Human Trafficking: Modern Day Slavery
Central Ohio Rescue & Restore Coalition & S.O.A.P. Project Human Trafficking Pre-Test 1.) To be considered a victim of trafficking 6.) Currently there are countries where one must be transported across state or “slavery” is legal (T/F)? country borders (T/F)? 7.) The terms “pimp” and “trafficker” are 2.) Generally Human Trafficking is an synonymous (T/F)? international issue most often present in underdeveloped countries (T/F)? 8.) For a person to be convicted of sex/labor trafficking they must use physical 3.) There are multiple forms of human force/brutality against their victim (T/F)? trafficking and victims may fall in multiple categories (T/F)? 9.) There is estimated to be more humans living in slavery now than ever before 4.) Under the Federal definition, trafficked (T/F)? persons can only be foreign nationals (immigrants from other countries) (T/F)? 10.) If you are arrested for prostitution/soliciting and you are under 5.) Human Trafficking and “Smuggling” the age of 18 you are automatically humans are considered to be different considered to be a victim of sex trafficking crimes (T/F)? (T/F)? What is Human Trafficking?
A form of modern-day slavery.
Exploitation of men, women and children for commercial sex or labor purposes. What is Human Trafficking? The second largest and fastest growing criminal industry in the world. Continuous Profit Less Risk
Estimated 32 Billion dollar industry 10 Billion dollars from the United States alone Trafficking Victims Protection Act 2000
“Severe Forms of Trafficking in Persons” defined as:
Sex Trafficking: the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act , in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person forced to perform such an act is under the age of 18 years. Labor Trafficking: the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage or slavery. Force ‘Force’ is the use of physical power or violence to compel or restrain Power made operative against resistance To compel through pressure or necessity Traffickers use force initially or when fraud and or coercion doesn’t work on the victim. Force is also used by the John. Fraud “Fraud” or deception is another method used by traffickers to recruit and then entrap their victims.
The tactics of fraud/deception traffickers use to initially recruit persons typically involve false promises of marriage or employment. Traffickers may also collaborate with family or friends of potential victims to further create the illusion of truth for what they are promising.
The Salvation Army Anti-Human Trafficking Manual Coercion
“Coercion” involves “the use of threats of serious harm, physical restraint of any person, any scheme, plan or pattern intended to create the belief that a person will have restraint used against them, and the abuse or threatened abuse of the legal process.”
The Salvation Army Anti-Human Trafficking Manual International Scope of Trafficking About 800,000 men, women and children are trafficked across international borders each year. Free the Slaves Organization estimates that there are about 27 million people living in slavery today. Annually, up to 17,500-20,000 individuals are trafficked into the US from other countries. Approximately 80 percent of transnational victims are women and girls and up to 50 percent are minors.
US Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report 2008 Trafficking in the USA 80% of the 17,500-20,000 individuals are trafficked into the US annually are for sexual exploitation National Center for Missing and Exploited Children identifies at least 100,000 US children are caught up in child prostitution Average age of entry into prostitution is 12 to 14. Studies suggest that up to 90% of runaway youth become involved in the commercial sex industry. 1.68 million children run away each year in the US – 48 hours 1 in 3 recruited for human trafficking. Human Trafficking
In the United States the FBI estimates that 85% of commercial sex workers experience some degree of force, fraud or coercion (the federal definition of sex trafficking).
Where pimps operate, most take 100% of the money earned by the sex workers.
Commercial sex workers face violence, whether in brothels or at "home" with a pimp. According to one study, working in prostitution is 51 times more violent than the second-most violent profession for women (working in a liquor store). HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN OHIO
"Ohio is not only a destination place for foreign-born trafficking victims, but it's also a recruitment place" -Celia Williamson, associate professor at the University of Toledo Human Trafficking in Ohio o According to the Polaris Project, Ohio ranks 9th in the number of calls placed to the National hotline between 12/07 and 12/11 o The hotline receives 100 calls a day. o 7,000 calls since 2007. o The FBI identified Toledo, Ohio as “the top U.S. recruitment city for trafficking children into the sex industry” o In 2010, Central Ohio law enforcement filed 977 solicitation charges Ohio Vulnerabilities
. Extensive highway system can reach 15 states in less than eight hours. . Most truck stops in nation
. Within day’s drive to multiple major
metropolitan cities. traveler.info/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/map_of_ohio.gif
.
Sharply rising immigrant - http://www.smart population. Ohio Vulnerabilities
.5th most strip clubs in nation
.Agricultural industry
. Poverty (24% of children)
.Close to Canada /Selling sex is legal but buying it is not . Nordic model – Bill C-36 15 Vulnerability Factors
Poverty High unemployment Degraded labor environment Illegal Activities Civil Unrest/Corruption Discrimination Cultural Acceptance of Practice
US Trafficking in Persons Report, 2008 Vulnerability Factors History with CPS Failing in school/dropping out of school Family/friends members in sex trade Parents whom use drugs/alcohol History of sexual abuse/rape Living in a group/foster home Involvement with law enforcement Single parent families 1-2 parents in jail Risk Factors in Ohio Ohio Attorney (both parties) Human Trafficking Study Commission Purpose To understand the problem of HT in Ohio To make recommendations about ways to strengthen Ohio’s response to the problem Committees Victim Services & Safe Locations Legislation Public Education, Awareness, & Outreach Law Enforcement Training Research & Analysis Report on the Prevalence of Human Trafficking in Ohio, February 2010 Ohio Trafficking in Persons Study Commission Research and Analysis Sub-Committee Conservative Estimate: At least 6,316 Ohioans are at risk of being trafficked and at least 1,861 are believed to be trafficked in Ohio today. This estimate does not include domestic adults who are victims of sex or labor trafficking. Examples of Central Ohio HT Cases - CORRC Latina woman trafficked in a brothel in a rural county in Ohio. 14 year old American girl prostituted by a gang as a requirement to belong to the gang. Foreign national woman sexually trafficked by her husband. Undocumented immigrants trafficked in ethnic restaurant. Since July 2008, The Salvation Army/CORRC has provided services to over 400 victims of human trafficking. Two Broad Categories of Human Trafficking
Labor Trafficking: Sexual Trafficking: Domestic Service Prostitution Sweat Shops/Factories Pornography Begging Stripping Agricultural Work Lap Dancing Mining Live-Sex Shows Brick Kilns Mail-order Brides Child Soldiers Child Brides Where Victims Are Working LABOR TRAFFICKING What is Labor Trafficking? Forms of Labor Trafficking Debt Bondage
Illegal in the United States. Considered trafficking-related exploitation by the United Nations TIP Protocol. Trafficking victims must reimburse his/her traffickers for travel, room and board, hygiene and other personal items. Amount to be repaid is set by the traffickers. Forms of Labor Trafficking Forced Labor
Victims are forced to work against their own will, under the threat of violence or some other form of punishment, their freedom is restricted and a degree of ownership is exerted.
Forms of forced labor can include domestic servitude; agricultural labor; sweatshop factory labor; janitorial, food service and other service industry labor; and street begging. Forms of Labor Trafficking
Child Labor
Child labor is a form of work that is likely to be hazardous to the health and/or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development of children and can interfere with their education. The International Labor Organization estimates worldwide that there are 246 million exploited children aged between 5 and 17 involved in debt bondage, forced recruitment for armed conflict, prostitution, pornography, the illegal drug trade, the illegal arms trade and other illicit activities around the world. Highlighted Industries
The labor trade involves many of the following area’s of work
Hotel work Factory Labor Nail salon workers Sweat Shops Hair braiders Restaurant Labor Casino servers Agricultural Work Landscape and gardening Begging or trinket selling Magazine peddlers Gang involvement House cleaning services Construction Sites Peddling Rings Garment factories Domestic Migrant or transitional (Home/Children) communities workers The Prevalence of Labor Trafficking US Department of Labor: Office of Child Labor, Forced Labor, and Human Trafficking
Research Findings ILAB’s analysis found 122 goods produced with forced labor, child labor, or both, in 58 countries. The most common goods which have significant incidence of forced and/or child labor are cotton, sugarcane, tobacco, coffee, rice, and cocoa in agriculture; bricks, garments, carpets, and footwear in manufacturing; and gold and coal in mined or quarried goods. 122 goods in 58 countries are produced with a significant incidence of forced labor, child labor, or both. More goods were found to be made with child labor than forced labor. SEX TRAFFICKING
Commercial Sex act induced by force, fraud, coercion, or in which the individual is under the age of 18 Very Young Girls
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycgaPw 38fkc&list=PLB7g9_n0KnL- aWEPxGb_qh_HGk4uAGYq2 Factors Associated with Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking Large numbers of unattached and transient males in local communities including military personnel, truckers, and conventioneers.
Promotion of child prostitution by parents, older siblings and boy friends
Use of prostitution by runaway children to provide for subsistence needs.
Presence of pre-existing adult prostitution markets in communities where large numbers of street youth are concentrated.
Prior history of child sexual abuse and child sexual assault.
Poverty.
Estes, R., & Weiner, N. A. (2001) Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in the U.S., Canada and Mexico Commercial Sexual Exploitation of a Child
The use of any person under the age of 18 for sexual purposes in exchange for cash or in-kind favors, it can occur between a child and a customer, the pimp/trafficker, or others (including family members) who profit from children for these purposes.
Building a Child Welfare Response to Child Trafficking, Center for Human Rights for Children, Loyola University of Chicago Survival
Needing to meet their own basic needs for survival, some girls were trafficked and sold in exchange for food, shelter, transportation, etc.
Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking: A Network of Underground Players in the Midwest” CELIA WILLIAMSON AND MICHAEL PRIOR Prostitution
Sexual exploitation in it’s basic form and what it looks like. Prostitution There are approximately 1 million prostituted women in North America, or 1% of women in North America are involved in prostitution (National Task Force on Prostitution) A national study shows that 75% of all women used in prostitution were victims of incest and/or physical abuse as children (National Task Force on Prostitution) An estimated 600,000 children under 18 are involved in prostitution or pornography (US Department of Justice) Up to 90% of prostitutes are under the control of a pimp (S.B. Satterfield) 12-14 is the average age of entry into prostitution (U.S. Department of Justice) Prostitution On average each year a prostituted woman is raped 19 times, kidnapped 10 times, and is STILL considered the criminal. Ohio has passed laws to erase their records when the criminal acts were forced.
Women in prostitution are routinely subjected to repeated beatings from their pimp, and have likely been coerced into pornography, topless dancing and/or prostitution in order to support him or his drug habit.
Prostituted women getting out of jail have no resources, they feel their only choice is to return to a life they know or where they are accepted. ~WHISPER, National Task Force on Prostitution Faces of Prostitution: Patricia Faces of Prostitution: Grace How Does It Happen? Entrance into Trafficking
• Recruitment takes place: – Streets – Friend’s house – Corner stores – Malls, everyday the pimps are on the hunt. – Outside juvenile justice center while waiting to meet a probation officer. – Own homes, 35% begins within the family. – Truck Stops – Sporting Events – Library, especially after school hours. – Shelters
* Recent study by Williamson demonstrated that the majority of minors were recruited by a female friend who was selling herself
Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking: A Network of Underground Players in the Midwest” CELIA WILLIAMSON AND MICHAEL PRIOR Terminology “The Stable”, “The Family” ~ The circle of women being pimped out/in a brothel
“He was just a John/trick/date” ~ Male paying sex from a woman being prostituted
“Dope boy”; “Boyfriend”; “Dad”; “Brother” ~often play the role of a pimp
“Craig's List”; “Back page”; “Urban Chat”; “My Space” ~ Major facilitators of prostitution Who Are The Traffickers?
Organized crime Neighbors, friends, family members, village chiefs Agricultural operations Business owners Families Traffickers Identified Traffickers Identified Pimp Control/Traffickers
Masters of the art of seduction.
Identify the vulnerabilities of a specific child and exploits them.
Torture tactics used to control their victims once seduced These behaviors include both physical and psychological torture.
Dr. Celia Williamson, University of Toledo and Second Chance Pimp Control/Traffickers
Pimps use the increased glamorization of pimp/ho culture, as well as cultural acceptance of demand for child victims, to help maintain control of the individual. Amazon.com
• The Pimp Game: Instructional Guide (Paperback Mickey Royal (Author) "There's only one game and the game is pimping...”36 customer reviews Rated 4 Stars!
Slide borrowed from Dr. Jeffrey Barrows, Executive Director, Gracehaven You’ll start to dress her, think for her, own her. If you and your victim are sexually active, slow it down. After sex, take her shopping for one item. Hair and/or nails is fine. She’ll develop a feeling of accomplishment. The shopping after a month will be replaced with cash. The love making turns into raw sex. She’ll start to crave the intimacy and be willing to get back into your good graces. After you have broken her spirit, she has no sense of self value. Now pimp, put a price tag on the item you have manufactured.”
Quoted from “The Pimp Game.” Slide borrowed from Dr. Jeffrey Barrows, Executive Director, Gracehaven Pimpology: The 48 Laws of the Game Pimpin' Ken Buyers Identified Buyers Identified Buyers Identified Legislation
State and Federal Ohio Law – Trafficking in Persons
No person shall knowingly recruit, lure, entice, isolate, harbor, transport, provide, obtain, or maintain, or knowingly attempt to recruit, lure, entice, isolate, harbor, transport, provide, obtain, or maintain another person knowing that the person will be subjected to involuntary servitude or be compelled to engage in sexual activity for hire, engage in a performance that is obscene, sexually oriented, or nudity oriented, or be a model or participant in the production of material that is obscene, sexually oriented, or nudity oriented. Compulsion – victim’s will was overcome for force, fear, duress, or intimidation. Involuntary Servitude – compelled to perform labor or services for another against one’s will. Ohio Versus Federal Law
State Law Federal Law ORC 2905.32 Victims Protection Act “Compelled” – force, of 2000 fear, duress or Force, fraud, or intimidation. coercion or a minor State must prove All minors are victims compulsion for minors Labor and sex Sex and labor under trafficking in separate same statute statutes; T-Visas for Doesn’t include FRAUD labor trafficking victims. State Laws – HB 262
Safe Harbor Law – exacted in June 2012 Penalties and prosecution Raised the penalty trafficking in persons to a first degree felony Mandatory minimum – 10 years Sex traffickers must register as sex offenders (Tier II) Adult traffickers must register Cannot live within 1,000 feet of a school Obstruction of Justice 2nd degree felony in human trafficking cases. State Laws – HB 262
Protection for Victims Created a diversion program for juvenile victims of human trafficking Judge can sentence to diversion to receive protection and treatment they need through the juvenile justice system. Prior convictions of prostitution or solicitation may be expunged Allows victims to pursue civil damages against a pimp or trafficker. Law Enforcement Mandated human trafficking training Local Law enforcement must report number of human trafficking cases to be released annually. Underreported: 30 state-level cases since June 2012 THE IMPACT OF TRAFFICKING ON VICTIMS
“They didn’t see us as human beings, but just as whores, just as flesh that they could use. That’s all.” Media and Videos
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BQ6CYIyk4fg
Http://www.Gems-girls.Org/media-center/music
Http://www.Youtube.Com/watch?V=a9huz6y_yuo
Http://www.Youtube.Com/watch?V=qmyexi2q-zi
Http://today.Msnbc.Msn.Com/id/26184891/vp/291801 17#29180117
Http://www.Youtube.Com/watch?V=pqjm3bvlawc Physical Harms of Human Trafficking
Malnutrition Poor Hygiene Bed bug bites Bodily injuries: broken bones, concussions, burns, bruising, bite marks, vaginal/anal tearing from violence including assault, stabbings, rape, and torture
http://www.acf.hhs.gov/trafficking/about/fact_sex.html Polaris Project Physical Harms of Human Trafficking Does the client present with unique health problems that trafficked victims might have? • Reproductive Health Problems • Exposure to STDs, including HIV • Pregnancies • Abortions • Fertility issues • Malnutrition, rotting teeth • Stunted growth (in children) • Alcohol and other Drug Use • Chronic back, visual or respiratory problems from working in agriculture, construction or manufacturing in dangerous
conditions http://www.acf.hhs.gov/trafficking/about/fact_sex.html Polaris Project Psychological Harms of Sex Trafficking
Mind/body separation/disassociated ego states, dissociative disorders Shame and grief Depression, hopelessness Anxiety disorders Self destructive behaviors, including suicide Traumatic bonding with perpetrator
http://www.acf.hhs.gov/trafficking/about/fact_sex.html www.icfi.com/transition Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Acute anxiety, depression, insomnia, persistent flashbacks, physical hyper-alertness, self-loathing that is long- lasting and resistant to change
“In a study of prostituted women from 9 countries, level of PTSD was 68%, which is in the same range as that of treatment- seeking combat veterans”
http://www.acf.hhs.gov/trafficking Farley et al. (2003). Prostitution and Trafficking in Nine Countries: An Update on Violence and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Prostitution, Trafficking, and Traumatic Stress. Before they were trafficked in Ohio
Mental Health Diagnoses 30% of Ohio children had Major Depression 36% of adult victims had a mental health diagnosis Prior Victimization/Challenges 57% of Ohio children were raped prior to recruitment into human trafficking 63% of children ran away at least once before being trafficked. Before they were trafficking in Ohio 44% of children were victims of abuse 40% of children were victims of sexual abuse 47.4% of children were raped more than a year prior to trafficking. While they were being trafficked in Ohio 20% of adults told people about their plight but no one believe them. 16% of adults never asked for help 48% of adults were threatened 52% were forced to work 20-30 days/month selling sexual services. Cases Served The Salvation Army of Central Ohio 372 Total Cases Country of origin in order of 8% labor trafficking frequency: 92% sex trafficking Thailand Mexico 5% Male Honduras 95% Female India Guatemala 13% Foreign National Germany 87% American Born Chile Philippines Burma Kenya China Bolivia Somalia Ghana S.O.A.P. Project Saving Our Adolescents from Prostitution Distributes soap labeled with 888 number to hotels prior to major sporting events. Ties the soap message to “missing children” flyers in the local area. S.O.A.P. has chapters in nine states and 14 cities and an office in Monroe, Michigan. Founder (Theresa Flores) has authored four books and holds survivor retreats each year with attendees from many states
IDENTIFYING TRAFFICKED PERSONS Indicator List/Signs Shows evidence of mental, physical or sexual abuse Cannot or will not speak on own behalf Appears to be controlled by another person Has heightened sense of fear or distrust of authority Gaps in memory and inconsistencies in stories Someone else in control of migration to US Any mention of pimp/boyfriend Excess amounts of cash Signs of branding (tattoo, jewelry) Physically exhausted, works long hours Over-sexualized behavior or dress
Building a Child Welfare Response to Child Trafficking Potential Signs of Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking
Hotel room keys Numerous school absences False ID’s and lying about age Teen’s dating much older, abusive, or controlling men Having large amounts of cash, jewelry, new clothes Recurrent STI’s/STD’s and/or need for pregnancy tests Signs of physical assault including broken bones, black eyes, etc Chronic runaway/homeless youth Weight Loss
Dr. Celia Williamson, University of Toledo and Second Chance Identifying Victims The person looks fearful of strangers and acts submissive to those around The individual will not answer questions on their own especially when in the presence of someone who seems very controlling Evidence of physical assault or rape (bruising/burns/cuts) The person may not speak English when others around are able (observation of a person not understanding cultural norms) The potential victim may not know exactly where they are when asked (hesitation to the question can show they are being transported frequently) They may appear to be malnourished, look dead behind the eyes A strong sense of understanding about sexual things, sex work, etc. Barriers to Identification
Typically watched, escorted or guarded by traffickers or associates of traffickers
Traffickers may “coach” victims to answer questions with cover story about being wife, student or tourist
Unaware of what is being done to them is a crime Do not consider themselves victims Blame themselves for their situations
May develop loyalties, positive feelings toward trafficker as coping mechanism Barriers to Identification Many victims in the U.S. do not speak English and are unable to communicate with service providers, police, or others who might be able to help them.
Often kept isolated and activities restricted to prevent them from seeking help.
Victims comply and don’t seek help because of fear . Barriers to Identification
Often victims don’t know where they are because traffickers frequently move them to escape detection
Fear for safety of family in home country/state/city
Fear and shame
Self-blame and hopelessness
Dependency If you have a suspicion of trafficking….. Please call police or 1-888 3737 888
If you are going to engage the person, here are some appropriate questions to ask: Can you leave your job or situation if you want? Can you come and go as you please? Have you been threatened if you try to leave? Have you been physically harmed in any way? What are your working or living conditions like? Where do you sleep and eat? Communicating with Victims If you choose to question a potential trafficking victim:
Isolate individual from person accompanying her/him without raising suspicions (Individual accompanying patient may be trafficker posing, or a recruiter)
Many require a translator to communicate, this is available through our hotline Communicating with Victims
For victim’s safety, strict confidentiality is paramount Ask questions in safe, confidential and trusting environment Limit number of people coming in contact with suspected trafficking victim
Importance of indirectly and sensitively probing to determine if person is trafficking victim May deny being a victim, so best not to ask direct questions…”Oh that’s my boyfriend” Phrase “trafficking victim” will have no meaning Those who buy humans! A Look at the Johns
Operation March Sadness in Florida --104 arrested on Spring Break Air Force/Navy personnel 38 prostitutes/ 51 Johns/ drug users (23 were married)
Canada Toronto Sun reported results of a 3 - year undercover operation. 400 children & 348 adults found $4 million operation Arrested persons included: 40 School Teachers/9 Doctors and Nurses 6 law enforcement officers 9 pastors & priests / 3 foster parents What are the Needs of Trafficked Persons? The following services delivered in a CULTURALLY COMPETENT, TRAUMA-SENSITIVE manner: Safety from pimps and others Basic Needs (Food, Clothing) Safe, Temporary Housing Residential Trauma Treatment
Counseling Permanent Housing
Comprehensive Case Management Legal Advocacy/to get children back Workforce Development Training Educational Services/ GEDs
Interpretation/Translation Spiritual Services
Alcohol & Other Drug Treatment Life Skills/cooking, banking, firstaid
Culturally Appropriate Social Support Central Ohio Rescue & Restore Coalition
Coordinated by The Salvation Army Central Ohio Comprised of over 200 member organizations from a wide cross section of the community: Social services providers Law enforcement (FBI, ICE, CPD) Faith community Medical providers State Refugee Coordinator Ohio Attorney General Office Ohio Department of Public Safety Ohio Department of Job and Family Services Ohio Latino Affairs Commission You Can Be a Change Agent!
Rescue • Talk • Rehabilitate – Speaker’s Bureau • Gather – Tabling • Donations • Volunteer – Show Up – Street Outreach • – Hotline – Coalition – The Well Meetings – The Guest House • Shop • Lobby – Fair Trade – Contact Representatives • Pray • Report Central Ohio Rescue & Restore Coalition & S.O.A.P. Contact Information: Call – 1 888 3737 888if you suspect someone is being trafficked or Anti-Human Trafficking Program Coordinator Central Ohio Salvation Army 614-358-2614 Or S.O.A.P. Project Save Our Adolescents from Prostitution 614-216-1619