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The "Inclusivist Pluralism" of Jacques Dupuis

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The THE "INCLUSIVE PLURALISM" OF JACQUES DUPUIS, ITS CONTRIBUTION TO A CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY OF RELIGIONS, AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE SOUTH AFRICAN INTERRELIGIOUS CONTEXT CHRISTOPHER GRZELAK Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the PhD degree in the School of Religion and Theology, University of KwaZulu Natal, Pietermaritzburg. Supervisor: Prof. Susan Rakoczy 2009 Pietermaritzburg i ABSTRACT This thesis falls within the area of systematic theology. It seeks, by examining Jacques Dupuis’s theological concepts and proposals, to evaluate his perspective on a Christian theology of religious pluralism. The concepts which are examined include the idea of a single history of salvation and revelation, God’s revelation in the sacred scriptures of other religions, the universality and uniqueness of Jesus Christ, the church in relation to the Reign of God, and the characteristics of interreligious dialogue. The main theological proposals cover religious pluralism “in principle”, the Trinitarian Christology for understanding God’s saving activity outside of Christianity, and the world religions as “participated” mediations of salvation. A brief characterisation is presented of Dupuis’s life and theology in general, the influences on his thought and its evolution, and his difficulties with the Vatican. The research also covers the historical theological context out of which the theology of “inclusive pluralism” emerges, giving an overview of the main approaches to religions, namely, ecclesiocentrism, Christocentrism and theocentrism in a Christian theology of religions. Dupuis uses the Trinitarian approach to the religious history of humanity to explain the work of the Holy Trinity in the process of salvation of humanity focusing on a distinction between the enduring action of the eternal Word of God, the Word incarnate in Jesus Christ and the saving presence of the Spirit. This Trinitarian Christology becomes the basis for Dupuis’s proposal for perceiving the religious traditions as “paths” to salvation. Dupuis attributes to the religious traditions “participated” mediation on the basis of God’s self-communication which takes place in other religions. Because this dissertation has been written in the South African context, the final question concerns the possible applications of Dupuis’s inclusivist thought to the present situation of dialogue among religions in this country. In this regard, a general background is given of religious diversity in South Africa. Relations among religions during respectively colonial and early apartheid years, the second half of the twentieth century and finally democracy are examined. The research suggests areas of application of Dupuis’s proposals for dialogue among religions in South Africa. The existing relationship between Christianity and Islam is the basis for a case study of the possible application of Dupuis’s proposals. The research indicates areas of convergence between Dupuis’s proposals and dialogue with Muslims. Concrete examples reveal that the most promising forms of dialogue with Muslims in South Africa remain dialogue of life and action that are especially needed in the process of reconstruction and nation-building. The thesis concludes with an evaluation of the “inclusive pluralism” of Jacques Dupuis, its validity and contribution to a Christian theology of religions and to the future of interreligious dialogue. ii CONTENTS ABSTRACT i CONTENTS ii DECLARATION viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix ABBREVIATIONS x PART ONE INTRODUCTION, OVERVIEW, AND HISTORICAL THEOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF JACQUES DUPUIS’S THEOLOGY CHAPTER ONE The relation of Dupuis’s inclusive pluralism to a Christian theology of religions: Main thesis 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motive of the study 2 1.2 The main problem of the study 4 1.3 Structure 5 1.4 Delimitation of the research 7 1.5 Method 8 Conclusion 9 CHAPTER TWO An overview of the main concepts of Dupuis’s theology and the main influences on his theological thought 10 Introduction 10 2.1 A short biography of Dupuis 10 2.1.1 Dupuis’s life and ministry in India 10 2.1.2 Dupuis’s productive life in Rome 12 2.2 The main influences on his theological thought and its evolution 13 2.2.1 The Indian religious context and Dupuis’s studies on Origen 13 2.2.2 Asian Christian theologies and official church teachings 15 2.2.3 Dupuis’s friendship with Swami Abhishiktananda 17 2.2.4 Theologies of Aloysius Pieris and Choan-Seng Song and their influence on Dupuis 20 2.2.5 Doctrinal teachings of the Second Vatican Council and the post-conciliar magisterium 22 2.3 The main concepts of Dupuis’s inclusivist theology of religious pluralism 24 2.3.1 Trinitarian Christology as a theological model 24 2.3.2 Dupuis’s concept of the history of salvation and revelation 24 2.3.3 Jesus Christ the universal Saviour 25 2.3.4 The world religions as ways of salvation 26 2.3.5 The concept of the Reign of God and the church 26 2.3.6 The concept of interreligious dialogue 27 2.3.7 A religious pluralism of principle 27 2.4 Dupuis’s difficulties with the Vatican 28 2.4.1 Beginning of the investigation 28 2.4.2 In defence of Dupuis 30 2.4.3 The outcome of Dupuis’s case 32 iii 2.5 Evaluation 34 2.5.1 Dupuis as a theologian and the main influences on his thought 34 2.5.2 Difficulties with the Vatican 34 Conclusion 35 CHAPTER THREE The historical-theological context from which Dupuis’s theology of “inclusive pluralism” emerges 38 Introduction 38 3.1 A general introduction to a historical overview of various approaches to religions 38 3.2 A historical overview of exclusivism in a Christian theology of religions 41 3.2.1 Exclusivism in Evangelical Christianity and Protestantism 41 3.2.2 Exclusivism in Roman Catholicism 44 3.3 A historical overview of inclusivism in a Christian theology of religions 48 3.3.1 Inclusivism in the early church 48 3.3.2 The “fulfilment theory” in Catholic theology of religions 50 3.3.3 Karl Rahner’s “anonymous Christianity” 53 3.3.4 The Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) 56 3.3.5 The church’s post-conciliar teaching on religions 58 3.3.6 The inclusivist approach to religions in recent theology 61 3.4 Pluralist approaches to religions in recent theology 65 3.4.1 The philosophical-historical bridge (John Hick) 65 3.4.2 The theological-mystical bridge (Raimon Panikkar) 67 3.4.3 The ethical-practical bridge (Aloysius Pieris and others) 68 3.4.4 The acceptance approach (Mark Heim) 70 3.5 Evaluation 72 3.5.1 Dupuis’s stand on the various approaches to religions 72 3.5.2 Dupuis’s view on exclusivism 72 3.5.3 Dupuis’s stand on inclusivism 74 3.5.4 Dupuis’s evaluation of pluralism 75 Conclusion 77 PART TWO DOCTRINAL FOUNDATIONS FOR THE THEOLOGY OF “INCLUSIVE PLURALISM” CHAPTER FOUR Dupuis’s position on religious pluralism and a unified religious history of humanity 82 Introduction 82 4.1 Different meanings of religious pluralism 82 4.2 Religious pluralism in God’s design for humankind 84 4.2.1 Religious diversity in the New Testament in general 84 4.2.2 Jesus’ attitude towards other believers 85 4.2.3 The early Christian community in relation to the “extrabiblical” religions 87 4.2.4 The theological tradition of implicit faith 89 4.2.5 The contrasting theories about the religions surrounding the Second Vatican Council 93 4.2.6 The meaning and significance of religious pluralism in God’s plan of salvation 96 iv 4.3 Stages of the history of salvation and revelation 100 4.3.1 A single divine salvation history 100 4.3.2 God’s single covenant with humanity 102 4.3.3 God’s universal self-revelation to the human family 105 4.3.4 God’s self-disclosure in the “sacred scriptures” of other religions 108 4.3.5 Complementarity of various ways of God’s self-revelation 110 Conclusion 111 CHAPTER FIVE Dupuis’s Trinitarian approach to the religious history of humankind 115 Introduction 115 5.1 A general introduction to the Trinitarian Christological model 115 5.1.1 Jesus Christ as the “one mediator” and the “universal Saviour” 115 5.1.2 A Trinitarian Christology as a model for an open theology of religions 120 5.2 The work of the Holy Trinity in the economy of salvation of humankind 123 5.2.1 The enduring action of the Word of God 123 5.2.2 The salvific event of Jesus Christ and its relation to the Word of God 126 5.2.3 The saving presence of the Spirit in history 129 Conclusion 134 CHAPTER SIX Religious traditions as “paths” to salvation 138 Introduction 138 6.1 The world religions as possible “ways” to salvation 138 6.1.1 Religious traditions as “participated mediations” 138 6.1.2 God’s self-communication in other religions 142 6.1.3 Agapè as a “saving value” inscribed in the world religions 146 6.2 The relationship between the church and the religious traditions in the Reign of God 148 6.2.1 The universality of the Reign of God in Jesus’ ministry 148 6.2.2 The concept of the Reign of God in recent church teaching 150 6.2.3 Other believers as co-members and co-workers of the Reign of God 153 6.2.4 The necessity of the church in the order of salvation 154 6.2.5 The church as the sacrament of the Reign of God 157 Conclusion 159 PART THREE RELEVANCE AND POSSIBLE APPLICATION OF DUPUIS’S INCLUSIVIST THEOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS PLURALISM TO THE INTERRELIGIOUS SITUATION IN SOUTH AFRICA CHAPTER SEVEN The past and present situation of interreligious dialogue in South Africa and possible areas of application of Dupuis’s inclusivist theology 162 Introduction 162 7.1 A general background to religious diversity in South Africa 163 7.2 The first migration - the Khoisan and the Bantu peoples 164 7.3 The second migration of Europeans
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