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Appendix 2 Background Paper 2 AppendixBackgroundBackground 2 PaperPaper 2: Features Inventory2 Big Picture Feature Inventory: Big Picture Aspects Pages Sample with Application to Visitor Services in two or more sites in the David Thompson Corridor District-wide aspects including geology, climate and climate change, watersheds, green infrastructure and cultural history. Support Document for Visitor Services Development Plan for the David Thompson Corridor BP2.i EcoLeaders Interpretation and Environmental Education Prepared by EcoLeaders Interpretation and Environmental Education Box D82, Bowen Island, BC V0N 1G0 email: [email protected] phone: (604) 947-0483 www.ecoleaders.ca Pages Sample BP2.ii Background Paper 2: Features Inventory Big Picture Contents Introduction … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 1 Big Picture Aspects of Natural History The Lay of the Land Elevation … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 5 Geology Composition … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 6 The Rocky Mountains and Foothills Region … … … … … … … … … 6 The Main Ranges … … … … … … … … … … … … … 6 The Front Ranges … … … … … … … … … … … … … 6 The Foothills … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 6 Focus on Major Rock Types in the David Thompson Corridor … … … … 7 Figure A1.3 Geological Time (Geochronology) … … … … … … … 7 Figure A1.4 How the Rocky Mountains and foothills in the David Thompson Corridor were formed … … … … … … 8 Rocky Mountains … … … … … … … … … … … … … 8 Interior Plains … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 8 Main Ranges … … … … … … … … … … … … … 8 Front Ranges … … … … … … … … … … … … … 8 Foothills … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 8 Formation of the Rocky Mountains and Foothills … … … … … … … … 9 Focus on Orogeny … … … … … … … … … … … 9 Focus On: Plate Tectonics … … … … … … … … … … 1… 0 Focus On: Putting Plate Tectonics to Work …Pages … … … … … … 1… 1 Focus on:Sample The Western Interior Seaway … … … … … … … 1… 2 Geology Watching Along the David Thompson Corridor … … … … … … … 1… 3 Foothills … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 1… 4 Front Ranges … … … … … … … … … … … … … 1… 5 Main Ranges … … … … … … … … … … … … … 1… 8 Past Glaciation … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 1… 9 Focus On: The Wisconsin Glaciation … … … … … … … … … 1… 9 Focus On: David Thompson Corridor; Where Two Glaciers Met … … … … … 1… 9 Focus On: Glacial Lake Caroline … … … … … … … … … … 2… 0 Glacial Till … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 2… 1 Glacial River Deposits … … … … … … … … … … … … 2… 1 Glacial Features … … … … … … … … … … … … … 2… 1 Glacial Lake Deposits … … … … … … … … … … … 2… 2 Wind-Blown Deposits … … … … … … … … … … … 2… 2 Spillways … … … … … … … … … … … … … 2… 2 Erratics … … … … … … … … … … … … … 2… 3 The Foothills Erratic Train … … … … … … … … … … 2… 3 Climate Specific Climate Conditions … … … … … … … … … … … … 2… 5 Drought Cycles in Alberta … … … … … … … … … … … … 2… 5 The ENSO Cycle … … … … … … … … … … … 2… 5 Focus On: Chinooks … … … … … … … … … … … 2… 6 BP2.iii EcoLeaders Interpretation and Environmental Education What is Climate Change? … … … … … … … … … … … … 2… 7 Climate Change is Happening … … … … … … … … … … … 2… 7 Rate of Climate Change … … … … … … … … … … … … 2… 7 The Effects of Climate Change … … … … … … … … … … 2… 7 Effects of Climate Change in Canada … … … … … … … … 2… 7 What Does the Past Climate Tell Us? … … … … … … … … 2… 7 The Long Term Picture For Alberta is Uncertain … … … … … … 2… 8 There are Many Climate Models … … … … … … … … … … 2… 8 Greenhouse Gases … … … … … … … … … … … … … 2… 9 A Closer Look at Greenhouse Gases … … … … … … … … 2… 9 Focus On: Climate Change Predictions for Alberta … … … … … … 3… 0 What Factors Affect Canada’s and Alberta’s Levels Of Greenhouse Gas Emissions? … 3… 1 A Few Impacts of Climate Change … … … … … … … … … … 3… 1 Focus On: Droughts in Earlier Centuries … … … … … … … 3… 2 The Impacts of Climate Change on Water in Alberta … … … … … … … 3… 2 The Importance of Parks Division Properties … … … … … … … … 3… 3 Strategies to Reduce the Impacts of Climate Change … … … … … … … 3… 5 Aspect and Microclimate … … … … … … … … … … … … 3… 6 Peak Oil … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 3… 8 Watersheds A Simple Watershed Model … … … … … … … … … … … … 39… The Watershed Concept … … … … … … … … … … … … 3… 9 Watershed Components … … … … … … … … … … … 3… 9 Human Uses … … … … … … …Pages … … … … … 4… 0 Water Inputs are Finite … … … … … … … … … … … 4… 1 Forests and Wetlands Maintain Watersheds … … … … … … … 4… 1 Water Flows DownhillSample … … … … … … … … … … … 4… 1 Effects Can be Cumulative … … … … … … … … … … 4… 1 Figure A1. ZZ The North Saskatchewan River Watershed within the Saskatchewan River Basin … … … … … … … 4… 2 The North Saskatchewan River Watershed … … … … … … … … … 4… 3 A General Overview of the Saskatchewan River Basin … … … … … … 4… 3 The North Saskatchewan River Basin In Alberta … … … … … … 4… 3 The North Saskatchewan River Watershed and the David Thompson Corridor … 4… 3 Figure A1. CC The North Saskatchewan River … … … … … … 43… Figure A1. DD The Subwatersheds of the Headwaters of the North Saskatchewan River. … … … … … … … … 44… Slope … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 4… 5 Source of Water … … … … … … … … … … … … 4… 5 Key Facts … … … … … … … … … … … … … 4… 5 Dam Influence … … … … … … … … … … … … 4… 5 The Importance of the Upper North Saskatchewan River Watershed … … … … 4… 6 Annual Precipitation … … … … … … … … … … … 4… 6 Runoff … … … … … … … … … … … … … 4… 6 Glaciers … … … … … … … … … … … … … 4… 7 Research on the North Saskatchewan River … … … … … … … … 4… 8 River Reaches … … … … … … … … … … … … … 4… 8 BP2.iv Background Paper 2: Features Inventory Big Picture Criteria Used to Identify Reaches of A River … … … … … … … 4… 8 Table A1.QQ … … … … … … … … … … … … 4… 9 Reaches in the North Saskatchewan River within the David Thompson Corridor 4…9 River Ecology … … … … … … … … … … … … … 5… 0 Food Webs: Who Eats What In a Stream? … … … … … … … … 5… 0 Sources of Organic Matter … … … … … … … … … … 5… 1 Types of Organic Matter by Size … … … … … … … … … 5… 1 Focus on: Stream Biofilms (Aufwuchs) … … … … … … … 5… 1 Advantages of the Biofilm Way of Life … … … … … … … … 5… 1 Feeding Modes … … … … … … … … … … … … 5… 2 Aquatic Invertebrate Populations … … … … … … … … … 5… 3 Benthic Invertebrates (Macroinvertebrates): … … … … … … … … … … … … …53 Focus on: Adaptations of Stream Dwelling Insects … … … … … … 5… 3 Advantages of Living in Running Water … … … … … … … … 5… 3 Challenges Faced by Stream Dwelling Insects and Their Adaptations … … … 5… 3 Stream Invertebrates that Indicate Clean Water … … … … … … 5… 4 Studies of Benthic Macroinvertebrates in The Upper reaches of the North Saskatchewan River … … … … … … … … 5… 4 Information About The Reaches of the North Saskatchewan River That Lie Within the David Thompson Corridor … … … … … 5… 5 Banff National Park to Bighorn Dam … … … … … … … … 5… 5 Table A1.RR Fish in the North Saskatchewan River: Banff National Park–Bighorn Dam … … … … … … 5… 5 The Ecological Effects of Reservoirs … … … … … … … … 5… 6 Bighorn Dam to Rocky Mountain House … Pages… … … … … … 5… 7 Table A1.SS Fish in the North Saskatchewan River: Sample Banff National Park–Bighorn Dam … … … … … … 5… 7 Bull Trout … … … … … … … … … … … … 5… 8 Alberta’s Habitat Classification System Habitat Classification … … … … … … … … … … … … … 5… 9 Focus On: Natural Regions and Subregions in Alberta … … … … … 6… 0 Rocky Mountain Natural Region … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 1 Introduction … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 1 Alpine Natural Subregion … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 1 General Description … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 1 Climate … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 1 Geology and Geomorphology … … … … … … … … … … 6… 2 Water and Wetlands … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 3 Glaciers … … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 3 Wetlands … … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 3 Soils … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 3 Vegetation … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 3 Vegetation Zones … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 3 Lower Zone … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 3 Middle Zone … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 3 Upper Zone … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 3 Effects of Snow Accumulation on Vegetation … … … … … … 6… 3 Land Uses … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 3 BP2.v EcoLeaders Interpretation and Environmental Education Montane Natural Subregion … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 4 Key Features … … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 4 General Description … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 4 Climate … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 5 Geology and Geomorphology … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 5 Wetlands … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 5 Vegetation … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 5 Land Uses … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 5 Subalpine Natural Subregion … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 6 General Description … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 6 Climate … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 6 Geology and Geomorphology … … … … … … … … … … 6… 7 Water and Wetlands … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 7 Soils … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 7 Vegetation … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 7 The Upper Subalpine Zone … … … … … … … … … 6… 7 Lower Subalpine Zone … … … … … … … … … … 6… 7 Land Uses … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 7 Foothills Natural Region … … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 8 Introduction … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 8 Upper Foothills Natural Subregion … … … … … … … … … … 6… 9 General Description … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 9 Climate … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 9 Geology and Geomorphology … … Pages… … … … … … … … 6… 9 Water and Wetlands … … … … … … … … … … … … 6… 9 Vegetation … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 7… 0 SamplePlant Diversity … … … … … … … … … … … … 7… 0 Wet Areas … … … … … … … … … … … … 7… 0 Dry Areas … … … … … … … … … … … … 7… 1 South of the North Saskatchewan River … … … … … … … 7… 1 North of the North
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