One Less Nuclear Power Plant (OLNPP) Reframing Urban Energy Policy Challenges and Opportunities in the City Seoul One Less Nuclear Power Plant (OLNPP) Reframing Urban Energy Policy Challenges and Opportunities in the City Seoul Celebrating the Achievements and Fruits of One Less Nuclear Power Plant (OLNPP) | The biggest threat faced by the world is climate change. Incidents caused by extreme weather events worldwide are threatening the very survival of mankind. By 2030, the world will need at least 50 percent more food, 45 percent more energy and 30 percent more water, according to U.N. estimates. That is, if we maintain the current consumption and production patterns, we will need two more planets by 2030 and three more by 2050. Although there is an urgent need for concerted global efforts to address climate change, the international response has been lukewarm. Recognizing the importance of the issue of climate change, Seoul has launched a long-term plan to step up its global responsibility and play its part in global efforts against climate change. Through its flagship policy “One Less Nuclear Power Plant”, the Seoul Metropolitan Government (SMG) is taking the initiative in promoting new and renewable energy generation and energy efficiency, taking steps in its pursuit of responding to climate change and energy crisis. In November 2013, Seoul has gained its strong ally, Seoul full support of SIEAC should not be limited to Seoul, but be available International Energy Advisory Council (SIEAC). Over the past five to countries around the world. This book will help cities and nations years, various suggestions and comments made by the SIEAC along trying to respond to climate change to learn a lesson from the OLNPP with the OLNPP Executive Committee have been the driving force and make a significant progress in tackling the common challenge of behind reaching the goal of reducing energy consumption by 2 climate change. million TOE in June 2014, six months ahead of schedule. Such The energy sector should also be mindful of the long-held achievements gave our city confidence in meeting the ambitious goals axiom that as civilization advances, we need more efforts to control for OLNPP Phase 2 – spreading the three core values of energy self- ourselves. Acknowledging the tremendous efforts of SIEAC and reliance, energy sharing and energy participation across our society. OLNPP Executive Committee members for Seoul’s energy policy, my Also, our city’s efforts to respond to climate change have garnered citizens and I would like to dedicate this book to them with our deep international recognition and awards, including the UN Public Service appreciation. Award, the World Green Building Council (WGBC) Government Thank you. Leadership Awards and the Earth Hour City Challenge (EHCC) of World Wildlife Fund (WWF). Park Won Soon Through the Seoul International Energy Conference (SIEC) Mayor of Seoul, Seoul Metropolitan Government and annual SIEAC Advisory Meetings over the past four years, the OLNPP has continuously been evolving and the expert insight and advice from the SIEAC and OLNPP Executive Committee members became the foundation for the SMG to establish and implement a world-renowned energy policy. Also, it gave a significant boost to the establishment of Seoul Energy Corporation. This book ‘Reframing Urban Energy Policy: Challenges and Opportunities of the City of Seoul’ is published to express our appreciation of the hard work and dedication of our SIEAC members. I believe that the substantial achievements made possible thanks to the Contents Preface Chapter 3 Towards Energy Prosumer Cities Urban Challenge, Urban Opportunity _Walt Patterson | 11 Seoul’s Experiments for Solar Power Generation: Together or Separately through Energy Cooperatives An Era of Transition, From Nations to Cities _Ahn Byung-ok | 21 and Apartments’ Mini PVs _Choi Seung-kook | 274 Acheieving a Democratic and Sustainable Energy Future : Energy Justice and Community Renewable Energy Tools Chapter 1 Urban Energy System in the Changing World at Work in the OLNPP Strategy _John Byrne, Yun Sun-jin | 308 Urban Energy System in the Changing World _Allan Jones | 33 One Less Nuclear Power Plant : Chapter 4 A Case Study of Seoul Megacity _Ahn Byung-ok | 86 Energy Governance and Participation Governance as a Key Agenda in Local Energy System Transition _Manfred Fischedick | 343 Chapter 2 Energy Service and Efficiency Energy Citizen as a Critical Actor The Intelligent Energy Services Approach _Mycle Schneider | 124 in Seoul’s Energy Governance _Lee Yu-jin | 381 Building Energy Efficiency: Building Energy Citizenship through Education Technologies and Business Models _Dilip R. Limaye | 164 and Practices in Seoul _Kim Hye-ae | 419 Making Buildings Efficient: Energy Savings through BRPs in Seoul _Lee Myeong-ju | 203 Conclusion Delivering Energy Services Through the Web: California’s Experiences _Alan Meier | 231 Seoul’s Sustainable Energy Action Planning: Lesson for Cities _John Byrne, Yun Sun-jin | 446 Green Transport Strategies in Seoul: Achievement and Tasks _Song Sang-seok | 243 Preface Urban Challenge, Urban Opportunity | Walt Patterson | ● An Era of Transition, From Nations to Cities | Ahn Byung-ok | 8 Reframing Urban Energy Policy: Challenges and Opportunities in the City Seoul Preface 9 Walt Patterson Chair of the Seoul International Energy Advisory Council Urban Challenge, Urban Opportunity Walt Patterson, Chair of the Seoul International Energy Advisory Council, is Associate Fellow in the Energy, Environment and Development Programme at Chatham House in London, UK, and a Visiting Fellow at the University of Sussex. Walt Patterson (Chair of Seoul International Energy Advisory Council) Born in Canada, he has lived in the UK since 1960. A postgraduate nuclear physicist, he has been actively involved in energy and environment since the late 1960s. Keeping The Lights On: Towards Sustainable Electricity is his thirteenth book. He has also published hundreds of papers, articles and reviews, on topics including nuclear power, coal technology, renewable energy, energy systems, energy policy and electricity. He has been specialist advisor to two Select Committees of the UK House of Commons, an expert witness at many official hearings, a frequent broadcaster and advisor to media, and speaker or chair in conferences around the world. He has been We are living in the century of the city. Even within the lifetimes awarded the Melchett Medal of the Energy Institute. The Scientific American 50 of our grandparents, most people on earth lived in the countryside, named him ‘energy policy leader’ for his advocacy of decentralized electricity. in rural areas and villages. Within the past century, however, people His current project for CH and the Sussex Energy Group is ‘Managing Energy: all over the world have been leaving the countryside and moving into Rethinking The Fundamentals’. Walt Patterson On Energy, www.waltpatterson.org, cities. According to the World Bank, by 1960 nearly 34 per cent of the is an online archive of his work since 1970. For information and readers’ comments world’s people were living in cities. By 2015 that proportion had risen on Electricity Vs Fire, see www.waltpatterson.org/news.htm. to 54 per cent, and the trend is relentlessly upward. Moreover, 23 per cent now live in cities of over one million people. The metropolitan areas of the largest cities can now number upwards of 30 million – more than the population of four out of five entire countries in the 1 0 Reframing Urban Energy Policy: Challenges and Opportunities in the City Seoul Preface Urban Challenge, Urban Opportunity 11 world. Cities of over 5 million are commonplace. Even the largest failing to meet it. Far too many urban buildings are flimsy, poorly cities, such as Shanghai, Sao Paolo and Djakarta, are still growing designed and badly built, even in wealthy areas, to say nothing of ever- rapidly. expanding slums. Inadequate buildings give inadequate shelter, not People move to cities because they see advantages - jobs, only from winter cold but more and more from summer heat. Making amenities and other attractions. But even a modest-sized city needs such buildings even habitable, never mind comfortable, requires decision-making and governance. The vast settlements, the ‘megacities’, active heating and cooling, usually by burning fuels, either directly or now burgeoning on every continent make enormous demands on civic to generate the requisite electricity. Congested streets are crammed governance. Human activity in cities, especially employment, differs with traffic, strangling mobility. Vehicle exhausts, also from burning markedly from rural activities. Cities are sprawling arrays of physical fuels, combine with fumes from domestic and industrial fires to make infrastructure - buildings, roads, bridges, docks, water pipes, sewers, city air toxic, unbreathable. A city needs enormous quantities of water, electricity, gas and rail networks – that must be erected, maintained, for drinking, for cooking, for industry, for cleaning and sanitation. But repaired, upgraded and replaced. People in cities need shelter, food, many cities are unable to deliver water of the right quality where it is water, sanitation, drainage and waste management. All require needed, and then dispose of it effectively after use. Urban waterways intensive organization. are all too often polluted and foul. City air and city water, essential for Daily life in cities includes an endless variety of jobs, but unlike life, may actually endanger it. rural life city life rarely includes the critically-essential activity of food As if such local problems were not sufficiently alarming, cities production. Cities have to bring in most of the necessary food, as also face, often in concentrated form, a mounting array of problems well as water and materials, often from far outside the city. Goods now affecting the entire planet. The central cause is climate change. and people must be moved, into and out of the city and within it, Greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by fire, are in millions of journeys every day. To feed a concentrated crowd of inexorably raising the average temperature at the earth´s surface.