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Microsporum Canis (Chermette Et Al, 2008)

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Involvement of dermatophytes in animal and human pathology V. Cozma, V. Mircean, C. Magdaş, T. Băguţ University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca Faculty© of Veterinary by author Medicine Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases ESCMID Online Lecture Library Involvement of dermatophytes in animal and human pathology________________________________________________________ Dermatophytoses are cosmopolitan contagious mycoses confined to cutaneous layers, caused by keratinophilic and keratinolitic fungi known as dermatophytes. • Ringworm • Tinea plus latin suffix • Tinea corporis • Tinea manuum • Tinea capitis © by author • Tinea pedis (athletes foot) • Tinea cruris (jock itch) • Tinea unguium (onychomycosis) ESCMID Online Lecture Library Involvement of dermatophytes in animal and human pathology________________________________________________________ Importance Worldwide spread diseases Medical: usually mild except in heavily infected young animals Economic: long duration of the disease/ cost of control measures, consequent impairments on hide and skin industry Aesthetic: © by author PublicESCMID health: contagious Online & zoonotic Lecture diseases Library Involvement of dermatophytes in animal and human pathology________________________________________________________ Etiology Kingdom Fungi phylum Ascomycota class Euascomycetes order Onygenales family Arthrodermataceae genus Arthroderma phylum Deuteromycota class Hyphomycetes © by order author Moniliales family Moniliaceae genus Trichophyton Microsporum ESCMID Online Lecture Epidermophyton Library Involvement of dermatophytes in animal and human pathology________________________________________________________ Etiology Dermatophyte species Main source Others Zoonosis Anamorphs Teleomorphs M. canis A. otae Cat, dog, horse All mammals + M. equinum - Horse Cat, dog + M. persicolor A. persicolor Microtid rodents Dog, cat + M. gypseum A. incurvata Soil All mammals + Microspoum M. nanum A. obtusa Soil Pig + T. mentagrophytes A. benhamiae Rodents All mammals + T. verrucosum - © by authorCattle All mammals + T. equinum - Horse Cat, dog +/- T. erinacei - Hedgehog Dog + Trichophyton T. simii A. simii Primates Fowl, dog, cat + T. ESCMIDgallinae Online- LectureBirds Library- + Involvement of dermatophytes in animal and human pathology________________________________________________________ Morphology Filamentous micetes Dimorphic micettes – in vivo – hyphaes, arthrospores - in vitro - microconidia, macroconidia, hyphaes with ornamentations, clamidospores © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Involvement of dermatophytes in animal and human pathology________________________________________________________ Epidemiology 1. Descriptive epidemiology Wordwide spread diseases: one of the most frequent skin diseases of pets and livestock. Zoophilic species: M. canis, T. verrucosum, T. mentagrophytes, T. equinum, M. persicolor Anthropophilic species: E. floccosum, M. audouinii, T. tonsurans, T. violaceum, T. rubrum Geophilic species: multiply in soil as saprobes and can become parasites © by author • M. gypseum, M. nanum • M. cookei, M. praecox, T. ajelloi, T. terrestre - not usually considered as pathogens are isolated in culture from coats or skin lesions ESCMID Online Lecture Library Involvement of dermatophytes in animal and human pathology________________________________________________________ Epidemiology 1. Descriptive epidemiology Evolution- sporadically - enzootic: catteries, herds, stables - epizootic: calves Sezonality: calves © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Epidemiology 2. Analytic epidemiology Sources of infection - infected animals, asymptomatic carriers - contaminated crusts, scales and hairs - high resistance of arthrospores (1-4 years) Contamination – directly - indirectly © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Involvement of dermatophytes in animal and human pathology________________________________________________________ Epidemiology 2. Analytic epidemiology Host specificity • variable composition and structure of the keratins • specific requirements and enzymatic equipment of dermatophyte species • occurrence of particular genes responsible for pathogenicity • the various defence mechanisms© by developed author by the hosts ESCMID Online Lecture Library Involvement of dermatophytes in animal and human pathology________________________________________________________ Epidemiology 2. Analytic epidemiology Receptivity – species, age, diet, health • bovines, cats, dogs, horses • contamination may be easier in longhaired animals. • birds, sheep and goat → not often infected by dermatophytes • young animals are more frequently infected by dermatophytes than adults • stronger immunity in older animals due to the multiple contacts with the fungus • hyperadrenocorticism, ©immunosuppressive by author chemotherapy (corticotherapy), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) , the feline leukaemia virus (FeLV), nutritional disorders, tumoral disease, stress ESCMID Online Lecture Library Involvement of dermatophytes in animal and human pathology________________________________________________________ Epidemiology 2. Analytic epidemiology Contributing factors communities: catteries, kennels, stables, cowshed or intensive breeding units overpopulation season hunting, contact with cats,© by rodents author high resistance of the dermatophyte conidia geophilic dermatophytes → animals with outdoor contacts ESCMID Online Lecture Library Involvement of dermatophytes in animal and human pathology________________________________________________________ Epidemiology Prevalence – Italy – cats – 24.7% – 97% M. canis – 2.6% M. gypseum – 0.2% T. mentagrophytes – dogs – 18.7% – 83% M. canis – 13% M. gypseum – 5.5% T. mentagrophytes (Mancianti et al., 2002) – France – cats – 29% – dogs – 22% (Pinard© et by al, 1987)author - Switzerland – cats –29.3% - dogs – 7.1% - guinea pigs - 38.1% (Drouot et al, 2008) – CroatiaESCMID – cats – 40.7% Online – 98.7% M. Lecture canis (Pinter Libraryet al.,1999) Involvement of dermatophytes in animal and human pathology________________________________________________________ Epidemiology Prevalence – Romania – cats – 46% – 98.3% M. canis – dogs – 4.7% – 80% M. canis – 13.3 % T. mentagrophytes – 6.6% M. gypseum (Mircean, 2006) USA – cats – 14.9% (61/408) – 91. 8% M. canis (Lewis et al., 1991) © by author Brazil - 9.8% in dogs - M. canis, M. gypseum (Copetti et al, 2006) ESCMID Online Lecture Library Involvement of dermatophytes in animal and human pathology________________________________________________________ Epidemiology Prevalence T. verrucosum – Italy – 87.7% (Papini et al., 2008) – 48.7% (Galuppi et al., 2002) – 4.5- 19% (Moretti et al., 1998) – Spain – 25% (Cabanes et al., 1997) - Romania – 10-50% (Suteu and Dulceanu, 2001) – Japan – 17.1 – 58.6% (Takatori et al., 1993) © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Involvement of dermatophytes in animal and human pathology________________________________________________________ Pathogenesis The kinetics of infectious process - keratinophilic and keratinolytic properties - limited to keratinised layers of the epidermis and cutaneous adnexae - depends on fungus/host reactions towards the dermatophyte © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library adherence of arthrospores to corneocytes: 3 - 12 h germination: 6-24 hours (humidity, warm, maceration, excoriation) invasion and penetration of the stratum corneum penetration of keratinised external+internal root sheath © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library infection of adiacent hair folicles Involvement of dermatophytes in animal and human pathology________________________________________________________ Pathogenesis Factors that mediate adherence of dermatophytes - carbohydrate-specific adhesins expressed on the surface of microconidia in T. rubrum (Esquenazi et al., 2004) - fibrillar projections connect fungal arthrospores to keratinocytes in T. mentagrophytes (Kaufman et al., 2007) - dermatophytic-secreted proteases are necessary for efficient adhrence (Vermout et al., 2008)© by author - subtilisin, fungalysins , and dipeptidyl-peptidases ESCMID Online Lecture Library Involvement of dermatophytes in animal and human pathology________________________________________________________ Pathogenesis Inflammatory response • there is an inverse relationship between the degree of inflammation and duration of disease • a dermatophyte provokes a more intense inflamatory reaction on a host to which it is not adapted than it does on its natural host • T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum – substances that diminish cell- mediated imune response and© inhibit by stratumauthor corneum turnover (Dahl, 1993) ESCMID Online Lecture Library Involvement of dermatophytes in animal and human pathology________________________________________________________ Pathogenesis Adaptative immunity Humoral immunity • humoral immunity to dermatophytes is not protective • however antibodies (IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE) are detected in infected animals and humans Cell-mediated immune response • the most important immunological© bydefence author mechanism • the more characteristic cell-mediated immune response to dermatophytes is DTH • the resolution of dermatophytosis is mediated by DTH (Almeida, 2008) ESCMID Online Lecture Library Involvement of dermatophytes in animal and human pathology________________________________________________________ Clinical features General presentation of animal ringworm regular and circular alopecia
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  • Mycological Society of America Newsletter - June

    Mycological Society of America Newsletter - June

    MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF A~I~RI~A JUNE IS62 - VOLa XI11 NO. I MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA NEWSLETTER - JUNE. TB62 VOL. XI11 NC Rdi ted by? Ri.chard ,,. -2n jamin me rreslaenTmsLet-cer. The Annual Meeting-1962, Oregon Stczte Ur:dversi ty. -- - The Annuel ay-1962, Oregon State University. Mycologic ciety Fellowship Election ,, ,-ficers, VI. Myc ologia, VII. Membership. Sustaining Members. IX. Publications. Research Materials. XI. Major Research Projects. XII. Myc ologic a1 Instruction. Assistantships , Fellowships, and Scholarships. XIV. Mycologists Available. Vacancies for Mycologically Trained Personnel. XVI . Recent Appointments and Transf ers . News of General Interest. XVIII. Other News about Members. XIX. Visiting Scientists. Honors, Degrees, Promotions, Invitational Lectures. The F, - F2 Generations. Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Claremont , C a3if ornia I. THE PRESIDENT'S LETTER To the Members of the Mycological Society of America: When thinking back to my days as a graduate student, this is the least likely position I ever imagined I would be inJ It is indeed a real pleasure to serve the Mycological Society to the best of my ability in this highest and most coveted position. It has been most gratifying to see the enthusiastic response among members when asked to serve in various capacities in the Mycological Society during this year. There is real evidence of a tremendous re- vitalization during the past year. It has been through the laborious efforts of Dr. lark ~ogerson,serving as Acting Editor of M~cologia, the past officers, and the cooperative patience of our members that the ~ycoio~icalsociety has really-gone forward. It is a fine tribute to Clark to have the Council and the Editorial Board unanimously request him to serve as Editor.