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New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 20 ISSN 2538-1016; 20 NEW ZEALAND DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAI., RESEARCH • BULLETIN 154 • a e um ru rum uoy and Gaimard - by DONALD F. SQUIRES • The U.S. National Museun1 Smithsonia11 Institution • New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir No. 20 I Photo: H. 0. Ka.. , Flabellum rubrum (Quoy and Gaimard) taken at N.Z 0.I. Station C 190 in Cook Strait, New Zealand. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ NEW ZEALAND DEPARTMEN'f OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH BULLETIN 154 Fae uo)T and Gaimard) l1y DON1\LD F. SQUIRES The U.S. N,1tional Muset1m S111ithsonian Institution New Zealand Ocea11ograpl1ic Institute Memoir No. 20 Price: 7s. 6d. 1963 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ . FOREWORD Tl1e New Zealand cup coral, Flabellut1i rubr111n, is a common co111ponent of faunas on the New Zealand shelf. The coral is of considerable import­ ance in palaeontological a11d zoogeographic studies, and Dr Sq11ires in this monograph, as well as removing the systematic co11fusion hitherto existing between this a11d similar corals, gives valuable accounts of its 1norpl1ology, development, and ecological relationships. Tl1e preliminary editing of tl1e manuscript has been carried out by Mrs P. M. Cullen. Mr M. O'Connor (Information Bureau, D.S.I.R.) has been responsible for final editing. J. W. BRODIE, Director, N.Z. Oceanographic J11stitt1te. 1 ;, This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ • CONTENTS Page 9 Abstract • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 9 Introduction • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Acknowledgments • • • • • • • • • • • • 10 Argument and Conclusions • • • • • • • • • • 10 Systematics • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11 Synonymy • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11 Type Specimens • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 12 Original Description • • • • • • • • • • • • 12 Notes on Synonymy • • • • • • • • • • • • 12 Historical Period • • • • • • • • • • • • 12 Period of Changing Concepts • • • • • • • • • • 13 Subjective Synonyms • • • • • • • • • • • • 15 Summary of Systematic History • • . • • • • • • 15 Notes on the Type Specimens • • • • • • • • • • 16 Morphology of the Corallum • • • • • • • • • • 16 Variation in Form • • • • • • • • • • • • 16 18 Development of the Corallu1n • • • • • • • • • • Morphology of the Polyp • • • • • • • • • • • • 21 The Systematic Argument • • • • • • • • • • • • 24 Morphology of the Corallum • • • • • • • • • • 24 Morphology of the Polyp • • • • • • • • • • 24 Ecology • • . • • • • . • • • • 25 Distribution • • • • • • • • . • • • • 25 Paleontology • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ......, - ) Conclusions • • . • • . • • • • • • 25 Ecology • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 26 Substrate and Faunal Associations • • • • • • • • • • 26 Breeding Habits and Gro\vth Rates • • . • • • • 29 Biology of Attachment • • • • . • • • • • • 30 Temperature • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 32 Depth Range • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 33 Paleoecology . • • • • • • • • • • • • 34 Distribution and Historical Relationships • • • • • • • • 35 Referer1ces .. • • • • • • • • . • • • • 36 Index • • • • • • • • . • • • • 42 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ FIGURES Fig. No. Page 1 Schen1atic drawing of Flabellum rubrum (Quoy and Gain1ard) . 17 2 Scattergram showing the relationship between height of corallum and maximum diameter of the calicein F. rubrum as represented in N.Z.0.1. Sta. A 489 . 20 3 Scattergram showing the allometric relationship between the longer and shorter axes of the cal ice of F. rubrum . 20 4 Scattergra1n showing the allometric relationship bet,veen number of septa and 1naximun1 dian1eter of the calice of F. rubrum . 21 5 Scattergram showing the relatio.nship betwee11 number of septa and height of the coral111n1 of F. rubrum . 22 6 Scattergram showing the relationship between the maximum diameter of the calice and the length of the colurnellaof F. ruhrum . 23 7 Distribution of F. rubru111 (Quoy and Gaimard) • • 27 8 Size distribution of specimens of F. rubrum taken at Sta. A 489 .. • • . 30 TABLES Table No. Page 1 Comparison of populations assigned to the species F. rubrum (Q. & G.) .. • • 24 PLATES Plate No. Page Frontispiece: Flahellum ruhru,n (Quoy and Gaimard) taken at N.Z.0.1. Station C 190 in Cook Strait, New Zealand. 1 Photographs of the cotypes of Flabellum rubrum preserved in the collections of the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris . 39 2 Photographs of specimens of Flabellum ruhrum taken at N.Z.0.1. Sta. A 489 . 41 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Flabellum rubrum (Quoy and Gaimard) By DONALD F. SQUIRES, The U.S. National Musel1rn* S1nithsonia11 Institution ABSTRACT Flabellum rubrum (Quoy and Gait11ard) is the co1nmon cup coral of New Zealand. Through 1nis­ application of the nru.11e, the concept of the species has been \varped so that a variety of flabellid corals are often placed in it. History of the taxonomy of the species is revie,ved, the original description and figures reproduced, and a complete synonymy is given. A description, based upon recently collected topotypic specirnens from Cook Strait, includes not only the corallum morphology but the gross anatomy of the polyps. Ecology and faunal associations of the species are discussed. Statistical studies show the systematic relationships between F. rubrum a11d related species as well as allometry. Fossil distribution and paleoecology of the species are considered. *Forn1erly of the Atnerican Museun1 of Natural History. INTRODUCTION The first described coral fron1 New Zealand Materials for1ning the basis for tl1is study i11cludc waters is probably also the most common species tl1e ample collections of tl1e New Zealand Geologi­ of coral on tl1e New Zealand shelf. Unfortu11atel)', cal Survey, the Ne,1/ Zealand Oceanographic its syste1natic position has been greatly confused Institute, and tl1e various universities and and the specific appellation has been misapplied museums of New Zeala11d. These were studied several years ago (Squires, 1958a) and more for the last 50 years. Because of tl1e frequency witl1 recently during 1959. Comparative materials wlucl1 the coral is encou11tered, in dredgings and as include large suites of southern ocea11 corals a fossil, and because it is an important species from l1oused in the American Museum of Natural botl1 systematic and zoogeographic aspects, a History, collected by the Lamont Geological comprel1ensive review is desirable. Observatory (R/V Ven1a), New Zealand Oceano­ Because some of the earlier literature pertaining graphic Institute and the U.S. ''Deepfreeze'' to the species is not readily available, the original program of Antarctic research. Other materials description a.nd illusirations are reproduced here. inclt1de specimens generously loaned for study by Dr W. J. Rees, British Museum (Natural History), One volume of the atlas of Quoy and Gaimard from the Discover;, collections. Living specimens ( 1833) Zoophytes of tl1e ''Voyage de decouvertes of Flabellum rubrum from Cook Strait were col­ de /'Astrolabe'' is present at the Dominion Museun1, lected from the M.V. Viti of the Ne'.v Zealand Wellington. I am unaware of the existence of the Oceanographic Institute. This sample, N.Z.O.I. Sta. accompanying text in any library in New Zealand A 489, was taken in 55 fm of ,vater at 41 ° 27' S, although several libraries hold sections dealing 174° 50 · 8' E, and contained over 90 specimens of with Mollusca. F. rubru,11. 9 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ morphologically, ecologically, biologically, and ACKNOWLEDGMENTS zoogeographically. The group of Flabellu111 characterised by reproduction (?) by transverse This study was begun during the tenure of a fission, as for example, Flabel!um stokesii or F. Fulbright Research Fellowship i11 New Zealand aculeatu,11 (Semper, 1872, Milne-Edwards and during 1959. Through the cooperatio11 of 11r James Brodie and Dr Henry Pantin, New Zealand Haime, 1857) is actually a disti11ct species grour>, Oceanographic Institute, I was able to participate if 11ot genus, and has been wrongfully i11cluded in a cruise of the m.v. Viti in Cook Strait during with F. rubru,n from about 1900. It is the principal which the specimens here recorded were collected. object of this memoir to substantiate tl1e need for For discussions regarding the occ11rrence, ecology, tl1is separation. and systematics of F. rubrum, I am grateful to: Dr Patricia Ralph, Zoology Department, Victoria Wl1ile being grossly lu1nped togetl1er ,vith University; Dr A. W. B. Powell, Auckland tropical species, F. rubru,n has simultaneously Institute and Museum; Dr Richard Dell, Dominion been divided excessively within its ''home'' range. Museum; Dr C. A. Fleming, Geological Survey; Thus, it is also my contention
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