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Pathogenicity of Beauveria Bassiana (Deuteromycota

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Pathogenicity of Beauveria Bassiana (Deuteromycota Revista Colombiana de Entomología 2019, 45 (2): e8606 • https://doi.org/10.25100/socolen.v45i2.8606 Sección Control / Control Notas científicas / Scientific notes Pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycota: Hyphomycetes) to the red cashew beetle Crimissa cruralis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Blepharida- group) in laboratory conditions Patogenicidad de Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycota: Hyphomycetes) al escarabajo rojo anacardo (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: grupo Blepharida) en condiciones de laboratorio SUYANNE ARAÚJO-DE-SOUZA1; GABRIELA PRISCILA DE SOUSA-MACIEL2; NIVIA DA SILVA DIAS-PINI3; MARIANNE GONÇALVES-BARBOSA4; POLIANA MARTINS-DUARTE5; PATRIK LUIZ PASTORI6 1 Student, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Brazil, [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5524-6989. 2 Student, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Brazil, [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8901-8749. 3 Biologist, Ph. D. in Entomology, researcher Brazilian Company of Agricultural Research (EMBRAPA), Ceará, Brazil, [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3664-812X. 4 Agronomist, D. Sc. in Plant Science, Student Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Brazil, [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6395-1802. 5 Agronomist, M. Sc. in Plant Science, Student Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Brazil, [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3460-0456. 6 Agronomist, Ph. D. in Plant Science, Professor Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Brazil, [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1892-8029. Abstract: The increased pest actions of the red cashew beetle Crimissa cruralis (Coleoptera: Corresponding author: Nivia da Silva Dias-Pini, Chrysomelidae in Brazilian populations of cashew Anacardium occidentale (Anarcardiaceae) Biologist, Ph. D. in Entomology, researcher is a cause for concern. The entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, was evaluated as Brazilian Company of Agricultural Research a biocontrol of larvae. The percent mortalities of second and third instar larvae produced by (EMBRAPA), Ceará, Brazil, nivia.dias@ in vivo application of a commercial formulation containing the fungal spores were evaluated. embrapa.br, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3664- Treatment of larvae at concentrations of 1.2 x 106, 2.5 x 106, 3.7 x 107 e 5.0 x 107 conidia/ 812X. mL resulted in 49, 56, 66 and 72 % mortality within eight days, respectively. Based on the finding, it is recommended that the B. bassiana formulation should be employed at the lowest Suggested citation: concentrations (1.2 x 106 and 2.5 x 106 conidia/mL) with repeat application to avoid possible ARAÚJO-DE-SOUZA, S.; DE SOUSA- inactivation of the fungus by abiotic environmental factors. Cost-benefit assessments of the MACIEL, G. P.; DIAS-PINI, N. D. S.; use of this biological agent will be important for determining the economic feasibility of its GONÇALVES-BARBOSA, M.; MARTINS- application in the field. DUARTE, P.; PASTORI, P. L. 2019. Pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana Keywords: Entomopathogenic fungus, controlled conditions, biological product, caju. (Deuteromycota: Hyphomycetes) to the red cashew beetle Crimissa cruralis (Coleoptera: Resumen: El aumento de la frecuencia de lo escarabajo rojo de la anacardiácea Crimissa Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Blepharida- cruralis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) en poblaciones de Anacardium occidentale group) in laboratory conditions. Revista (Anarcardiaceae) del Brasil es motivo de preocupación. Se evaluó la mortalidad (en larvas Colombiana de Entomología 45 (2): e8606. de segundo y tercer instar) producida por la aplicación in vivo de una formulación comercial https://doi.org/10.25100/socolen.v45i2.8606 con esporas del hongo entomopatógeno, Beauveria bassiana. El tratamiento de larvas con concentraciones de 1,2 x 106, 2,5 x 106, 3,7 x 107 e 5,0 x 107 conidia/Ml resultó en 49, 56, Received: 16-Feb-2018 66 y 72 % de mortalidad dentro de ocho días, respectivamente. Se recomienda emplear la Accepted: 03-Aug-2019 formulación de B. bassiana en las concentraciones más bajas (1,2 x 106 y 2,5 x 106 conidia/ Published: 29-Jan-2020 mL) con aplicación repetida para evitar la posible inactivación de lo hongo por factores abióticos ambientales. Las evaluaciones de costo-beneficio del uso de este agente biológico Revista Colombiana de Entomología serán importantes para determinar la viabilidad económica de su aplicación en el campo. ISSN (Print): 0120-0488 ISSN (Online): 2665-4385 Palabras clave: Hongo entomopatógeno, condiciones controladas, producto biológico, cajú. http://revistacolombianaentomologia.univalle.edu.co/ Open access Introduction BY-NC-SA 4.0. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.es) In 2017, the cultivated area of cashews, Anacardium occidentale Linnaeus (Anacardiaceae), in Brazil was 575,779 ha with a production of 99,073 tons of Publishers: Sociedad Colombiana de Entomología cashew nut extraction. The northeastern of Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte and Piaui SOCOLEN (Bogotá, D. C., Colombia) States together produced approximately 86,450 tons, which corresponds to 87.3 % http://www.socolen.org.co of the national production (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística 2017) of Universidad del Valle (Cali, Colombia) Brazil. http://www.univalle.edu.co/ The red cashew beetle, Crimissa cruralis Stal (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: © 2019 Sociedad Colombiana de Entomología Galerucinae: Blepharida-group), is considered to be a secondary pest in these - SOCOLEN y Universidad del Valle - Univalle cashew producing States and controlled naturally by the entomopathogenic fungus, Revista Colombiana de Entomología 2019, 45 (2): e8606 • Suyanne Araújo-de-Souza et al. 2/4 Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Deuteromycota: 1A). After embryonic development, the larvae hatch and Hyphomycetes) (Mesquita and Braga Sobrinho 2014). move toward the plant canopy in search of leaves for feeding In recent years, the insect pest has often occurred in the (Fig. 1B). The larva starts feeding, causing a yield in the leaf municipality of Pacajus, State of Ceará. This is probably production. Throughout its development, the larvae’s feeding due to the low rainfall recorded which has been providing activity culminates with the defoliation of the plant (Fig. 1C). inadequate relative humidity conditions for the development In its last larval instar, the larva descends through the trunk to of the entomopathogenic fungus in the soil (Alves 1998), the soil, where it becomes a pupa. The pupa will remain in the thus resulting in a significant increase in the population of soil until the emergence of adults (Figs. 1D-1E). the insect. The entomopathogenic fungus, B. bassiana, can be In the field, C. cruralis mating occurs at any time of the employed as a biological control agent for management of day. Females oviposit in the cracks or holes in the trunk of immature and adult forms of C. cruralis (Mesquita et al. the plants. Shortly after oviposition, the females secrete a 2009); however, no information is available regarding the substance that covers the entire surface of the eggs that remain effects of the commercial B. bassiana-based products on in contact with the external environment outside the slit (Fig. C. cruralis. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to Figure 1. A. Crimissa cruralis eggs in dwarf cashew trunk cracks. B. Larvae of the C. cruralis. C. Defoliation in dwarf cashew plants. D. Pre-pupae along the dwarf cashew trunk in the soil. E and F. Pupae in the soil and adult of the C. cruralis infected by Beauveria bassiana. Revista Colombiana de Entomología 2019, 45 (2): e8606 • Suyanne Araújo-de-Souza et al. 3/4 evaluate the outcomes of in vivo applications of a commercial Table 1. Percentage confirmed mortality of second and third instar formulation of B. bassiana on larvae of C. cruralis. larvae of C. cruralis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) caused by different concentrations of B. bassiana- based product (Ballvéria®). Materials and methods Concentrations Mortality (%) (Con./mL) Total Confirmed Corrected Larvae of C. cruralis were collected from cashew trees cultivated in the experimental field of “Embrapa Agroindústria Control 18.0 ± 8.0 a 0.0 ± 0.0 a - Tropical” (Pacajus, CE, Brazil: 4°10’35ˮS, 38°28’19ˮW; 1.2 x 106 55.0 ± 8.0 b 49.0 ± 8.0 b 37.6 ± 13.0 a altitude 79 m). Second and third instar larvae were separated 2.5 x 106 56.2 ± 7.0 b 56.2 ± 7.0 b 47.3 ± 11.0 a based on their size (1 cm) and placed individually into glass 3.7 x 107 66.0 ± 11.0 b 66.0 ± 11.0 b 60.3 ± 13.0 a tubes (diameter 8.5 x 2.5 cm) containing new cashew leaves. 7 The rearing conditions for the larvae were 26 ± 2 °C, 50 ± 10 5.0 x 10 81.0 ± 9.0 c 72.0 ± 10.0 c 69.3 ± 9.0 a % relative humidity under a 12 h photophase and leaf material P-value 0.009 0.009 0.46 was replaced daily. Means followed by the same letter, in the column, do not differ among themselves by the The commercial formulation Ballvéria® (Ballagro Agro Kruskal-Wallis test, at 5 % probability. Tecnologia, Bom Jesus dos Perdões, SP, Brazil) employed in the experiment is a wettable powder containing spores of B. bassiana strain IBCB66. Powdered bioinsecticide was diluted when populations of this pest reach higher levels. We suggest in distilled water (0.02, 0.1, 1.0 and 2.0 g/L) and a 1.0 mL that the successful control of C. cruralis infestation on cashew dose was sprayed over 5 larvae with the help of a micro-paint trees could be carried out using the commercial formulation of air compressor Wimpel ® (15-25 PSI). Pure distilled water B. bassiana at the lowest concentration tested (i.e. 1.2 x 106, was used as the negative control. Following application of 2.5 x 106 conidia/mL) but with repeated applications. Thus, the treatments, larvae were transferred to Petri dishes (5 cm when the biocontrol is introduced into the field and the pest diameter) and maintained at 26 ± 2 °C and 50 ± 10 % relative comes into contact with the fungus, even in low concentration, humidity in a biochemical oxygen demand incubator.
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