva Conventions First created in 1925 to regulate chemical and biological warfare Updated the way that wounded people and medics were treated WW1 was the first time that the Red Cross existed as a humanitarian organization Established rules for the treatment of prisoners of war World War 1: Ottoman Empire Not industrialized at all Mostly opportunistic, trying to expand empire while major Imperial nations busy fighting Sykes-Picot Agreement between Britain and France divide Ottoman Empire between them Had promised land to Arabs who helped fight Ottomans Russia tells the Arabs about British and French deceit A major reason ISIS targets British and French targets The End of WW1: Sykes-Picot As per the Sykes-Picot Agreement, Britain and France take over control of Middle East British take control of Palestine and Iraq French take control of Syria Arabs get nothing Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire Ruled by the Turks—Overthrew the Byzantine Empire Followed Sharia Law Christianity is not illegal, but must be a Muslim in order to have legal rights Armenia was a small Christian nation east of Turkey Ottoman Empire Armenian Genocide In 1915, Armenians refused to serve in army Community leaders arrested Men were conscripted (drafted) to be laborers for the army and taken far from homeland Soon, entire towns were forced to march into deserts with no supplies or shot Ottoman Empire Armenian Genocide Germans, Americans, British, and French all aware that the attacks on