IFAA RAT Document 2: Regular Anatomical Terminology (RAT), Its Pro’S and Con’S, Digital Terminologies and Possible Solutions
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Te2, Part Iii
TERMINOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGICA Second Edition International Embryological Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TE2, PART III Contents Caput V: Organogenesis Chapter 5: Organogenesis (continued) Systema respiratorium Respiratory system Systema urinarium Urinary system Systemata genitalia Genital systems Coeloma Coelom Glandulae endocrinae Endocrine glands Systema cardiovasculare Cardiovascular system Systema lymphoideum Lymphoid system Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Embryologica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, February 2017 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Embryologica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput V: ORGANOGENESIS Chapter 5: ORGANOGENESIS -
Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) Sprain
INFORMATION FOR PATIENTS Medial collateral ligament (MCL) sprain This leaflet intends to educate you on Knee ligament sprains are graded in the immediate management of your severity from one to three: knee injury. It also contains exercises to prevent stiffening of your knee, Grade one: Mild sprain with ligaments whilst your ligament heals. stretched but not torn. Grade two: Moderate sprain with some What is an MCL injury? ligaments torn. Grade three: Severe sprain with There are two collateral ligaments, one complete tear of ligaments. either side of the knee, which act to stop side to side movement of the knee. The Symptoms you may experience medial collateral ligament (MCL) is most commonly injured. It lies on the inner side Pain in the knee, especially on the of your knee joint, connecting your thigh inside, particularly with twisting bone (femur) to your shin bone (tibia) and movements. provides stability to the knee. Tenderness along the ligament on the inside. Injuries to this ligament tend to occur Stiffness. when a person is bearing weight and the Swelling and some bruising. knee is forced inwards, such as slipping depending on the grade of the injury. on ice or playing sports, e.g. skiing, You may have the feeling the knee will football and rugby. In older people, this give way or some unstable feeling can be injured during a fall. An MCL injury can be a partial or complete tear, or overstretching of the ligament. Knee ligament injuries are also referred to as sprains. It’s common to injure one of your cruciate ligaments (the two ligaments that cross in the middle of your knee which help to stabilise), or your meniscus (cartilage discs that help provide a cushion between your thigh and shin bone), at the same time as your MCL. -
Mouth Esophagus Stomach Rectum and Anus Large Intestine Small
1 Liver The liver produces bile, which aids in digestion of fats through a dissolving process known as emulsification. In this process, bile secreted into the small intestine 4 combines with large drops of liquid fat to form Healthy tiny molecular-sized spheres. Within these spheres (micelles), pancreatic enzymes can break down fat (triglycerides) into free fatty acids. Pancreas Digestion The pancreas not only regulates blood glucose 2 levels through production of insulin, but it also manufactures enzymes necessary to break complex The digestive system consists of a long tube (alimen- 5 carbohydrates down into simple sugars (sucrases), tary canal) that varies in shape and purpose as it winds proteins into individual amino acids (proteases), and its way through the body from the mouth to the anus fats into free fatty acids (lipase). These enzymes are (see diagram). The size and shape of the digestive tract secreted into the small intestine. varies in each individual (e.g., age, size, gender, and disease state). The upper part of the GI tract includes the mouth, throat (pharynx), esophagus, and stomach. The lower Gallbladder part includes the small intestine, large intestine, The gallbladder stores bile produced in the liver appendix, and rectum. While not part of the alimentary 6 and releases it into the duodenum in varying canal, the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are all organs concentrations. that are vital to healthy digestion. 3 Small Intestine Mouth Within the small intestine, millions of tiny finger-like When food enters the mouth, chewing breaks it 4 protrusions called villi, which are covered in hair-like down and mixes it with saliva, thus beginning the first 5 protrusions called microvilli, aid in absorption of of many steps in the digestive process. -
About Your Knee
OrthoInfo Basics About Your Knee What are the parts of the knee? Your knee is Your knee is made up of four main things: bones, cartilage, ligaments, the largest joint and tendons. in your body Bones. Three bones meet to form your knee joint: your thighbone and one of the (femur), shinbone (tibia), and kneecap (patella). Your patella sits in most complex. front of the joint and provides some protection. It is also vital Articular cartilage. The ends of your thighbone and shinbone are covered with articular cartilage. This slippery substance to movement. helps your knee bones glide smoothly across each other as you bend or straighten your leg. Because you use it so Two wedge-shaped pieces of meniscal cartilage act as much, it is vulnerable to Meniscus. “shock absorbers” between your thighbone and shinbone. Different injury. Because it is made from articular cartilage, the meniscus is tough and rubbery to help up of so many parts, cushion and stabilize the joint. When people talk about torn cartilage many different things in the knee, they are usually referring to torn meniscus. can go wrong. Knee pain or injury Femur is one of the most (thighbone) common reasons people Patella (kneecap) see their doctors. Most knee problems can be prevented or treated with simple measures, such as exercise or Articular cartilage training programs. Other problems require surgery Meniscus to correct. Tibia (shinbone) 1 OrthoInfo Basics — About Your Knee What are ligaments and tendons? Ligaments and tendons connect your thighbone Collateral ligaments. These are found on to the bones in your lower leg. -
Anterior (Cranial) Cruciate Ligament Rupture
Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture in Dogs The cruciate ligaments are tough fibrous bands that connect the distal femur (thigh bone) to the proximal tibia (shin bone). Two cruciate ligaments, the cranial (anterior) and the posterior cruciate ligaments, are found in the knee joint of dogs and cats (and most other domestic animals). These ligaments work like a hinge joint in the knee and are responsible for providing anterior-posterior stability to the knee joint. Normal Knee Joint of a Dog Rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament is rare in cats. It occurs frequently in overweight, middle- and older-aged dogs. Certain dog breeds appear to be predisposed to cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Most commonly, the cocker spaniel and rottweiler are affected. The miniature and toy poodle, Lhasa apso, bichon frise, golden retriever, Labrador retriever, German shepherd and mastiff seem to be predisposed as well. The normal knee joint works as a hinge, keeping the knee stable as it bends. Tearing of the cranial cruciate ligament causes instability of the knee joint and it ceases to function properly. Most cranial cruciate ligament tears in dogs occur gradually, resulting in a low-level lameness that may or nay not improve over time. After the ligament tears, inflammation occurs within the joint. Continued use and weight bearing by the dog often causes the ligament to rupture completely. Dogs that rupture one cruciate ligament have about a fifty percent chance of rupturing the other. Normal Knee Joint of a Dog Rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs can also occur acutely. Similar to cranial cruciate ligament rupture in humans, resulting from athletic injuries to the knee, dogs can tear this ligament by jumping up to catch a ball or Frisbee or by jumping out of a truck or off a porch. -
Joints Classification of Joints
Joints Classification of Joints . Functional classification (Focuses on amount of movement) . Synarthroses (immovable joints) . Amphiarthroses (slightly movable joints) . Diarthroses (freely movable joints) . Structural classification (Based on the material binding them and presence or absence of a joint cavity) . Fibrous mostly synarthroses . Cartilagenous mostly amphiarthroses . Synovial diarthroses Table of Joint Types Functional across Synarthroses Amphiarthroses Diarthroses (immovable joints) (some movement) (freely movable) Structural down Bony Fusion Synostosis (frontal=metopic suture; epiphyseal lines) Fibrous Suture (skull only) Syndesmoses Syndesmoses -fibrous tissue is -ligaments only -ligament longer continuous with between bones; here, (example: radioulnar periosteum short so some but not interosseous a lot of movement membrane) (example: tib-fib Gomphoses (teeth) ligament) -ligament is periodontal ligament Cartilagenous Synchondroses Sympheses (bone united by -hyaline cartilage -fibrocartilage cartilage only) (examples: (examples: between manubrium-C1, discs, pubic epiphyseal plates) symphesis Synovial Are all diarthrotic Fibrous joints . Bones connected by fibrous tissue: dense regular connective tissue . No joint cavity . Slightly immovable or not at all . Types . Sutures . Syndesmoses . Gomphoses Sutures . Only between bones of skull . Fibrous tissue continuous with periosteum . Ossify and fuse in middle age: now technically called “synostoses”= bony junctions Syndesmoses . In Greek: “ligament” . Bones connected by ligaments only . Amount of movement depends on length of the fibers: longer than in sutures Gomphoses . Is a “peg-in-socket” . Only example is tooth with its socket . Ligament is a short periodontal ligament Cartilagenous joints . Articulating bones united by cartilage . Lack a joint cavity . Not highly movable . Two types . Synchondroses (singular: synchondrosis) . Sympheses (singular: symphesis) Synchondroses . Literally: “junction of cartilage” . Hyaline cartilage unites the bones . Immovable (synarthroses) . -
The Ligament Anatomy of the Deltoid Complex of the Ankle: a Qualitative and Quantitative Anatomical Study
e62(1) COPYRIGHT Ó 2014 BY THE JOURNAL OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY,INCORPORATED The Ligament Anatomy of the Deltoid Complex of the Ankle: A Qualitative and Quantitative Anatomical Study Kevin J. Campbell, BS, Max P. Michalski, MSc, Katharine J. Wilson, MSc, Mary T. Goldsmith, MS, Coen A. Wijdicks, PhD, Robert F. LaPrade, PhD, MD, and Thomas O. Clanton, MD Investigation performed at the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, and the Steadman Clinic, Vail, Colorado Background: The deltoid ligament has both superficial and deep layers and consists of up to six ligamentous bands. The prevalence of the individual bands is variable, and no consensus as to which bands are constant or variable exists. Although other studies have looked at the variance in the deltoid anatomy, none have quantified the distance to relevant osseous landmarks. Methods: The deltoid ligaments from fourteen non-paired, fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens were isolated and the ligamentous bands were identified. The lengths, footprint areas, orientations, and distances from relevant osseous landmarks were measured with a three-dimensional coordinate measurement device. Results: In all specimens, the tibionavicular, tibiospring, and deep posterior tibiotalar ligaments were identified. Three additional bands were variable in our specimen cohort: the tibiocalcaneal, superficial posterior tibiotalar, and deep anterior tibiotalar ligaments. The deep posterior tibiotalar ligament was the largest band of the deltoid ligament. The origins from the distal center of the intercollicular groove were 16.1 mm (95% confidence interval, 14.7 to 17.5 mm) for the tibionavicular ligament, 13.1 mm (95% confidence interval, 11.1 to 15.1 mm) for the tibiospring ligament, and 7.6 mm (95% confidence interval, 6.7 to 8.5 mm) for the deep posterior tibiotalar ligament. -
Fact Sheet - Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer
Fact Sheet - Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer Diagnosis Pancreatic cancer is often difficult to diagnose, because the pancreas lies deep in the abdomen, behind the stomach, so tumors are not felt during a physical exam. Pancreatic cancer is often called the “silent” cancer because the tumor can grow for many years before it causes pressure, pain, or other signs of illness. When symptoms do appear, they can vary depending on the size of the tumor and where it is located on the pancreas. For these reasons, the symptoms of pancreatic cancer are seldom recognized until the cancer has progressed to an advanced stage and often spread to other areas of the body. General Symptoms Pain The first symptom of pancreatic cancer is often pain, because the tumors invade nerve clusters. Pain can be felt in the stomach area and/or in the back. The pain is generally worse after eating and when lying down, and is sometimes relieved by bending forward. Pain is more common in cancers of the body and tail of the pancreas. The abdomen may also be generally tender or painful if the liver, pancreas or gall bladder are inflamed or enlarged. It is important to keep in mind that there are many other causes of abdominal and back pain! Jaundice More than half of pancreatic cancer sufferers have jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes. Jaundice is caused by a build-up bilirubin, a substance which is made in the liver and a component of bile. Bilirubin contains a lot of yellow pigment, and gives bile it’s color. -
Ian Whitmore Professor (Teaching) of Surgery (Anatomy) Surgery - Anatomy
Ian Whitmore Professor (Teaching) of Surgery (Anatomy) Surgery - Anatomy Bio BIO Ian Whitmore was born in England of an English father and an Icelandic mother just before the end of the second world war. He was educated in the United Kingdom, graduating with MBBS and LRCP MRCS from Guy's Hospital Medical School (University of London) in 1968. Following two years of clinical experience as a junior hospital doctor, he started teaching Anatomy in Manchester in 1970. He was granted the MD degree by the University of London in 1980 following submission of a thesis relating research into Oesophageal Striated Muscle. The textbook and color atlas “Human Anatomy” with Ian Whitmore as one of the five authors was published in1985 and has now reached the sixth edition. In 1990 he moved to Queen Mary & Westfield College in London as Senior Lecturer in Anatomy, before being persuaded to take early retirement in 1996. Having been a Visiting Professor at Stanford several times since 1984, he has been teaching there every year since 1996, and was made a Full Professor in 2002. He continues to teach in Stanford. Between 1989 and 2009 Ian was Chairman of the Federated International Committee on Anatomical Terminology, which published Terminologia Anatomica in 1998, Terminologia Histologica in 2007 and Terminologia Embryologica in 2013. In 2005 the American Association of Clinical Anatomists awarded him Honored Member status for his work in Terminology. He has similarly been made an honorary member of the anatomical societies in South Africa, Costa Rica, Italy and Russia. In 2010, he was awarded the Jubilee Medal "For the great contribution to Morphology” by the All-Russian Scientific Society of Anatomists, Histologists and Embryologists. -
Gallbladder Removal
Patient Education Partners in Your Surgical Care AMericaN COLLege OF SUrgeoNS DIVisioN OF EDUcatioN Cholecystectomy Surgical Removal of the Gallbladder LaparoscopicLaparoscopic versus versus Open Open Cholecystectomy Cholecystectomy LLaparoscopicaparoscopic Cholecystectomy Cholecystectomy OpenOpen Cholecystectomy Cholecystectomy Patient Education This educational information is to help you be better informed about your operation and empower you with the skills and knowledge needed to actively participate in your care. Keeping You Informed Treatment Options Expectations Information that will help you further understand your operation. Surgery Before your operation— Evaluation usually Education is provided on: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy—The includes blood work, an gallbladder is removed with instruments abdominal ultrasound, Cholecystectomy Overview ............. 1 placed into 4 small slits in the abdomen. and an evaluation by your Condition, Symptoms, Tests ............ 2 Open cholecystectomy—The gallbladder surgeon and anesthesia Treatment Options ......................... 3 is removed through an incision on the provider to review your right side under the rib cage. health history and Risks and Possible Complications ..... 4 medications and to discuss Preparation and Expectations ......... 5 Nonsurgical pain control options. Your Recovery and Discharge ........... 6 Stone retrieval The day of your operation— Pain Control .................................. 7 For gallstones without symptoms You will not eat or drink for at least 4 hours -
Rehabilitation Guidelines for Knee Multi-Ligament Repair/Reconstruction
UW HEALTH SPORTS REHABILITATION Rehabilitation Guidelines for Knee Multi-Ligament Repair/Reconstruction The knee joint is comprised of an A B articulation of three bones: the femur Medial (thigh bone), tibia (shin bone), Collateral Ligament Lateral and patella (knee cap). The femur (MCL) Collateral has a medial (inside) and a lateral Ligament (outside) condyle that forms a radial (LCL) or rounded bottom that comes together, forming a trochlear groove for the patella to move. The medial and lateral condyle sit on top of the Fat LM Fat Pad tibia, which has a flat surface called Pad MM the tibial plateau. The knee also is comprised of two Fibula menisci, which are fibro-cartilaginous structures and each meniscus Figure 1 a: Medial or inner view of the knee showing the medial collateral ligament, is thinner towards the center of b: Lateral or outer view of the knee showing the lateral collateral ligament. the knee and thicker toward the Image property of Primal Pictures, Ltd., primalpictures.com. Use of this image without authorization from Primal Pictures, Ltd. is prohibited. periphery of the knee, giving it a wedge-shaped appearance. The Femur medial meniscus forms a “c” shape and is located between the medial ACL femoral condyle and the medial ACL LCL aspect of the tibia. The lateral meniscus forms an oval shape and is PCL located between the lateral femoral condyle and the lateral aspect of the MM LM tibia. The menisci act to improve stability between the tibia and the Menisci MCL Tibia femur secondary to its wedge shape that acts to limit translation. -
The Spectrum of Gallbladder Disease
The Spectrum of Gallbladder Disease Rebecca Kowalski, M.D. October 18, 2017 Overview A (brief) history of gallbladder surgery Anatomy Anatomical variations Physiology Pathophysiology Diagnostic imaging of the gallbladder Natural history of cholelithiasis Case presentations of the spectrum of gallstone disease Summary History of Gallbladder Surgery Gallbladder Surgery: A Relatively Recent Change Prior to the late 1800s, doctors treated gallbladder disease with a cholecystostomy, due to the fear that removing the organ would kill patients Carl Johann August Langenbuch (director of the Lazarus Hospital in Berlin, Germany) practiced on a cadaver to remove the gallbladder, and in 1882, performed a cholecystectomy on a patient. He was discharged after 6 weeks in the hospital https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Langenbuch By 1897 over 100 cholecystectomies had been performed Gallbladder Surgery: A Relatively Recent Change In 1985, Erich Mühe removed a patient’s gallbladder laparoscopically in Germany Erich Muhe https://openi.nlm.ni h.gov/detailedresult. php?img=PMC30152 In 1987, Philippe Mouret (a 44_jsls-2-4-341- French gynecologic surgeon) g01&req=4 performed a laparoscopic cholecystectomy In 1992, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) created guidelines for laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the United Philippe Mouret States, essentially transforming https://www.pinterest.com surgical practice /pin/58195020154734720/ Anatomy and Abnormal Anatomy http://accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1202§ionid=71521210 http://www.slideshare.net/pryce27/rsna-final-2 http://www.slideshare.net/pryce27/rsna-final-2 http://www.slideshare.net/pryce27/rsna-final-2 Physiology a http://www.nature.com/nrm/journal/v2/n9/fig_tab/nrm0901_657a_F3.html Simplified overview of the bile acid biosynthesis pathway derived from cholesterol Lisa D.