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Ugandan Sexualities: Queering Identity, Human Rights, and Conflict

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Ugandan Sexualities: Queering Identity, Human Rights, and Conflict © COPYRIGHT by Jonathan S. Dillon 2013 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Dedicated to all those who face hardship because of who and how they love and especially to the sexual and gender minorities in Uganda. May your movement grow and your lives prosper. UGANDAN SEXUALITIES: QUEERING IDENTITY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION BY Jonathan S. Dillon ABSTRACT As sexual and gender rights gain more attention within the international human rights movement, it is crucial to incorporate a global perspective and understanding of these concepts into any future human rights legislation. This is especially true considering recent laws criminalizing same-sex and gender “deviant” behavior across the globe. This study seeks to contribute to this effort by exploring the ways sexuality and gender are conceptualized by the sexual and gender minority community – a population recently under attack by the nation’s Anti- Homosexuality Bill of 2009. By broadening the understanding of how sexuality and gender are conceptualized and how these conceptions interact with other forms of identity, a more nuanced sexual and gender rights regime may be created. This expanded knowledge can then also inform the ways in which practitioners approach conflict resolution in settings where homophobia and transphobia are prevalent aspects of social conflict. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank all the participants in this study for their willingness to share their extraordinary lives with me. They are truly some of the most resilient people in the world. I would also like to extend many heartfelt thanks to my advisors for their support and comments throughout the researching and writing of this study. I am also grateful for the support and advice provided by Dr. Julie Mertus during the conception and early writing phases of this study. Last but not least, my gratitude is extended to all my friends and family who supported me through this endeavor – I could not have endured the long hours of reading and writing without your encouragement and love. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................. iii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 Project Outlines ............................................................................................................................... 1 A Note on Language ....................................................................................................................... 4 Moving Forward, Moving On ......................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY: “BEING GAY, WITHOUT DOING GAY” .............. 6 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Oral History .................................................................................................................................... 6 Participant Observation ................................................................................................................... 9 Other Data ..................................................................................................................................... 13 Identity Management in the Field ................................................................................................. 14 CHAPTER 3 THE EVOLUTION OF SEXUAL RIGHTS ............................................. 20 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 20 Early Conceptions ......................................................................................................................... 21 Pre-UDHR Rights Movements ..................................................................................................... 25 The Evolution of “Universal Human Rights” ............................................................................... 30 Promoting Sexual Rights .............................................................................................................. 35 Universality ................................................................................................................................... 42 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER 4 SEXUALITIES IN AFRICA ..................................................................... 48 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 48 The Histories of Sexuality in Africa ............................................................................................. 51 Intersecting Sexuality.................................................................................................................... 59 iv Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 67 CHAPTER 5 UGANDAN SEXUALITIES..................................................................... 69 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 69 A History of Sex in Uganda .......................................................................................................... 70 Intersectionality and Silence ......................................................................................................... 85 Call Me Kuchu? Buying/Selling Identity ................................................................................... 102 Moving Forward ......................................................................................................................... 106 CHAPTER 6 THIN UNIVERSALITY FOR SEXUAL AND GENDER RIGHTS...... 108 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 108 Current International Sexual Rights Discourse ........................................................................... 109 Uganda’s LGBT Rights Movement ............................................................................................ 114 Thin Universality ........................................................................................................................ 116 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 129 CHAPTER 7 DIALOGUE FOR SEXUAL AND GENDER UNDERSTANDING ..... 131 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 131 Current Ugandan Efforts ............................................................................................................. 132 Models for Dialogue ................................................................................................................... 135 The Model: From Sexual Essentialism to Gender Relativism .................................................... 139 Shaping the Dialogue .................................................................................................................. 145 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 150 CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................... 152 Re-examining the Goals .............................................................................................................. 153 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................... 158 v CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION In 2009, an up-and-coming member of the Ugandan Parliament, David Bahati, introduced the Anti-Homosexuality Bill – a piece of legislation that would further criminalize homosexuality – justifying its harsh punishments on the supposed incongruence between homosexuality and Ugandan culture and as a way to protect future Ugandan children from Western immoralism. 1 Arguments against the acceptance of supposedly “deviant” sexual practices are not unique to either Uganda or the “modern” era yet have found particular resonance within African contexts over the past decade and raise numerous questions about how sexuality is both understood across various global contexts as well as its place in shaping post- colonial discourses. As a full comparative international project would require immense time and collaboration between scholars and disciplines, this study looks to contribute to that project by making visible the sexual histories and lived experiences of the sexual and gender minority community in Uganda and furthering conceptions of sexual orientation and gender identity rights. Project Outlines The title of this study, Ugandan Sexualities: Queering Identity, Human Rights, and Conflict Resolution, establishes three projects. The first is the current framing of sexual and gender identity itself. Sexuality is most often
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