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The Use of the Bible in Jacques Dupuis's Christian Theology Of The Use of the Bible in Jacques Dupuis’s Christian Theology of Religious Pluralism: An Examination according to Chapter III of the Pontifical Biblical Commission’s “The Interpretation of the Bible in the Church” by Matthew W. I. Dunn A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Theology of the University of Saint Michael’s College and the Department of Theology of the Toronto School of Theology In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Theology awarded by the University of Saint Michael’s College © Copyright by Matthew W. I. Dunn 2013 The Use of the Bible in Jacques Dupuis’s Christian Theology of Religious Pluralism: An Examination according to Chapter III of the Pontifical Biblical Commission’s “The Interpretation of the Bible in the Church” Doctor of Philosophy in Theology (Interdisciplinary) Matthew W. I. Dunn The University of Saint Michael’s College 2013 ABSTRACT This thesis examines how theologian Jacques Dupuis uses the sacred scriptures of the Catholic Church throughout his argumentation for a proposed “Christian theology of religious pluralism.” Its examination follows along the path of the four characteristics of Catholic biblical interpretation outlined in chap. III of the Pontifical Biblical Commission’s 1993 statement, “The Interpretation of the Bible in the Church.” This fourfold schema covers the following: the Bible’s interaction with its own data; the Bible’s use and interpretation within the church’s sacred tradition; the Bible’s interpretation according to the methodological conventions of “historico-critical” exegesis; and the Bible’s interaction with theology in general. Using these criteria, the thesis looks at whatever presuppositions may be lying behind Dupuis’s methodology and theory, and how these “preunderstandings” may have influenced his creative deployment of the biblical text. Five scriptural texts are abstracted from Dupuis’s writings which seem to have had a theological significance for him. Dupuis’s own interpretation of these scriptural texts is then analyzed according to the schema proposed above by the Pontifical Biblical Commission’s document. The thesis demonstrates that, while in some cases Jacques Dupuis’s appropriation of the Bible in his “Christian theology of religious pluralism” coincides with aspects of the commission’s fourfold schema above, in other cases it does not. Overall, he seems to have been more concerned with highlighting what he sees as continuities with his own argument for a positive appraisal of “pagan” religiosity. This leads him either to diminish or ignore what the biblical texts themselves say or how they have been interpreted in the sources he uses to support his theories. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I offer praise, worship and thanksgiving to the glorious and all-holy Trinity of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit for having given me the life, love and grace to write and complete this doctorate. Second, I offer thanks and praise to the all-immaculate and ever-virgin Mary who gave birth to God the Son according to the flesh for having aided me with her prayers and assistance. Third, I offer thanks to my namesakes: to St. Matthew the apostle and evangelist and to St. William the abbot in whose names I was baptized in the Lord; to St. Ignatius Loyola under whose patronage I received the sacrament of confirmation. I also offer thanks to the guardian angel given to me by God for its prayers and daily assistance. I am extremely grateful to my thesis director Rev. Dr. Harold G. Wells for all of the guidance and encouragement that he has given me, especially the time he has spent waiting for and reading the many pages of this thesis. Also, I thank him for his prayers. May Christ our true God risen from the dead bless him and save his soul! I am also indebted to my brothers Sean and Seth for their support. May Christ have mercy on them and save them! Furthermore, I thank my father John (whom I have not known) for having given me life. May God repay him with his loving grace! I am especially indebted to and thankful for my mother Cynthia who has suffered with me throughout these several years of research and writing. Scripture says: “[T]he Lord . confirms a mother’s authority over her sons . [and] they store up riches who respect their mother” (Sir 3:2b, 4). May Christ through the prayers of his own blessed mother Mary remember my mother in his kingdom! I have prayed often for the repose of the soul of the subject of this study, Fr. Jacques Dupuis, that Christ may remember Dupuis’s priesthood in his kingdom. May the reverend priest Jacques Dupuis rest in God’s mercy and peace! I thank Fr. Jacques for whatever prayers he has offered for me. It is truly an understatement to say that this doctoral thesis is not a work solely of my own personal endeavour, for it could not have been written without the useful counsel, patient guidance and active involvement of a number of other people. Each one of those persons deserves my lifelong gratitude. I hope that I have remembered everyone who deserves thanks and credit for having helped me to complete this thesis. If I have forgotten to thank anyone, then please overlook it as the unintentional fault of my creaturely frailty. God knows whoever has helped me and will repay those persons with gifts overflowing (cf. Luke 6:38). That having been said, to all who have helped: Thank you! iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..........................................................................................................................iii INTRODUCTION: NATURE AND PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY.............................................................1 I. Introduction II. Description of the Thesis’ Contents A. Relevance of the Question B. Purpose and Methodology C. Thesis Statement III. Status Quaestionis on the Life and Work of Jacques Dupuis A. Biographical Sketch B. Overview of Major Writings 1. Books 2. Articles C. Overview of Secondary Literature on His Work IV. Conclusion CHAPTER ONE: STATUS QUAESTIONIS ON THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE RELIGIOUS “OTHER”.....................................................................................................................................................17 I. Introduction II. Historical Sketch of Catholic Attitudes toward the Religious “Other” A. Early Period 1. Saint Justin Martyr 2. Saint Irenaeus of Lyons 3. Clement of Alexandria 4. Saint Cyprian of Carthage 5. Saint Augustine of Hippo 6. Saint Prosper of Aquitaine B. Medieval Period 1. Saint Fulgence of Ruspe 2. Other Notable Developments 3. Saint Thomas Aquinas iv 4. The Council of Basel-Ferrara-Florence-Rome 5. John de Lugo C. Modern Period and Contemporary Attitudes 1. Pope Blessed Pius IX 2. “The Leonard Feeney Affair” 3. Jean Daniélou 4. Karl Rahner 5. Paul F. Knitter 6. Roger Haight III. Current Positions of the Catholic Church on the Religious “Other” A. Second Vatican Council 1. Lumen Gentium 2. Gaudium et Spes 3. Ad Gentes Divinitus 4. Nostra Aetate B. Recent Papal Statements 1. Pope Paul VI 2. Pope Blessed John Paul II 3. Pope Benedict XVI C. Statements by the Roman Curia 1. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith 2. Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples and the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue IV. Conclusion CHAPTER TWO: DUPUIS’S THEORY OF A CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS PLURALISM...............................................................................................................................................66 I. Introduction II. Dupuis’s Theological Method A. Praxis of an Hermeneutical “Interreligious” Theology III. Overview of Dupuis’s Theory A. Trinitarian and Pneumatic (Spirit-Based) Christology B. One God—Multiple Covenants; One Christ—Convergent Paths 1. God’s Covenants: “Cosmic,” Israelite and Christian 2. Jesus Christ: Word/Logos of God and Mediator of Salvation v 3. The Reign of God and the Catholic Church C. Application of Ideas to Christianity’s Relationship with the Religious “Other” 1. Religious Pluralism in Principle (De Jure) 2. Model of “Inclusive Pluralism” 3. “Mutual ‘Asymmetrical’ Complementarity” 4. Qualitative Leap in Christian Theology IV. Assessments of Dupuis’s Proposal by Other Scholars (with His Response) A. Gavin D’Costa B. Giuseppe De Rosa C. The Editorial Committee of Revue thomiste D. Léon (Leo) Elders E. Paolo Gamberini F. George Gispert-Sauch G. Terrence Merrigan V. Conclusion CHAPTER THREE: DUPUIS’S USE OF THE BIBLE IN HIS THEORY..............................................104 I. Introduction II. Overview of Dupuis’s Attitude toward the Bible A. The Bible’s Nature and Purpose B. The Bible’s Relationship to Non-Christian Scriptures III. Important Scriptural Loci Theologici for Dupuis’s Theory A. Texts and Analysis 1. Genesis 9:8–17 2. Gospel of John 1:1–18 3. Acts of the Apostles 17:22–34 4. Letter to the Romans 1:18–23 5. First Letter to Timothy 2:4 IV. Conclusion CHAPTER FOUR: PONTIFICAL BIBLICAL COMMISSION, “THE INTERPRETATION OF THE BIBLE IN THE CHURCH, III: CHARACTERISTICS OF CATHOLIC INTERPRETATION”............127 I. Introduction II. The Nature and Purpose of the PBC in the Structures of the Holy See III. The Nature and Purpose of the Document “The Interpretation of the Bible in the Church” vi A. Pope John Paul II, “Address on the Interpretation of the Bible in the Church” B. Joseph Ratzinger, “The Interpretation of the Bible in the Church,” Preface IV. Basic Contents A. General Overview of IBC 1. Introductory Comments (IBC, Introduction–I.A) 2. Summary of Exegetical Methods and Approaches (IBC, I.B–F) 3. Various Hermeneutical Questions (IBC chap. II) 4. Biblical Interpretation in the Church’s Life (IBC chap. IV) 5. IBC’s Conclusions B. Detailed Overview of IBC, Chapter III: Characteristics of Catholic Interpretation 1. Interpretation in the Biblical Tradition 2. Interpretation in the Tradition of the Church 3. The Task of the Exegete 4. Relationship with Other Theological Disciplines V. Reactions to the Document A. Lewis Ayres and Stephen E. Fowl B. Paul M. Blowers C. Avery Dulles D.
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